精密光束偏离装置棱镜组件的光机热分析

以精密光束偏离装置的棱镜组件为有限元模型,进行了光机热集成分析.对棱镜组件的结构强度进行了校核,分析了机械载荷作用下的镜面变形;通过模态分析,给出了装置的动态特性和镜面面形振动幅值的变化情况;最后对棱镜的热弹性变形进行了分析,对棱镜的光学性能进行了评价.结果表明：棱镜组件的最大变形在10 nm量级,最大应力为0.403 MPa,应力和应变相对于结构的准确度要求和材料的许用应力具有较大的裕度;前后棱镜组件的固有频率都大于550 Hz,装置具有良好的动态性能;通过对比棱镜在热-结构耦合分析和机械载荷下的分析结果,说明热效应对棱镜表面变形的影响远远大于机械载荷的影响.装置使用时必须采取严格的温控措施.     

Integrated analysis of strap mount for a circular mirror

In order to solve the nonlinear contact problem with the friction action in the mirror assembly, the modeling analysis is carried out by the MPC method of shell-to-solid coupling. Considering the friction factor existing in the contact region, the deformation and stress of the strap obviously changes from fixed region, transition region to contact region, which further produces a serious edge effect around the mirror and leads to the uneven stress distribution. The results show the maximal deformation of the assembly is 9.98 μm and the maximal stress is 10.5 MPa, which has much tolerance to the precision requirement of structure and the admissible stress of material; the influence of heat effect on the surface deformations of mirror is proved to be far greater than that of only gravity load. The advantages of the contact model built by the MPC method are more close to the actual working conditions and more accurate analysis results can be obtained.     

Research on wavefront error of prism induced by thermoelastic distortion

To meet the design and usage requirements of the precision light beam scanner, the thermoelastic distortion of prism is detailedly analyzed by the thermal-structure coupling method, the influence of which, on the surface deformations of prism, is conclusively proved far greater than that of only the gravity load without temperature fluctuation. With the temperature fluctuation from 20 to 20.5 ℃, the strains as well as the stresses appropriately eightfold increase, which right accords with the actual results measured by Zygo Mark interferometer with the error of not over 10%. Therefore some strict temperature-controlled measures are necessary for the scanner.     

棱镜自重变形对波面影响的研究

采用有限元方法分析了单棱镜在重力作用下三个典型位置的表面变形,对棱镜表面Φ425mm通光孔径轴向变形量进行Zernike多项式拟合,画出了相应的波差图,并确定设计方案.进一步选择Φ360 mm口径光束对双棱镜在几种典型相对位置下进行光线采样、追迹,计算得到不同情况下由于双棱镜自重变形引起的总波差.     

Radial support analysis for large-aperture rotating wedge prism

The different radial support ways for a rotation prism are presented to evaluate the strains and stresses induced by the gravity action and the thermal effects. Due to the large-aperture, non-uniform quality distribution and especially rotation from 0° to 360°, neither the multi-point support way nor the full surface-contact support can well meet the assembly requirements. The paper proposes a novel project of an adjustable partial surface-contact support way to solve this support problem. The maximum strain and stress under this support way both are less than the tolerance limit of the strength assurance regardless of the prism rotating to any position. Meanwhile, the thermally-induced structural analysis is performed to predict some specific work cases, which is much valuable for the improvement of the assembly design.     

一种8行任意扫描的电光扫瞄器

 针对激光的快速智能扫描,综合利用晶体的双折射效应和电光效应,提出一种电控集成8行任意扫瞄的高速光扫描方案。主要由三级数字电光偏转器和8×1的周期性极化电光棱镜组构成,其中3个电光快门和3块双折射晶体构成三级数字偏转器,通过半波电压的控制实现行位置的转换,一定数目的周期性极化电光棱镜级联组成单行偏转器,通过控制电压进行单行扫描,根据电场施加方式可实现数字型或者连续型扫描。利用梯形结构的电光棱镜组设计了最大电压为5.822 kV时,扫描视场为17.256°的可通过联机控制进行任意行扫描的高速激光扫描器。     

光刻物镜中透镜高精度支撑结构的设计及分析

光刻投影物镜中透镜的面形精度是影响光学系统成像质量的关键因素之一。为实现透镜面形精度均方根(RMS)值优于2nm的高精度指标,提出一种轴向多点挠性支撑、径向三点可调式定位的光学透镜支撑结构。基于自重变形对支撑结构进行优化设计,深入分析在此支撑结构下自重和热载荷对透镜面形影响。结果表明,重力引起的透镜上表面面形RMS值为0.186nm,下表面面形RMS值为0.15nm。热载荷引起的上表面面形RMS值为0.55nm,下表面面形RMS值为0.54nm。采用这种透镜的支撑结构,能够满足光刻投影物镜中透镜的高精度面形要求。     

Optical design for enhanced prism type fingerprint scanner image contrast with asymmetrical aspheric lens

The design of optical prism fingerprint scanner with aspheric lens is researched. We propose a modified structure for optical prism fingerprint scanner, which has an asymmetrical aspheric lens on the output plane. It is numerically shown under elliptic valley similar fingerprint model that the optical image qualities of such a scanner are better than the scanner with symmetrical aspheric lens. When the fingerprint range is 15 mm, the results show that the minimum image contrast is 0.49 for an optical prism with asymmetrical aspheric lens, much better than a symmetrical aspheric lens with 0.20. The relative illumination variation is from 0.62 to 1.00 for optical prism with asymmetrical aspheric lens, and for the symmetrical aspheric lens it is 0.35 to 1.00. We conclude that an optical prism with asymmetrical aspheric lens is better than an optical prism with symmetrical aspheric lens.     

车载光电系统电视摄像机光学系统设计及杂散光分析

设计了一款双视场电视摄像机,小视场用于对目标的跟踪,大视场用于捕获和观察目标,两视场光学系统的传递函数MTF在50 lp/mm频率处均大于0.6,点列斑直径均小于像元尺寸5.5 μm,畸变均小于0.1%。两视场共用一个面阵CCD成像器件,通过分光棱镜分光。由于在该光学系统中分光棱镜表面反射会产生杂散光,形成鬼像。因此,利用LightTools软件对系统进行了杂散光的仿真分析。分析结果表明:大视场的半视场角在5.7°～7.6°之间和小视场的半视场角在2.6°～3.5°之间的入射光线被分光棱镜下表面反射后,以及小视场的半视场角在-2.7°～-3.5°之间的入射光线被分光棱镜后表面反射后, 变成杂散光,聚焦到像面, 形成鬼像,采用在分光棱镜后方设置消杂光光栏的方法来抑制杂散光。验证结果表明,仿真分析准确,提出的消杂光措施有效。     

平面物体在曲面状态下扫描仪图像的校正理论

平面物体在曲面状态下经扫描仪扫描后,其图像将发生复杂的畸变。提出将其分类为灰度畸变、投影畸变和成像畸变。通过理论分析,提出了在二元曲面模型下对投影畸变和成像畸变进行数字校正的方法,给出了对灰度畸变进行数字校正的实用方法。     

基于织构表面的摩擦静电发电机制备及其输出性能研究

摩擦电纳米发电机(TENG)是基于摩擦生电和静电感应复合原理将机械能转换为电能的一种新型能源获取方式. 本文采用模板法制备了几种不同参数的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)微圆柱结构, 并组装成TENG, 实验研究了接触区表面积、外加载荷对TENGs输出性能的影响. 结果表明, 圆形微柱阵列的存在有效提高了TENG的作用面积及电输出性能, 相同载荷下, 电输出随微柱间距离减小而增加, 在间距为15 μm、载荷为5 N时, 输出的平均开路电压和短路电流分别为88 V 和15 μA, 是同等条件下、微柱间距为50 μm电输出的1.5倍以上; 电输出随载荷增加呈准线性增加, ANSYS软件模拟载荷作用下PDMS微圆柱织构的变形行为, 结果表明, 压力作用下, 微圆柱主要发生压缩变形, 基底的变形导致微柱与上电极之间产生侧向摩擦, 从而产生更多电荷, 提升了电输出性能.     

温差条件下组合色散棱镜支撑结构的实验分析

介绍了超光谱成像仪采用的组合色散棱镜的支撑结构形式,讨论了温度变化对成像的影响。根据使用需求选择了支撑座的材料,模拟了5～10℃温差条件下棱镜组件的变形情况。利用有限元法解决材料线膨胀系数不同所引起的棱镜反射面变形,并分析了采用聚四氟乙烯垫片做温度补偿后垫片的厚度及接触面积对石英棱镜面型的影响。实验结果表明,在支撑座和棱镜之间增加聚四氟乙烯垫片后,石英棱镜的面型达到了λ/6的指标要求。本文提出的优化方法为组合色散棱镜支撑结构的设计提供了参考依据。     

Supergravity and M-theory

Supergravity provides the effective field theories for string compactifications. The deformation of the maximal supergravities by non-abelian gauge interactions is only possible for a restricted class of charges. Generically these ‘gaugings’ involve a hierarchy of p-form fields which belong to specific representations of the duality group. The group-theoretical structure of this p-form hierarchy exhibits many interesting features. In the case of maximal supergravity the class of allowed deformations has intriguing connections with M/string theory. This study is based on a talk presented at Quantum gravity: challenges and perspectives, Heraeus Seminar, Bad Honnef, 14–16 April 2008.     

基于有限元分析的小口径离轴抛物面反射镜支撑结构设计

为降低小口径反射镜在复杂环境下的面形误差,满足其动静态刚度和热稳定性要求,通过选用合适的空间载荷材料,对反射镜进行轻量化设计,合理设计可装调的反射镜挠性支撑组件,采用ANSYS对反射镜组件进行有限元分析。分析结果表明:组件一阶固有频率是3 168.5 Hz,在1 g重力作用下反射镜面形误差RMS值可达8.06 nm,在10℃温升载荷作用下RMS可达5.58 nm,在1 g重力和10℃温升载荷耦合作用下RMS值可达11.05 nm,组件在10 g加速度作用下最大应力是2.109 8 MPa,简谐激励作用下最薄弱环节最大响应应力为1.284 6 MPa,均完全满足反射镜组件设计指标要求,验证了支撑结构设计的合理性。     

Modified dispersion relations in Hořava–Lifshitz gravity and Finsler brane models

We study possible links between quantum gravity phenomenology encoding Lorentz violations as nonlinear dispersions, the Einstein–Finsler gravity models, EFG, and nonholonomic (non-integrable) deformations to Hořava–Lifshitz, HL, and/or Einstein’s general relativity, GR, theories. EFG and its scaling anisotropic versions formulated as Hořava–Finsler models, HF, are constructed as covariant metric compatible theories on (co) tangent bundle to Lorentz manifolds and respective anisotropic deformations. Such theories are integrable in general form and can be quantized following standard methods of deformation quantization, A-brane formalism and/or (perturbatively) as a nonholonomic gauge like model with bi-connection structure. There are natural warping/trapping mechanisms, defined by the maximal velocity of light and locally anisotropic gravitational interactions in a (pseudo) Finsler bulk spacetime, to four dimensional (pseudo) Riemannian spacetimes. In this approach, the HL theory and scenarios of recovering GR at large distances are generated by imposing nonholonomic constraints on the dynamics of HF, or EFG, fields.     

The response of box-like structures to weak explosions

The finite element displacement method is used to predict the vibrations of box-like buildings induced by weak blast waves. The theory is the first to incorporate experimental data to describe comprehensively the complex distortions of the blast waves by flexible structures. Numerical computations performed for three typical medium-low buildings indicate that the effects on the structure of aerodynamic variations become more important as the blast's strength increases. Wave distortions should not be neglected for nuclear blasts, although earlier work implies that this normally would be acceptable for the lower intensities associated with sonic booms from commercial supersonic aircraft. Other critical factors which govern the response are shown to be the orientation and dimensions of the building, whilst the influence of structural coupling is seen to vary appreciably with relative dimensions, edge constraints and load differentials of components.     

碳化硅扫描反射镜支撑结构设计

对尺寸为460 mm×290 mm的SiC扫描反射镜的轻量化和支撑结构的设计进行了研究。基于三角形和矩形的复合轻量化结构,采用镜体背部为开放和封闭相结合的形式,设计了一种新型的扫描反射镜组件。该组件采用侧面支撑方式和轴向柔性结构,有利于消除支撑结构材料热膨胀系数不匹配产生的热应力对镜面面形的影响。有限元方法分析结果表明：反射镜组件在1 g重力载荷和8℃温度变化作用下,反射镜镜面的面形误差RMS值分别为4.5 nm和20.3 nm。该反射镜轻量化形式和支撑结构满足光学成像要求,并可有效提高结构的稳定性,对于大尺寸反射镜组件的设计具有借鉴意义。     

Properties of surface waves in granular media under gravity

Acoustical waves propagating along the free surface of granular media under gravity are investigated in the framework of elasticity theory. The influence of stress on a surface wave is analyzed. The results have shown that two types of surface waves, namely sagittal and transverse modes exist depending on initial stress states, which may have some influence on the dispersion relations of surface waves, but the influence is not great. Considering that the present experimental accuracy is far from distinguishing this detail, the validity of elasticity theory on the surface waves propagating in granular media can still be maintained.     

Temperature-dependent texture, stress and resistivity in melt spun Cu0.95Co0.05 ribbon

Ribbon samples of Cu_0.95Co_0.05 were prepared by melt spinning method to perform systematic investigations on structure and transport properties as a function of annealing temperature. X-ray diffraction study shows that the ribbon is polycrystalline with a strong 2 0 0 texture along the surface normal of the as-quenched Cu_0.95Co_0.05 ribbon and the degree of texture is enhanced upon annealing. The compressive stress, which relaxes upon annealing, is observed in as-quenched ribbon. The resistivity, which is higher in as-quenched ribbon, decreases toward the bulk value of Cu upon annealing. The compressive stress and higher resistivity in as-quenched ribbon are attributed to the incorporation of Co atoms/particles in Cu matrix. The decrement of the stress and resistivity upon annealing is due to the precipitation of Co atoms from the Cu matrix, segregating as Co or Co-rich Cu grains as observed from the transmission electron microscopy measurements.     

The study of mechanical behavior on the interface between calcar-defect femur and restorations by means of finite element analysis

The mechanical behaviors of calcar-defected femur and restorations under physiological load are the key factors that will greatly influence the success of femur calcar defect repairing, especially the stress distribution on the bone-restoration interface. 3D finite elements analysis (FEA) was used to analyze the mechanical characters on the interfaces between femoral calcar defects and bone cement or HA restorations. Under the load of two times of a human weight (1436.03 N) and with the increase of the defect dimension from 6 mm to 12 mm, the maximal stresses on the surface of restorations are from 7.06 MPa to 11.89 MPa for bone cement and 2.97-9 MPa for HA separately. In this condition, HA restoration will probably be broken on the bone-restoration interface when the defect diameter is beyond 8 mm. Furthermore, under the load of 1.5 times of a human weight, HA restoration would not be safe unless the defect dimension is smaller than 10 mm, because the maximal stress (4.62 MPa) on the restoration is only a little lower than compressive strength of HA, otherwise the bone fixation device should be applied to ensure the safety. It is relatively safe for all restorations under all the tested defect sizes when the load is just the weight of a human body.