The influence of trapping centres on the photoelectron decay in silver halide

Photoelectron is the foundation of latent image formation, the decay process of photoelectrons is influenced by all kinds of trapping centres in silver halide. By analysing the mechanism of latent image formation it is found that electron trap, hole trap, and one kind of recombination centre where free electron and trapped hole recombine are the main trapping centres in silver halide. Different trapping centres have different influences on the photoelectron behaviour. The effects of all kinds of typical trapping centres on the decay of photoelectrons are systematically investigated by solving the photoelectron decay kinetic equations. The results are in agreement with those obtained in the microwave absorption dielectric spectrum experiment.     

Temperature dependence of the photoluminescence of MnS/ZnS core–shell quantum dots

The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence（PL） from Mn S/Zn S core–shell quantum dots is investigated in a temperature range of 8 K–300 K. The orange emission from the ^4T1→^6A1transition of Mn^2＋ions and the blue emission related to the trapped surface state are observed in the Mn S/Zn S core–shell quantum dots. As the temperature increases, the orange emission is shifted toward a shorter wavelength while the blue emission is shifted towards the longer wavelength. Both the orange and blue emissions reduce their intensities with the increase of temperature but the blue emission is quenched faster. The temperature-dependent luminescence intensities of the two emissions are well explained by the thermal quenching theory.     

Fermi Surface Topology of Na0.5CoO2 from the Hybrid Density Functional

The Fermi surface topology of Na0.5CoO2 is studied using the hybrid density functional theory. We first study a single （CoO2）^0.5- layer model with the percentage of the nonlocal Hartree-Fock exchange changing from 0% to 20%. The results show that only when the mixed nonlocal Hartree-Fock exchange is between 1% and 5%, the Fermi surface topology is similar to the experimental one. With 3% HF exchange in the hybrid density functional, considering the effects of Na ions in the Na0.5CoO2 system, we find that the Fermi surface is split to double holes and small gaps open near the intersections between the Brillouin zone and the Fermi surface. Our results show that both the amounts of the nonlocal Hartree-Fock exchange in the hybrid density functional and the Na ions have much influence on the Fermi surface topology.     

Effects of dielectric decrement on surface potential in a mixed electrolyte solution

Surface potential is an important parameter related to the physical and chemical properties of charged particles. A simple analytical model for the estimation of surface potential is established based on the Poisson–Boltzmann theory with the consideration of the dielectric decrement in mixed electrolyte. The analytical relationships between surface potential and charge density are derived in different mixed electrolytes with monovalent and bivalent ions. The dielectric decrease on the charged surface strongly affects the surface potential at a high charge density with different ion strengths and concentration ratios of counter-ions. The surface potential based on the Gouy–Chapman model is underestimated because of the dielectric decrement on the surface. The diffuse layer can be regarded as a continuous uniform medium only when the surface charge density is lower than 0.3 C·m~(-2). However, the surface charge densities of many materials in practical applications are higher than 0.3 C·m~(-2). The new model for the estimation of surface potential can return to the results obtained based on the Gouy–Chapman model at a low charge density. Therefore, it is implied that the established model that considers the dielectric decrement is valid and widely applicable.     

Magnetic Field Effect on β^＋ Decay in the Crusts of Accreting Neutron Stars

Based on shell model of nuclei, the influence of a high magnetic field on β^＋ decay in the crusts of accreting neutron stars is analyzed. The magnetic field effect on 54 Mn is discussed. The results show that a weak magnetic field makes little effect on β^＋ decay but a strong magnetic field （B 〉 10^11 G） improves β^＋ decay rates obviously. The conclusion derived will benefit to develop further research on nuclear astrophysics in the future.     

Neutralization process of Xe^q＋ ion grazing on Al（111） surface

A code has been developed to simulate the neutralization and grazing process of slow highly charged ion Xe^q＋ on Al（111） surface under the classical-over-the-barrier model. The image energy gain of Xeq＋ ions are calculated and compared with experiment data. The simulation results of image energy gain are in good agreement with the experiment data. Meanwhile, in the present work, the reflection coefficient of incident Xe^q＋ on Al（111） surface as a function of the incidence angle, energy and charge state is also studied.     

A low-dimensional crystal growth model on an isotropic and quasi-free sustained substrate

A new crystal growth theoretical model is established for the low-dimensional nanocrystals on an isotropic and quasifree sustained substrate. The driven mechanism of the model is based on the competitive growth among the preferential growth directions of the crystals possessing anisotropic crystal structures, such as the hexagonal close-packed and wurtzite structures. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental findings in the growth process of the lowdimensional Zn nanocrystals on silicone oil surfaces. Our model shows a growth mechanism of various low-dimensional crystals on/in the isotropic substrates.     

Luminescence and ESR Studies of CaS：Dy Phosphor

CaS phosphor activated with Dy ions is prepared by the solid-state diffusion method. The phosphor is characterized by x-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and photoiuminescence. Defect centres formed in CaS：Dy are studied using the technique of electron spin resonance. The thermoluminescence glow curve shows peaks at around 117℃ and 345℃. Irradiated CaS：Dy exhibits ESR lines due to defect centres. The thermal annealing behaviour of one of the defect centres appears to correlate with the TL peaks at 117℃ and 345℃. This centre is characterized by an isotropic g-value of 2.0035 and is assigned to an F^＋ centre.     

Discrete Charge Storage Nonvolatile Memory Based on Si Nanocrystals with Nitridation Treatment

A nonvolatile memory device with nitrided Si nanocrystals embedded in a floating gate was fabricated. The uniform Si nanocrystals with high density （3× 10^11 cm^-2 ） were deposited on ultra-thin tunnel oxide layer （- 3 nm） and followed by a nitridation treatment in ammonia to form a thin silicon nitride layer on the surface of nanocrystals. A memory window of 2.4 V was obtained and it would be larger than 1.3 V after ten years from the extrapolated retention data. The results can be explained by the nitrogen passivation of the surface traps of Si nanoerystals, which slows the charge loss rate.     

Effect of nanocrystals on up-conversion luminescence of Er~(3+),Yb~(3+) co-doped glass-ceramics

A new class of transparent glass-ceramics attracted much attention in the past decades[1,2], in which the fluoride nanocrystals doped with rare earth ions were dispersed in an oxide network. The optical proper- ties of rare earth ions in oxyfluoride glass depend on the fluoride nanocrystals, and the mechanical proper- ties depend predominantly on the oxide host. Hence, the oxyfluoride glass-ceramics are promising materials for op- tical amplifiers and laser up-conversion applications[3,4]. Wan…     

Photo-thermal Shot Noise in End Mirrors of LIGO due to Correlation of Power Fluctuation

The effect of input power fluctuation on photo-thermal shot noise in the end mirrors of a laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory （LIGO） is analysed according to the statistical optics, which is a supplement of Braginsky＇s research. The laser light folding in LIGO increases a correlation of input power fluctuation in the photo-thermal shot noise. This part of noise has spectral density proportional to -2 in low frequency bands, and -4 in high frequency bands. It is not a white noise and may affect the processing about data of interferometers. To obtain an advanced LIGO, photo-thermal shot noise in end mirrors due to correlation of input power fluctuation is up to Braginsky＇s photo-thermal noise in the frequency range 1-100 Hz.     

Macro-Behaviour of Agents＇ Opinion under Influence of an External Field

We propose a model to study the evolution of opinion under the influence of all external field on small world network. The maero-behaviour of agents＇ opinion and the relative change rate as time elapses are studied. The external field is found to play an important role in making the opinion s（t） balance or increase, and without the influence of the external field, the relative change rate γ（t） shows nonlinear increasing behaviour as time runs. What is more, this nonlinear increasing behaviour is independent of the initial condition, the strength of the external field and the time that we cancel the external field. The results may reflect some phenomena in our society, such as the function of the macro-control in China or the mass media in our society.     

Instability of Solution of Phase Retrieval in Direct Diffraction Phase-Contrast Imaging with Partially Coherent X-Ray Source

The theoretical model of direct diffraction phase-contrast imaging with partially coherent x-ray source is expressed by an operator of multiple integral. It is presented that the integral operator is linear. The problem of its phase retrieval is described by solving an operator equation of multiple integral. It is demonstrated that the solution of the phase retrieval is unstable. The numerical simulation is performed and the result validates that the solution of the phase retrieval is unstable.     

Chemical Potential Dependence of Two-Quark Condensates

By adopting the background field method, the response of the dressed quark propagator to the presence of finite chemical potential is analysed up to the second order. From this, we obtain a model-independent formula for the chemical potential dependence （up to the second order） of the in-medium two-quark condensate and show by both Lorentz covariance arguments and explicit calculations that the O（μ） contribution to the in-medium two-quark condensate vanishes identically.     

Exact Timing of Returned Molecular Wavepacket

An ionizing wavepacket of electron will re-visit its parent molecular ion during photoionization by strong laser field. This scenario is associated with physical concepts such as molecular re-scattering/collision, interference, diffraction, molecular clock, and generation of XUV light via high-order harmonic generation. On the workbench of a reduced dimensionality model of molecular hydrogen ions irradiated by laser pulse of 0.01-10.0 a.u. intensities, one-cycle pulsewidth, and 800nm wavelength, by deploying a momentum operator on the time-dependent wavefunction of an ionizing wavepacket, we can determine, in a precise manner, the exact time instant for the re-visiting electron to come back to the cation position. The time value is 57.6% of an optical cycle of the exciting laser pulse. This result may be useful in attosecond pump-probe experiments or molecular clock applications.     

Fisher Information of Wavefunctions： Classical and Quantum

A parametric quantum mechanical wavefunction naturally induces parametric probability distributions by taking absolute square, and we can consider its classical Fisher information. On the other hand, it also induces parametric rank-one projections which may be viewed as density operators, and we can talk about its quantum Fisher information. Among many versions of quantum Fisher information, there are two prominent ones. The first, defined via a quantum score function, was introduced by Helstrom in 1967 and is well known. The second, defined via the square root of the density operator, has its origin in the skew information introduced by Wigner and Yanase in 1963 and remains relatively unnoticed. This study is devoted to investigating the relationships between the classical Fisher information and these two versions of quantum Fisher information for wavefunctions. It is shown that the two versions of quantum Fisher information differ by a factor 2 and that they dominate the classical Fisher information. The non-coincidence of these two versions of quantum Fisher information may be interpreted as a manifestation of quantum discord. We further calculate the difference between the Helstrom quantum Fisher information and the classical Fisher information, and show that it is precisely the instantaneous phase fluctuation of the wavefunctions.     

The Genesis of Physics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

The creation of a good physics department in the newly established Hebrew University in Jerusalem (opened in 1925) was an important goal for Chaim Weizmann, President of the Zionist Organization and founder of the University (and chemist, by profession). A. H. Fraenkel, the mathematician, and L. S. Ornstein, the physicist from Utrecht, invested a lot of effort in achieving this goal. Albert Einstein was consulted on an almost day-to-day basis. Serious attempts were made to bring a first-rate theoretician to Jerusalem. After 1933, the chances for getting such a physicist were actually very good. George Placzek worked in Jerusalem during the academic year 1934–1935. Felix Bloch, Eugene Wigner, and Fritz London were offered positions as theoretical physicists in Jerusalem and considered the offers favorably. The discussions and correspondence with these great physicists are illuminating. Budget limitations, the problem of the teaching language (Hebrew) and the seclusion of Jerusalem from science centers in Europe or the United States undermined all these efforts. A solution was found when Giulio Racah from Italy finally was appointed.     

The effect of Ehrlich-Schwoebel step-edge barrier on the formation of self-organized Si nanodots by ion-sputter erosion

The ion flux dependence of the self-organized Si nanodots induced by 1.5 keV Ar⁺ ion sputter erosion has been studied. It shows that for the regime with ion flux >∼280 μA/cm², the currently adopted Bradley-Harper (BH) model, which is incorporated in a dynamic continuum equation holds valid. However, for ion flux <∼280 μA/cm², the measured dot size and surface roughness deviate drastically from the BH model. To interpret the data for this lower ion flux regime, the effect of the Ehrlich-Schwoebel (ES) step-edge barrier was introduced into the continuum equation. A consistency between the calculated and the experimental results was reached, furthermore, a reasonable trend was found, that is, the effective ES diffusion decreases steadily with the increasing ion flux, and at ∼280 μA/cm², it became negligibly small.     

Micro-Photoluminescence Confocal Mapping of Single V-Grooved GaAs Quantum Wire

We perform the micro-photoluminescence measurement at low temperatures and a scanning optical mapping with high spatial resolution of a single V-grooved GaAs quantum wire modified by the selective ion-implantation and rapid thermally annealing. While the mapping shows the luminescences respectively from the quantum wires and from quantum well areas between quantum wires in general, the micro-photoluminescence at liquid He temperatures reveals a plenty of spectral structures of the PL band for a single quantum wire. The spectral structures are attributed to the inhomogeneity and non-uniformity of both the space structure and compositions of real wires as well as the defects nearby the interface between quantum wire and surrounding quantum well structures. All these make the excitons farther localized in quasi-zero-dimensional quantum potential boxes related to these non-uniformity and/or defects. The results also demonstrate the ability of micro-photoluminescence measurement and mapping for the characterization of both opto-electronic and structural properties of real quantum wires.