近井地带凝析油聚集机理研究综述

凝析气藏衰竭开发过程中,当压力降到露点压力以下时,凝析油会在近井地带迅速聚集,严重损害凝析气井的生产能力.从实验和理论上综述凝析油在近井地带的聚集机理,通过研究凝析气藏衰竭开发过程中出现在近井地带的凝析油气流动的不同流型和相态特征,评价近井地带可动凝析油和不可动凝析油对气体流动性的影响.准确认识凝析油气的聚集特征和聚集机理对凝析气藏的高效开发具有重要的指导意义.      

非常规油气资源渗流力学进展专题序

《力学学报》本次组织的《非常规油气资源渗流力学进展专题》包含12篇研究型或综述型论文, 涉及页岩油气、煤层气、致密油气及天然气水合物等非常规资源, 旨在反映国内高校、科研院所及企业的科研人员在非常规油气资源开发渗流力学领域取得的最新进展, 以促进学术交流, 供从事相关领域的读者参考, 期望能有所启迪.      

三重介质裂-隙油藏中的渗流问题

由于碳酸盐岩油气储集层内孔隙结构的复杂性,使得不可能只使用一种普遍的地层模型来研究流体在碳酸盐岩油气田中的渗流规律.例如,在我国某些白云岩油田中,发现油井的压力特征和以往传统研究成果均有差异,即使应用双重介质渗流理论,也做不出圆满的解释.因此,有必要对一些更复杂的地层模型及其渗流规律进行探讨和深入研究.     

致密砂岩气藏纳微观结构及渗流特征

随着常规油气资源的减少,致密砂岩气藏逐渐成为勘探开发的热点.然而致密砂岩气高效产出机理研究还相对滞后,已经成为目前制约致密砂岩气大规模经济有效开发的瓶颈.致密砂岩由于其特殊的地质特征, 基质微观结构复杂,天然裂缝一定程度发育, 投产一般需要水力压裂等增产措施,气体在其中渗流存在跨尺度效应.研究揭示出致密砂岩气在多孔介质中的流动分为解吸、扩散、渗流等几个方式,包括浓度场下的扩散、压力场中的渗流等.综述了致密砂岩存在的非常规地质特征及其研究描述方法,并依据克努森数大小, 对致密砂岩气的渗流状态进行流态区域划分,为更好的理解和模拟致密砂岩气的流动状态提供了理论依据,并指出建立一种高效、简洁的微观结构精细描述方法,以及解决致密砂岩气在多尺度条件下的传质优化等是今后研究的重点方向.      

岩土介质中局部化变形研究的一些新进展

岩土中的剪切带产生通常是断裂和失稳的前兆, 常引起滑坡等地 质灾害, 对油气或水合物等矿藏的开采容易导致压实带形成. 压实带的产生使岩土孔隙减小, 颗粒破碎, 从而导致沉陷、对油气的挤压等.本文重点对剪切带的宽度和压实带的研究现状作综述, 阐述在该问题的研究上从微观 观测到宏观表述的重要性. 通过分析, 认为还有如下问题值得研究: 怎样 准确得出局部化变形带的宽度和方向?局部化变形带形成后孔隙水和油气的渗流会发生什么 变化?颗粒层次的微结构特性是通过什么方式影响宏观表现的等等.     

渗流力学的新发展

渗流力学是研究流体在多孔介质内运动规律的科学。自1856年法国工程师达西提出线性渗流定律以来,渗流力学一直在向前发展,但最近10多年来的发展更为迅速,其主要动向是:渗流力学应用范围比以前更广;渗流力学理论以较快的速度不断深化;渗流力学研究手段不断实现现代化。本文主要对几项新型渗流——非等温渗流,物理化学渗流,非牛顿流体渗流,生物流体渗流,细观渗流的发展作了综述。      

基于XFEM-MBEM的嵌入式离散裂缝模型流固耦合数值模拟方法

离散缝网的表征与模拟是目前国内外研究的热点. 在非常规油气开发过程中, 由于地应力场的存在会对裂缝的流动属性产生显著影响, 若将裂缝视为静态对象, 与矿场数据会出现极大偏差, 因此要基于动态裂缝做更深入的研究. 本文针对致密油藏应力场?渗流场耦合力学问题, 提出了一种高效的混合数值离散化方法, 其中采用扩展有限元法 (XFEM) 求解岩石的弹性形变, 采用了混合边界元法 (MBEM) 精确计算基岩与裂缝间的非稳态窜流, 这两种数值格式是完全耦合的, 并对整体计算格式的时间项进行了全隐式求解, 可准确表征致密油藏开采过程中的裂缝变形及流体流动机理. 此外, 本文采用了嵌入式离散裂缝前处理算法显式表征大尺度水力压裂缝, 并考虑了支撑剂的作用; 采用了双孔有效应力原理和双重介质隐式裂缝表征方法, 可捕捉基质与小尺度天然裂缝的动态信息; 由此, 本文所提出的混合模型综合表征了基质?天然裂缝?水力压裂缝共同组成的致密油藏复杂渗流环境, 并通过几个实例论证了模型的准确性, 研究表明: 对致密油藏压裂水平井进行产能评价时, 应力场所引起渗流参数的改变及裂缝开度降低的影响不可忽略. 本文研究可为非常规油气资源的开发提供理论指导.      

渗流力学研究的现状和发展趋势

渗流力学在能源、环境、水利、岩土、交通、生物等工程领域有广泛的应用,渗流力学经过约一个半世纪的发展,已经积累了相当多的成果。随着现代科学的发展以及生产实践需求的不断提高,渗流力学仍然有进一步完善和发展的广阔空间。本文简述了水利、环境、能源工程和生物学中的渗流力学问题,扼要概括了渗流力学理论研究的现状,并指出渗流力学在多孔介质描述、裂缝型介质渗流、多相多组分渗流、物理化学渗流、非线性渗流、非饱和渗流、微观渗流、渗流模拟等理论及相关方法和测试技术等方面的发展趋势。     

渗流力对裸眼井筒周围应力场及地层破裂压力影响机理研究

流体渗流进入储层岩石的孔隙喉道时会给岩石骨架施加渗流力作用,该力会打破储层岩石原有的应力平衡状态,影响岩石的变形与破坏.尽管大量实验与数值模拟研究已经证实渗流力对岩土破坏有显著影响,但在石油工程领域有关渗流力的研究鲜有报道.渗流力对水力压裂裂缝起裂与扩展的影响机理仍不清楚.基于此,文章首先基于土力学渗流力定义式和Biot固结理论对压裂液渗流进入岩石孔隙时渗流力的作用机理进行了研究.然后以裸眼井为例分析了渗流力作用形成的应力场,推导了考虑渗流力作用的地层破裂压力解析解公式,揭示了渗流力作用对裸眼井地层破裂压力的影响规律.研究结果表明:孔隙压差等于一个大气压时,单位立方厘米岩样所受体积力渗流力的大小远超同等大小岩样所受体积力重力的大小,渗流力对储层岩石的作用不可忽视.压裂液渗流进入储层岩石孔隙时,渗流力作用可以显著降低裸眼井筒周围的有效周向应力,增大井壁发生拉伸破坏的可能. Biot有效应力系数越大,渗流力作用越强,井筒周围应力场被渗流力作用影响的范围越大.相比较不可渗透的储层,渗流力作用显著降低了裸眼井的地层破裂压力.地层深度越大,两向应力差越小时渗流力作用对裸眼井地层破裂压力的影响越显...     

渗流力学的回顾与展望

简要回顾了渗流力学的发展过程,总结了渗流力学3个不同阶段的发展. 对渗流力学的 应用进行了分类分析,并对渗流力学的下一步需要重点研究的工作进行了说明.     

Relative Permeability Estimation for Rich Gas-Condensate Reservoirs

This study addresses relative permeability prediction from well test data for low permeability, rich gas-condensate systems. Characteristic of these systems are high velocities and large pressure gradients within the near wellbore region. Within this region the relative permeabilties are rate sensitive and non-Darcy effects can be important. This study combines both the non-linear (in velocity) terms into a single effective relative permeability term. Effective relative permeabilities are estimated through non-linear regression with both synthetic and field data. Results show that a two-parameter simplified correlation is adequate for representing effective relative permeability. These parameters can be obtained by matching well test data. Mechanical skin was needed to match field data considered in this study. Non-Darcy effects can decrease the flowing bottom-hole pressures by about 480 kPa in high rate gas-condensate well tests. A well test design is proposed from which gas and condensate relative permeabilities can be estimated.     

Steady-state filtration of gas-condensate mixtures

In the present article, in an analysis of the results of an investigation of gas-condensate wells by the method of steady-state samples, use is made of known solutions to the problem of the steady-state filtration of a stratified liquid (gas) with constant properties [1, 2]. However, the filtration of a gas-condensate mixture to a well with the reduction of the pressure below the pressure of the start of condensation p₊ is accompanied by considerable changes in the composition and properties of the gas and liquid phases which, in turn, have an effect on the filtration characteristics of a porous medium. Among the many communications devoted to this problem (see, for example, the reviews [3, 4]), there are investigations which take account of the effect of a change in the composition and properties of the phases on the characteristics of steady-state filtration [5–7]. Here, it is proposed to model real gas-condensate mixtures by pseudobinary or pseudoternary systems with experimentally determined phase ratios. However, there are still no sufficiently well-justified examples of the reduction of multicomponent mixtures to the above-mentioned model systems. The present article, within the framework of the theory of the filtration of multicomponent systems, discusses the problem of the steady-state filtration of a real gas-condensate mixture to a central well in a round stratum.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 69–75, September–October, 1973.The authors thank V. N. Nikolaevskii for his invaluable evaluation of the work, and R. G. Zotov for his aid in making the calculations.     

Limit thermodynamic model for compositional gas–liquid systems moving in a porous medium

It is shown that a multicomponent two-phase system moving through a porous medium may be described by a limit model in which the thermodynamic subsystem is totally separated from the hydrodynamics. The limit corresponds to a contrast phase mobility and a fast pressure relaxation process. The obtained limit thermodynamic model includes several differential thermodynamic equations and describes the equilibrium in an open system. The model is validated by comparing with the full compositional flow simulations. A numerical solution to the limit thermodynamic model is constructed. An application to the gas-condensate systems is compared to the full compositional model.     

Heterogeneous flows of multi-component mixtures in porous media—review

The main difficulty in the mathematical simulation of two-phase flows of gas-condensate or gassed oil in reservoirs is connected with a choice of binary or ternary models of hypothetical components representing the real multi-component mixture. The reduction of the number of degrees of freedom is illustrated by a plot of dependence of Gibbs concentration parameter on pressure for some numerical solutions. These solutions are calculated on the basis of balance equations, generalized Darcy law and equilibrium phase composition for a system of methane-n-butane-decane. It is shown that a binary model is adequate for the simulation of steady, quasi-stationary and self-similar flows into a well. Mathematical simulations of well-capacity for steady flows and processes of pressure build-up are considered.The mathematical problem of gas-condensate driven by dry gas is formulated. The corresponding solution with discontinuities is discussed by means of balance laws for jumps. It is shown that in the case of gas cycling processes a ternary model is necessary as the simplest one.The different approaches to the problem are also discussed.     

Experimental data on the displacement of a gas from a porous medium by a gas

In connection with the exploitation of gas-condensate deposits by the method of the reverse injection of a dry gas, the article gives the results of an experimental investigation of the displacement of a gas by a gas, carried out in tubular models of homogeneous porous media with differing permeabilities.     

Gas-condensate flow in the vicinity of a hydraulic fracture

The problem of gas-condensate flow in the vicinity of a production well with a hydraulic fracture is considered. In the matrix, the flow is assumed to be three-dimensional, and at the fracture, it is assumed to be two-dimensional. It is shown that, for steady-state flow, the problem is split into a physicochemical problem (of phase transitions) and a filtration problem (of determining the pressure field). Numerical solutions are constructed for a rectangular fracture with finite and infinite conductivities. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 128–136, May–June, 2008.     

A Mechanistic Model of Gas-Condensate Flow in Pores

Recent experimental results reported in the literature indicate that the relative permeability of gas-condensate systems increases with rate (velocity) at some conditions. To gain a better understanding of the nature of the flow and the prevailing mechanisms resulting in such behaviour flow visualisation experiments have been performed, using high pressure micromodels. The observed flow behaviour at the pore level has been employed to develop a mechanistic model describing the coupled flow of gas and condensate phases. The results of the model simulating the observed simultaneous flow of gas and condensate phases have been compared with reported core experimental results. Most features of the reported rate effect are predictable by the developed single pore model, nevertheless, its extension to include multiple pore interaction is recommended.     

Interphase surface effect in problems of mixing displacement of multicomponent systems

The problem of the displacement of a gas-condensate mixture by a gas enriched in intermediate components is examined on the basis of a mathematical model of two-phase multicomponent flow through porous media [1, 2]. A feature of this process is the formation during mixing of the formation and injected fluids of a system whose composition is close to the critical point. It is shown that in this case it is necessary to take into account the dependence of the relative phase permeabilities on the surface tension. Theoretically this is based on the dependence of the residual saturations on the nature of the phase distribution in the pore space, which is determined by the proximity of the multicomponent system to the critical point. The results of numerical modeling are compared with experiment. The further development of models of mixture flow in the near-critical state is discussed.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 83–91, July–August. 1986.The authors wish to thank V. N. Nikolaevskii and G. P. Tsybul'skii for discussing the results and for their interest in the work.     

Phase Behaviour,Fluid Properties and Recovery Efficiency of Immiscible and Miscible Condensate Displacements by SCCO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Injection: Experimental Investigation

This paper presents a quantitative investigation of the interfacial tension dependent relative permeability (IFT-DRP) and displacement efficiency of supercritical CO₂ injection into gas-condensate reservoirs. A high-pressure high-temperature experimental laboratory was established to simulate reservoir conditions and to perform relative permeability measurements on sandstone cores at a constant reservoir temperature of 95°C and displacement velocity of 10 cm/h. This investigation covers immiscible displacements (1100 and 2100 psi), near-miscible displacement (3000 psi) and miscible displacements (4500 and 5900 psi). The coreflooding results demonstrated that displacement pressure is a key factor governing the attainment of optimum sweep efficiency. The ultimate condensate recovery increased by almost threefold when CO₂ was injected at near-miscible conditions (i.e., 23.40% ultimate recovery at 1100 psi compared to 69.70% at 3000 psi). Miscible flooding was found to give the optimum condensate recovery (9% extra ultimate recovery compared to near-miscible injection). Besides improving the ultimate recovery, miscible floods provided better mobility ratios and delayed gas breakthrough (0.62 PV BT at 5900 psi compared to 0.21 PV BT at 1100 psi). In addition to the elimination of IFT forces in miscible displacements, favourable ratios of fluid properties and phase behaviour relationships between the SCCO₂ and condensate were believed to be the driving force for the improved recovery as they provided a stabilising effect on the displacement front and stimulated swelling of the condensate volume. This paper incorporates the theoretical aspects of phase behaviour and fluid properties that largely affect the microscopic displacement efficiency and serves as a practical guideline for operators to aid their project designs and enhance their recovery capabilities.     

Mesoscopic Modeling of Capillarity-Induced Two-Phase Transport in a Microfluidic Porous Structure

Mesoscopic modeling at the pore scale offers great promise in exploring the underlying structure transport performance of flow through porous media. The present work studies the fluid flow subjected to capillarity-induced resonance in porous media characterized by different porous structure and wettability. The effects of porosity and wettability on the displacement behavior of the fluid flow through porous media are discussed. The results are presented in the form of temporal evolution of percentage saturation and displacement of the fluid front through porous media. The present study reveals that the vibration in the form of acoustic excitation could be significant in the mobilization of fluid through the porous media. The dependence of displacement of the fluid on physicochemical parameters like wettability of the surface, frequency along with the porosity is analyzed. It was observed that the mean displacement of the fluid is more in the case of invading fluid with wetting phase where the driving force strength is not so dominant.