Cu-MgO/USY催化甘油氢解制丙二醇(英文)

以USY为载体制备了一系列不同Cu和MgO负载量的酸碱双功能催化剂Cu-MgO/USY用于甘油氢解制丙二醇反应,并采用X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜、傅里叶红外光谱、NH3程序升温脱附等手段对该催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,负载后的USY载体其Y沸石特征峰保持完整,且MgO的加入提高了Cu在载体表面的分散度.在200 oC,3.5 MPa H2下反应10 h以及6%催化剂0.2Cu-MgO/USY(0.2 g Cu与1.0 g MgO负载于1.0 g USY上面)用量的条件下,甘油转化率达到83.6%,1,2-丙二醇及1,3-丙二醇的选择性分别为40%和19.4%.     

Thermodynamics of glycerol hydrogenolysis to propanediols over supported copper clusters: Insights from first-principles study

Copper catalysts supported on metal oxides display unique efficiency and selectivity in catalyzing glycerol hydrogenolysis to propanediols. Understanding the reaction at the molecular level is the key to rational design of better catalysts for propanediol synthesis, which is one of the major challenges for glycerol application in energy. In this work, extensive calculations based on periodic density functional theory were carried out to study thermodynamics of glycerol hydrogenolysis over binary model catalysts, including Cu/ZrO₂ and Cu/MgO, with the focus to elucidate the competitive reaction pathways to produce the 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO). Our results suggest that the reaction starts with glycerol dehydration on the metal oxide, followed by sequential hydrogenation over metal centers. Based on our explorations on the stabilities of adsorbed reactants, dehydrated intermediates and hydrogenated species along the reaction channels, the DFT calculations show that the 1,2-PDO formation will dominate in comparison to the 1,3-PDO from thermodynamic viewpoint. This is consistent with our experiments where the Cu catalysts seem to give the 1,2-PDO as a main product. The calculations and experiments also indicate that the Cu/MgO exhibits superior activities than Cu/ZrO₂ for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol molecules.     

ZnO与骨架NiMo物理混合用于丙三醇催化重整-氢解制1,2-丙二醇

以骨架NiMo以及与氧化物物理混合, 考察了其在连续固定床反应器中无外加氢气条件下的丙三醇一锅法重整-氢解制1,2-丙二醇(1,2-PDO)的性能.研究发现, 骨架NiMo自身催化活性高, 但对1,2-PDO的选择性一般.当将其与MgO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, HZSM-5, TiO₂, ZrO₂或CeO₂机械混合时, 丙三醇转化率和1,2-PDO选择性均发生下降.但当与ZnO物理混合时, 催化活性和选择性均有所提高, 1,2-PDO得率可达52.0%, 优于贵金属催化剂在该一锅法反应中得到的结果.物理混合的ZnO与骨架NiMo之间这种独特的协同作用, 归因于重整过程中产生的CO₂在ZnO上发生化学吸附, 原位增强了ZnO的路易斯酸性.这不仅促进了丙三醇在ZnO上脱水生成中间产物丙酮醇, 也促进了丙酮醇在骨架NiMo上加氢生成1,2-PDO.     

甲酸为氢源的甘油催化选择氢解

以甲酸作为氢源, 采用铜基复合金属氧化物催化剂, 催化氢解甘油制备1,2-丙二醇, 其中液相甲酸的高选择性分解是实现甘油氢解的必要和关键步骤. 活性测试表明, 高分散的铜和ZrO₂载体间的协同作用对甲酸分解和甘油到1,2-丙二醇的转化至关重要, 20%Cu/ZrO₂催化剂的活性最佳. 由于避免使用相对昂贵的化石燃料氢, 因而该催化体系在生物质的高值利用方面具有潜在的应用前景.     

Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols over heteropolyacids promoted AgCu/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalysts

Various amounts and different types of heteropolyacids promoted 5Ag15Cu/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and analyzed through many techniques. The synthesized catalysts were evaluated for hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols. The results demonstrated that heteropolyacids loading facilitated the reduction, promoted the dispersion, enhanced the acidity, and increased Broensted acid sites of the AgCu catalysts, which benefited the generation of 1,3-propanediol. Compared with phosphotungstic acid and phosphomolybdic acid, silicotungstic acid promoted AgCu catalyst had a better performance for 1,3-propanediol due to the better Cu dispersion and higher Broensted acidity. In addition, when the reaction was performed at 220 °C under 3.5 MPa for 8 h, the chosen 5Ag15Cu-10HSiW/Al₂O₃ achieved a 69.6% glycerol conversion with 35.6% 1,2-propanediol selectivity and 21.5% 1,3-propanediol selectivity.     

不同载体负载Cu催化剂上甘油氢解制1,2-丙二醇催化性能的研究

采用等体积浸渍法合成了一系列不同载体负载的Cu基催化剂,并研究了其在甘油氢解反应中的催化性能。借助X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行了表征,同时考察了反应温度、反应压力、反应时间和催化剂重复使用次数对其催化性能的影响。结果表明,载体对催化剂反应性能影响较大,且甘油氢解反应需要适当的酸性;当在催化剂8Cu/γ-Al₂O₃用量为反应原料质量的2.5%、反应温度513 K、反应压力6 MPa、反应时间6 h、反应原料为质量分数为10%的甘油水溶液的条件下,其催化效果最优,甘油转化率最高为88.4%,1,2-丙二醇的选择性可达到86.2%,且催化剂显示了良好的稳定性。     

Palladium/titanium dioxide nanofibers for glycerol electrooxidation in alkaline medium

Highly conductive palladium/titanium dioxide (Pd/TiO₂) nanofibers have been successfully fabricated by electroless-plating Pd on the electrospun TiO₂ nanofibers. The application of Pd/TiO₂ nanofibers for electrooxidation of glycerol was demonstrated. The results showed that Pd/TiO₂ nanofibers can greatly promote glycerol electrooxidation in alkaline medium, and both glycerol and KOH concentrations had an effect on the peak current density and the peak potential. The mechanism of desorption of poisoning intermediate was discussed by changing the upper potential limit. The application of the Pd/TiO₂ nanofibers for electrooxidation of methanol, ethylene glycol, and 1,2-propanediol was also demonstrated.     

Enthalpies of solution of glycine in aqueous solutions of 1,2-diols and glycerol at 25°C

Dissolution enthalpies of glycine in mixtures of water with 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 1,3-propanediol and glycerol have been measured at 25°C. The enthalpic pair interaction coefficients of the glycine zwitterion with the polyalcohol molecule have been determined by using the standard solution enthalpies of glycine in water and in aqueous solutions of the polyalcohols. The values of the resultant enthalpic interaction coefficients are interpreted assuming a criterion in the form of the effect of hydrophobic alkyl radicals on the interactions between the hydroxyl groups of polyalcohols and the zwitterion of glycine.     

Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols over supported Ag–Cu catalysts

Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol has significant scientific importance and commercial interest due to the huge surplus of glycerol and the various application of propanediols. A series of supported Ag–Cu catalysts synthesized by impregnation method were studied for hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols. The catalysts were characterized by H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD, XRD, BET, N₂O chemisorption, TG, ICP and SEM. It was observed that the loading of 5% Ag–Cu-based catalysts facilitated the reduction, surface acidity and dispersion of the Cu particles, which improved the conversion of glycerol and promoted the generation of propanediols. It was also found that when loading Ag and Cu simultaneously on Al₂O₃, the catalyst had a better performance for the reaction because of the higher acidity, dispersion and surface area of the Cu species on the catalyst surface. In addition, effects of metal concentrations, metal impregnation sequence, reaction temperature, reaction pressure, reaction time, solvent and pH value of the solution on glycerol hydrogenolysis together with the recyclability of catalyst were investigated in detail. The optimal 5Ag–15Cu/Al₂O₃ achieved 66.4% glycerol conversion with 68.2% 1,2-propanediol and 3.1% 1,3-propanediol selectivity at 200 °C under 3.5 MPa in ethanol for 8 h.     

Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of 3-methoxy-1,2-propanediol and cyclic diglycerols, by-products of technical glycerol, in wine: interlaboratory study

The aim of the present study was to provide the official wine control authorities with an internationally validated method for the determination of 3-methoxy-1,2-propanediol (3-MPD) and cyclic diglycerols (CycDs)-both of which are recognized as impurities of technical glycerol-in different types of wine. Because glycerol gives a sweet flavor to wine and contributes to its full-body taste, an economic incentive is to add glycerol to a wine to mask its poor quality. Furthermore, it is known that glycerol, depending on whether it is produced from triglycerides or petrochemicals, may contain considerable amounts of 3-MPD in the first case or CycDs in the second. However, because these compounds are not natural wine components, it is possible to detect glycerol added to wine illegally by determining the above-mentioned by-products. To this end, one of the published methods was adopted, modified, and tested in a collaborative study. The method is based on gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of diethyl ether extracts after salting out with potassium carbonate. The interlaboratory study for the determination of 3-MPD and CycDs in wine was performed in 11 laboratories in 4 countries. Wine samples were prepared and sent to participants as 5 blind duplicate test materials and 1 single test material. The concentrations covered ranges of 0.1-0.8 mg/L for 3-MPD and 0.5-1.5 mg/L for CycDs. The precision of the method was within the range predicted by the Horwitz equation. HORRAT values obtained for 3-MPD ranged from 0.8 to 1.7, and those obtained for CycDs ranged from 0.9 to 1.3. Average recoveries were 104 and 109%, respectively.     

甘油催化加氢制备1,2-丙二醇液相产物的气相色谱分析

采用气相色谱-电子轰击离子源质谱(GC-MS)与比较标准品色谱保留值技术,确定了甘油催化加氢制备1,2-丙二醇液相产物的组成。优化了气相色谱-氢火焰离子法(GC-FID)的色谱条件,使主产物与副产物同时达到最佳分离。以正戊醇为内标物,建立了同时检测甘油催化加氢产物中7种醇类化合物的气相色谱分析方法。在分析方法的线性范围内,各化合物加标回收率均在94.4%～112.6%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.5%～7.2%之间。反应产物中乙醇、异丙醇、丙醇和丙酮醇的方法最小检出限(LOD)小于0.05μg/g,乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和甘油的LOD分别为0.21μg/g,0.23μg/g和0.25μg/g,线性相关系数均大于等于0.9957。     

Ni掺杂的Cu-ZnO催化剂甘油加氢反应性能

采用浸渍法制备了Ni掺杂的Cu-ZnO催化剂,采用多种物理化学手段研究了其化学物理性质及甘油加氢制取1,2-丙二醇反应催化性能。结果发现,金属Ni助剂的引入可以进一步优化Ni-Cu-ZnO催化剂的甘油加氢生成1, 2-丙二醇的反应活性。少量金属Ni的加入,Ni-Cu-ZnO催化剂的甘油转化率变化不大,生成1, 2-丙二醇的选择性明显增加。而进一步增加Ni含量到n_Ni/n_Cu=0.5,Ni含量过高会导致Ni-Cu-ZnO催化剂中实际Cu原子的量减少,从而导致甘油转化率下降。Ni掺杂的Cu-ZnO催化剂甘油加氢性能稳定性较好,在反应102 h后没有明显变化。     

Ni掺杂的Cu-ZnO催化剂甘油加氢反应性能

采用浸渍法制备了Ni掺杂的Cu-Zn O催化剂,采用多种物理化学手段研究了其化学物理性质及甘油加氢制取1,2-丙二醇反应催化性能。结果发现,金属Ni助剂的引入可以进一步优化Ni-Cu-Zn O催化剂的甘油加氢生成1,2-丙二醇的反应活性。少量金属Ni的加入,Ni-Cu-Zn O催化剂的甘油转化率变化不大,生成1,2-丙二醇的选择性明显增加。而进一步增加Ni含量到nNi/nCu=0.5,Ni含量过高会导致Ni-Cu-Zn O催化剂中实际Cu原子的量减少,从而导致甘油转化率下降。Ni掺杂的Cu-Zn O催化剂甘油加氢性能稳定性较好,在反应102 h后没有明显变化。     

Ni/SiO_2催化剂的合成及其甘油氢解制1,2-丙二醇性能

以硝酸镍和偏硅酸钠为原料,采用并流共沉淀和氢气还原-钝化的方法制备了Ni/Si O2催化剂,通过BET、XRD、H2-TPD、NH3-TPD、HRTEM、XPS等手段对催化剂的理化性质进行了表征,发现合成得到的Ni/Si O2催化剂具有良好的织构性质、极高的金属分散度和活性比表面积,并且对甘油氢解生成1,2-丙二醇的反应表现出良好的活性和选择性.研究还考察了催化剂的镍硅比、反应停留时间、反应压力、甘油浓度对甘油氢解性能的影响,发现在镍硅比为0.5,反应停留时间为2 h,反应压力为5.5 MPa,甘油浓度为10%的条件下,甘油的单程转化率达78.8%,1,2-丙二醇的选择性高达92.9%.     

Theoretical studies on the unimolecular decomposition of propanediols and glycerol

Polyols, a typical type of alcohol containing multiple hydroxyl groups, are being regarded as a new generation of a green energy platform. In this paper, the decomposition mechanisms for three polyol molecules, i.e., 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and glycerol, have been investigated by quantum chemistry calculations. The potential energy surfaces of propanediols and glycerol have been built by the QCISD(T) and CBS-QB3 methods, respectively. For the three molecules studied, the H(2)O-elimination and C-C bond dissociation reactions show great importance among all of the unimolecular decomposition channels. Rate constant calculations further demonstrate that the H(2)O-elimination reactions are predominant at low temperature and pressure, whereas the direct C-C bond dissociation reactions prevail at high temperature and pressure. The temperature and pressure dependence of calculated rate constants was demonstrated by the fitted Arrhenius equations. This work aims to better understand the thermal decomposition process of polyols and provide useful thermochemical and kinetic data for kinetic modeling of polyols-derived fuel combustion.     

Synthesis and properties of comb-shaped segmented poly(urethanes) based on 1,2-propanediol derivatives

Comb-shaped segmented poly(urethanes) have been synthesized from ethers via the one-step procedure with the use of glycerol monostearate, D,L-3-octadecyloxy-1,2-propanediol, 3-tert-butoxy-1,2-propanediol, 3-benzyloxy-1,2-propanediol, and 1,2-propanediol as chain extenders. The soft segment of poly(urethanes) was derived from macrodiol (poly(tetramethylene glycol) with M _n = 1000), and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate and 4,4′-cyclohexylmethane diisocyanate were used as diisocyanates. The effect of the structure of side chains located at the hard segments on the formation of hydrogen bonds in comb-shaped poly(urethanes) has been studied by IR spectroscopy. On the basis of DSC measurements, the glass transition temperatures of the soft and hard segments and the temperature and enthalpy of melting of the crystalline phase have been estimated and the microphase separation of segments has been assessed. The mechanical characteristics of the polymers under study have been examined.     

Automated flow-injection procedures for glycerol and triglycerides

An automated flow-injection manifold with stopped flow and merging zones is reported for the determination of triglycerides (50–250 mg dl^?1) and glycerol (5.0 × 10^?6?1.0 × 10^?2 M). In each case, a single reagent cocktain (20 μl) is synchronously merged with sample (20 μl) and the rate of formation of NADH monitored spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. For glycerol, the reagent contains glycerol dehydrogenase and NAD in Tris buffer, pH 8.0; for triglycerides, lipase in also included. The correlation coefficient for triglycerides over the range 50–250 mg dl^?1 was 0.971.     

The use of capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection for monitoring of glycerol in adipose tissues during a sporting performance

A CE procedure employing capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection has been developed for direct determination of the glycerol and mannitol polyalcohols in biological and pharmacological samples. Both glycerol and mannitol are fully separated from the sample matrix within very short times of 3.0 and 3.9 min, respectively, when using the optimized BGE, 60 mM H₃BO₃+30 mM LiOH (pH 9.1). The LODs amount to 0.5 μM for glycerol and 0.3 μM for mannitol. The repeatability of the glycerol determination in real biological materials is characterized by the coefficient of variation values, 0.5 and 3.2%, for the migration time and the peak area, respectively. The procedure has been used to monitor the free glycerol concentration in adipose tissue microdialyzates. A physiological study has demonstrated that the lipolysis occurring during a sporting action can be stimulated by local application of adrenaline. The procedure has further been utilized to determine mannitol in a pharmacological preparation.     

Kinetic Studies on the Urethane Reaction of Propanediol with Isocyanate in Nitrogenous Solvents

The urethane reactions of 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and n-propanol with phenyl isocyanate were respectively carried out in nitrogenous solvents. In situ FT-IR was used to monitor the reactions, and rate constants were determined. It was shown that the reaction rate of 1,2-propanediol was fastest, followed by the reaction rates of 1,3-propanediol and n-propanol. After that, activation energy (E_a), activation enthalpy (ΔH), and activation entropy (ΔS) were calculated. It was found that these thermodynamic parameters for 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol are very similar, but they were very different from those of n-propanol, which is very useful to understand the urethane reaction mechanism.     

甘油催化氢解的研究与应用

近年来由于生物柴油产业的快速发展,甘油作为其生产过程中的副产品大量生成,合理利用这些过剩的甘油将有助于增加整个生物柴油产业的经济效益。本文对近年来利用甘油为原料催化氢解合成二元醇（1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇和乙二醇）的研究进展进行了综述,介绍了甘油催化氢解的研究背景,着重讨论了甘油催化氢解生成二元醇的反应机理（包括脱水-加氢机理、脱氢-加氢机理和螯合机理）和甘油催化氢解在生产二元醇上的应用,并对甘油催化氢解的发展前景做了展望。