Finite difference scheme for large-deflection analysis of non-prismatic cantilever beams subjected to different types of continuous and discontinuous loadings

An efficient scheme, called quasi-linearization finite differences, is developed for large-deflection analysis of prismatic and non-prismatic slender cantilever beams subjected to various types of continuous and discontinuous external variable distributed and concentrated loads in horizontal and vertical global directions. Simultaneous equations of highly nonlinear and linear terms are obtained when casting the derived exact highly nonlinear governing differential equation using central finite differences on the nodes along the beam. A quasi-linearization scheme is used to solve these equations based on successive corrections of the nonlinear terms in the simultaneous equations. The nonlinear terms in the simultaneous equations are assumed constant during each correction (iteration). Several representative numerical examples of prismatic and non-prismatic slender cantilever beams with different loading conditions are analyzed to illustrate the merits of the adopted numerical scheme as well as its validity, accuracy and efficiency. The results of the present scheme are checked using large-displacement finite element analysis by the MSC/NASTRAN program. A comparison between the present secheme, MSC/NASTRAN and available results from the literature reveals excellent agreement. The advantage of the new scheme is that the load can be applied in one step with few iterations (3–6 iterations).     

DEFLECTION OF FOUR TYPES OF CANTILEVER BEAMS WITH VARIABLE CROSS SECTION UNDER LATERAL TRIANGULAR DISTRIBUTED LOADS1)

研究了圆柱、圆锥、抛物型和双曲型回转变截面悬臂梁在侧向三角形分布载荷下的挠度。基于四类回转悬臂梁的惯性矩沿长度方向的分布规律,得到其任意侧向分布载荷下的挠曲线方程。基于三角形分布载荷下的挠曲线方程,得到其端部挠度值。在等长度和等体积假设下,通过比较端部挠度值找到四类悬臂梁中挠度最小者。研究表明三角形分布载荷下,特征参数在特定范围内,母线为双曲线的悬臂梁挠度最小。     

Large deflections of non-prismatic nonlinearly elastic cantilever beams subjected to non-uniform continuous load and a concentrated load at the free end

This work studies large deflections of slender,non-prismatic cantilever beams subjected to a combined loading which consists of a non-uniformly distributed continuous load and a concentrated load at the free end of the beam.The material of the cantilever is assumed to be nonlinearly elastic.Different nonlinear relations between stress and strain in tensile and compressive domain are considered.The accuracy of numerical solutions is evaluated by comparing them with results from previous studies and with a laboratory experiment.     

A nonlinear mathematical model for large deflection of incompressible saturated poroelastic beams

Nonlinear governing equations are established for large deflection of incom- pressible fluid saturated poroelastic beams under constraint that diffusion of the pore fluid is only in the axial direction of the deformed beams.Then,the nonlinear bend- ing of a saturated poroelastic cantilever beam with fixed end impermeable and free end permeable,subjected to a suddenly applied constant concentrated transverse load at its free end,is examined with the Gaierkin truncation method.The curves of deflections and bending moments of the beam skeleton and the equivalent couples of the pore fluid pressure are shown in figures.The results of the large deflection and the small deflection theories of the cantilever poroelastic beam are compared,and the differences between them are revealed.It is shown that the results of the large deflection theory are less than those of the corresponding small deflection theory,and the times needed to approach its stationary states for the large deflection theory are much less than those of the small deflection theory.     

AN APPROXIMATION METHOD FOR THE LARGE DEFLECTION OF CANTILEVER BEAMS

研究了悬臂梁自由端受集中力作用时的大挠度变形问题,对大挠度的界定方法做出了一些讨论,并从计算数据分析和理论推导两方面归纳出一种不通过复杂计算就能对大挠度变形进行定量估计的方法. 分析表明,由挠曲线近似微分方程得出的自由端挠度值与梁长度之比值的平方,可以近似表示小挠度法计算挠度值偏离精确挠度值的误差,并由此得出大挠度变形的估计值. 该方法避免了复杂的微分方程求解和数值计算,有一定的工程实际意义.     

Series solution for large deflections of a cantilever beam with variable flexural rigidity

In this paper large deflection and rotation of a nonlinear Bernoulli-Euler beam with variable flexural rigidity and subjected to a static co-planar follower loading is studied. It is assumed that the angle of inclination of the force with respect to the deformed axis of the beam remains unchanged during deformation. The governing equation of this problem is solved analytically for the first time using a new kind of analytical technique for nonlinear problems, namely the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). The present solution can be used for the analysis of a wide range of loads, material/cross section properties and lengths for beams undergoing large deformations. The results obtained from HAM are compared with results reported in previous works. Finally, the load–displacement characteristics of a uniform cantilever beam with different material properties under a follower force applied normal to the deformed beam axis are presented.     

Impulsive loading of clamped monolithic and sandwich beams over a central patch

An analytical model is developed for the response of clamped monolithic and sandwich beams subjected to impulse loading over a central loading patch. A number of topologies of sandwich core are investigated, including the honeycomb core, pyramidal core, prismatic diamond core and metal foam. The various cores are characterised by their dependencies of through-thickness compressive strength and longitudinal tensile strength upon relative density. Closed-form expressions are derived for the deflection of the beam when the ratio r of length of loading patch to the beam span exceeds 0.5. In contrast, an ordinary differential equation needs to be solved numerically for the choice r<0.5. Explicit finite element calculations show that most practical shock loadings can be treated as impulsive and the accuracy of the impulsive analytical predictions is confirmed. The analytical formulae are employed to determine optimal geometries of the sandwich beams that maximise the shock resistance of the beams for a given mass. The optimisation reveals that sandwich beams have a superior shock resistance relative to monolithic beams of the same mass, with the prismatic diamond core sandwich beam providing the best performance. Further, the optimal sandwich beam designs are only mildly sensitive to the length of the loading patch.     

Large deflections of cantilever beams of non-linear elastic material under a combined loading

Large deflection of cantilever beams made of Ludwick type material subjected to a combined loading consisting of a uniformly distributed load and one vertical concentrated load at the free end was investigated. Governing equation was derived by using the shearing force formulation instead of the bending moment formulation because in the case of large deflected member, the shearing force formulation possesses some computational advantages over the bending moment formulation. Since the problem involves both geometrical and material non-linearities, the governing equation is complicated non-linear differential equation, which would in general require numerical solutions to determine the large deflection for a given loading. Numerical solution was obtained by using Butcher's fifth order Runge-Kutta method and are presented in a tabulated form.     

Bending of functionally graded cantilever beam with power-law non-linearity subjected to an end force

A realistic beam structure often exhibits material and geometrical non-linearity, in particular for those made of metals. The mechanical behaviors of a non-linear functionally graded-material (FGM) cantilever beam subjected to an end force are investigated by using large and small deformation theories. Young's modulus is assumed to be depth-dependent. For an FGM beam of power-law hardening, the location of the neutral axis is determined. The effects of depth-dependent Young's modulus and non-linearity parameter on the deflections and rotations of the FGM beams are analyzed. Our results show that different gradient indexes may change the bending stiffness of the beam so that an FGM beam may bear larger applied load than a homogeneous beam when choosing appropriate gradients. Moreover, the bending stress distribution in an FGM beam is completely different from that in a homogeneous beam. The bending stress arrives at the maximum tensile stress at an internal position rather than at the surface. Obtained results are useful in safety design of linear and non-linear beams.     

粘性介质上的悬臂梁在冲击载荷作用下的刚塑性动力响应

本文考虑了一个放置在粘性介质上的刚-理想塑性悬臂梁在自由端受冲击载荷时的小变形动力响应。具体讨论了线性粘性介质时矩形脉冲,线性衰减脉冲及瞬时冲击等加载情况,并与无介质解进行了比较,讨论了介质对梁的运动变形模式、最终挠度、能量吸性的影响。     

Non-linear bending of beams with uniformly distributed loads

The non-linear bending of both cantilever and simply supported beams subjected to a uniformly distributed load has been studied. The exact solutions for the slopes have been obtained and the solution for the maximum deflection and the horizontal projection of the beam length for the cantilever case are compared with a known approximate solution.     

阶跃载荷作用下弹塑性悬臂梁的变形机制与能量耗散

基于大挠度动力控制方程,应用有限差分离散求解,研究了阶跃载荷作用下弹塑性悬臂梁的动力行为。通过对动力响应早期内力、变形以及能量分布规律的分析,考察了悬臂梁的弹塑性响应模式和变形机制,并与已有的刚塑性分析进行了系统的比较。数值计算表明,阶跃载荷的不同幅值使得梁的响应模式存在较大差异,弹塑性分析肯定了刚塑性理论在处理中载情形的准确性,同时也指出了其在处理低载和高载情形时的缺陷。通过与小变形理论计算结果的比较,指出了考虑大变形效应的必要性,为今后的大变形刚塑性动力分析提出了建议。     

Large deflection of cantilever beams with geometric non-linearity: Analytical and numerical approaches

Non-linear shooting and Adomian decomposition methods have been proposed to determine the large deflection of a cantilever beam under arbitrary loading conditions. Results obtained only due to end loading are validated using elliptic integral solutions. The non-linear shooting method gives accurate numerical results while the Adomian decomposition method yields polynomial expressions for the beam configuration. With high load parameters, occurrence of multiple solutions is discussed with reference to possible buckling of the beam-column. An example of concentrated intermediate loading (cantilever beam subjected to two concentrated self-balanced moments), for which no closed form solution can be obtained, is solved using these two methods. Some of the limitations and recipes to obviate these are included. The methods will be useful toward the design of compliant mechanisms driven by smart actuators.     

POLYNOMIAL SOLUTIONS TO PIEZOELECTRIC BEAMS (Ⅱ)——ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS TO TYPICAL PROBLEMS

IntroductionThis paper is a continuation of Ref.[1],in which a series of orthotropic piezoelectricplane problems was solved and the corresponding exact solutions were obtained with the trial-and-error method,on the basis of the general solution expressed …     

POLYNOMIAL SOLUTIONS TO PIEZOELECTRIC BEAMS(Ⅱ)--ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS TO TYPICAL PROBLEMS

For the orthotropic piezoelectric plane problem, a series of piezoelectric beams is solved and the corresponding analytical solutions are obtained with the trialand-error method on the basis of the general solution in the case of three distinct eigenvalues, in which all displacements, electrical potential, stresses and electrical displacements are expressed by three displacement functions in terms of harmonic polynomials. These problems are cantilever beam with cross force and point charge at free end, cantilever beam and simply-supported beam subjected to uniform loads on the upper and lower surfaces, and cantilever beam subjected to linear electrical potential.     

BIPARAMETRIC PERTURBATION SOLUTIONS OF LARGE DEFLECTION PROBLEM OF CANTILEVER BEAMS

The large deflection problem of cantilever beams was studied by means of the biparametric perturbation method and the first order derivative substitution from pseudolinear analysis approach. This kind of substitution can transform the basic equation, an integral differential equation into nonlinear algebraic ones, thus simplify computational process. Compared with present results, it indicates that the large deflection problem solved by using pseudolinear analysis can lead to simple and precise results.     

On shear lag effects in orthotropic composite beams

Based upon the linearised theories of the bending and stretching of thin plates, an analysis is presented for the interaction between non-prismatic beams and an orthotropic concrete plate. It is shown that an exponential representation for the steel beam profiles provides a suitable basis for studying interaction in continuous non-prismatic beams, and for deducing suitable effective widths of slab for design purposes. The influence of “elastic” shear connection modulus is studied, as well as the effect of the varying flexural rigidity of the steel beams. The dependence of interaction on shear connection modulus in continuous beams is demonstrated through deflexion and slip characteristics, and so also is the dependence of interaction on the severity of the variation of flexural rigidity. The solution can be specialised to the limiting case of prismatic steel beams and a concrete slab and also to the solutions of rectangular plates with certain edge conditions.     

轴向扩散不可压饱和多孔弹性梁的拟静态弯曲

建立了横观各向同性不可压饱和多孔弹性梁拟静态弯曲的数学模型,并给出了一般的求解方法。作为例子,研究了端部不同渗透条件对梁中点承受突加常集中载荷作用的饱和多孔悬臂梁拟静态弯曲的影响,给出了挠度和孔隙流体压力等效力偶沿梁轴线的分布以及随时间的响应曲线。结果表面:端部渗透条件对饱和多孔弹性梁的弯曲行为有显著的影响,梁的弯曲挠度既可随时间单调递增、亦可单调递减,其性态依赖于梁端部的渗透条件。同时发现不同于经典单相弹性梁,由于孔隙流体压力的作用,不承受载荷作用的梁段亦发生弯曲,并且Man-del-Cryer效应亦存在于不可压饱和多孔弹性梁的拟静态响应中,这些结果有助于揭示传热管道、植物根茎等力学行为的机理。     

The complete process of large elastic-plastic deflection of a cantilever

An extension of the Elastica theory is developed to study the large deflection of an elastic-perfectly plastic horizontal cantilever beam subjected to a vertical concentrated force at its tip. The entire process is divided into four stages: I.elastic in the whole cantilever; II.loading and developing of the plastic region; III.unloading in the plastic region; and IV.reverse loading. Solutions for stages I and II are presented in a closed form. A combination of closed-form solution and numerical integration is presented for stage III. Finally, stage IV is qualitatively studied. Computed results are given and compared with those from small-deflection theory and from the Elastica theory.     

横向冲击载荷下伪弹性TiNi合金矩形悬臂梁结构响应的实验研究

利用改装的霍普金森压杆装置对伪弹性TiNi合金矩形截面悬臂梁进行了横向冲击实验研究.结果表明:冲击自由端时,只在根部附近产生一个相变铰,冲击梁中间某位置时,则可能在多处形成相变铰;相变铰形成时拉伸和压缩两侧应变存在一定的不对称性,但是差别并不明显;相变铰的形成与发展过程中,应变并不是单调增加的,而是带有波动性;卸载后相变铰消失,TiNi悬臂梁形状完全回复;自由振动前期,应变的平衡位置与挠度的平衡位置有一定偏离,并且这种偏离随着梁的振动逐渐减小直至消失.TiNi悬臂梁的冲击特性受热弹性马氏体相变和逆相变的支配,不同于传统的弹塑性机制.