Measuring the mutual diffusion coefficient for dodecyl acrylate in low molecular weight poly(dodecyl acrylate) with laser line deflection (Wiener's Method) and the fluorescence of pyrene

Diffusion of small molecules into glassy polymers is quite complicated and almost always non-Fickian. Little work has been done with the diffusion of low molecular weight polymers that are liquids at room temperature (such as poly(dodecyl acrylate)) into their miscible monomers. We have studied three molecular weights under 20 000 to determine if poly(dodecyl acrylate) diffusion into dodecyl acrylate could be treated with Fick's law and if so to determine the values of the diffusion coefficients. We compare two methods for measuring the diffusion of dodecyl acrylate into poly(dodecyl acrylate): We used laser line deflection (Wiener's method) and improved upon the method from published reports. We also used the dependence of pyrene's fluorescence on the viscosity to measure the concentration distribution, and thus to extract the diffusion coefficient. After an initial relaxation period, diffusion in all cases followed Fick's law with a single concentration-independent diffusion coefficient. Comparison of the diffusion coefficients obtained by both methods yielded the same order of magnitude for the diffusion coefficients (10(-7) cm2/s) and showed the same trend in the dependence on the average molecular weight of the polymer (a decrease in the diffusion coefficient with an increase in the molecular weight).     

Effects of functionality of thiol monomer on electro-optical properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films

In this paper, polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films which based on the acrylate and the thiol monomers were first prepared by ultraviolet-initiated polymerisation. The electro-optical properties and morphologies of the PDLC films were systematically investigated. The functionality of thiol monomers and their feed ratio showed great influence on the properties of the fabricated PDLC films because of the existence of competition between thiol–acrylate reaction and acrylate monomer polymerisation reaction. This made the polymer network and electro-optical properties of the PDLC films easily tunable by the introduction of the thiol monomers. When added four-functional thiol monomer PETMP with appropriate concentration into the PDLC system, lower driven voltage and higher contrast ratio were achieved.     

Effects of monomer structure on the morphology of polymer networks and the electro-optical properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films were prepared by photochemical polymerisation with a series of (meth)acrylate monomers. The effects of monomer structure on the morphology of polymer networks in the PDLC films were studied. The acrylate monomers without sidegroup chain formed uniform polymer networks. The methacrylate monomers with methyl as their sidegroup chains formed lace-like networks. The size of the LC droplets increased with increasing the length of the flexible chain of both methacrylate and acrylate monomers. Meanwhile, the effects of the morphology of the polymer network on the electro-optical properties of PDLC films were also investigated.     

Synthesis,chemical properties,and CO2 electroreduction of π-conjugated polymers bearing imidazolium and imidazolinium rings in the polymer backbone

π-Conjugated polymers (CPs) bearing imidazolium and imidazolinium rings in the polymer backbone were prepared from a previously reported monomer, 1,3-bis(2,3-dimethyl-4-bromophenyl)imidazolium chloride, and a newly synthesized monomer, 1,3-bis(2,3-dimethyl-4-bromophenyl)imidazolinium chloride, via Sonogashira and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. The corresponding model compounds were also synthesized via the same reactions and monomers. The absorption maxima and onset position of the UV–vis spectra of the polymers were observed at longer wavelengths than those of the model compounds, thus revealing the presence of extended π-conjugation along the polymer backbone chain. Both polymers and model compounds were photoluminescent in solution and exhibited solvatochromism. The cast films of the polymers on the Pt and Ag electrodes were demonstrated to be effective catalysts for CO₂ electroreduction.     

γ-核酸碱基取代丙基甲基二乙氧基硅烷的合成及其聚合反应研究

本文以Υ-溴丙基甲基二乙氧基硅烷分别与尿嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶、腺嘌呤和5-氟尿嘧啶进行烷基化反应,制得了四种含有核酸碱基或5-氟尿嘧啶的新型有机硅单体。通过它们的缩聚反应,合成了六种侧基含核酸碱基或5-氟尿嘧啶的聚硅氧烷。     

Hybrid copolymerization of cyclic and vinyl monomers

In this work,we report the hybrid copolymerization of various cyclic monomers and vinyl monomers.Our studies demonstrate that 1-tert-butyl-4,4,4-tris-(dimethylamino)-2,2-bis[tris(dimethylamino) phophoranyliden-amino]-2 5,5-catenadi(phosphazene) (t-BuP 4) can catalyze the hybrid copolymerization of caprolactone (CL),lactide (LA) or cyclic carbonate ester with acrylate or methyl acrylate.However,the polymerization of cyclosiloxane with vinyl monomers yields two corresponding homopolymers,and the polymerization of lactone with acrylonitrile (AN) produces only polyacrylonitrile.Clearly,the extent of matching of activity between a monomer and an active center determines whether or not there is hybrid copolymerization.     

Siloxane-containing Bifunctional Epoxide Together with Multi-functional Acrylates to Improve the Performance of Holographic Gratings

Well-defined transmission holographic gratings with high diffraction efficiency were fabricated by irradiating a mixture of dipentaerythritol penta-/hexa-functional acrylates, 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 1,3-bis(3-glycidoxypropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane or 1,3-bis[2-(1,2-epoxycyclohex-4-yl)ethyl]-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane in the absence (photo-polymer systems, 30 : 10 : 60 in weight ratio; 80 or 55% efficiency) or presence (holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal systems: 45 : 9 : 36 : 10 in weight ratio; 83 or 67% efficiency) of commercial liquid crystalline compound E7 with diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate and 3,3′-carbonylbis(7-diethylaminocoumarin) photo-initiating system by Nd:YAG laser (λ = 532 nm). When the ratio of dipentaerythritol penta-/hexaacrylate and 1,3-bis(3-glycidoxypropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane was changed to 50 : 40 in photo-polymer system, the diffraction efficiency increased to 84%. They had smooth surface morphologies with regulated spacing. In polymer dispersed liquid crystal system, the same ratio of dipentaerythritol penta-/hexaacrylate and siloxane-containing epoxides gave the best results. 1,5-Bis(3-glycidoxypropyl)-1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane and 1,5-bis[2-(1,2-epoxycyclohex-4-yl)ethyl]-1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane gave high diffraction efficiency with 10% E7 (97% and 75%). The trisiloxane derivatives gave gratings with considerably or moderately reduced angular deviation (0.83, 0.66 degree for trisiloxane from 1.2, 0.7 degree for disiloxane derivatives, respectively for signal beam, and 0.76, 0.70 degree from 1.1, 1.0 degree for the reference beam at 32 degree of external incident angle) from Bragg profile, namely 5.2 and 4.5% volume shrinkage for trisiloxane, and 7.5, 5.6% for disiloxane derivatives, respectively. Gratings with diffraction efficiency over 95% with the narrowest angular selectivity of 4.0 degree was obtained when trimethylolpropane triacrylate was used together with 1,5-bis[2-(1,2-epoxycyclohex-4-yl)ethyl]-1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltri-siloxane (50 : 40) and 5% E7. These gratings were actually used to store real images.     

Properties of polystyrene-poly(methylmethacrylate) random and diblock copolymers in dilute and semidilute solutions

Solution properties for random and diblock copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have been measured by dynamic and total intensity light scattering in solvents of differing quality. The results are compared with the corresponding properties for PS and PMMA homopolymers of similar molecular weight, in order to determine if interactions between unlike monomers are significant. The hydrodynamic radius (R_h) and diffusion second virial coefficient (k_d) for the random copolymer are found to be larger than the corresponding values for the homopolymers in a solvent which is near-theta for the two homopolymers, whereas no such effect is observed for the block copolymer. This suggests that most intrachain interactions occur a relatively short distance along the chain backbone. In a mutual good solvent R_h and k_d of the random copolymer are comparable to the average of the values for the homopolymers, indicating that in a good solvent monomer/solvent interactions dominate over monomer/monomer interactions. For an isolated diblock copolymer in a mutual good solvent, there is no evidence that interactions between unlike monomers lead to additional expansion of the entire molecule, as measured by R_h, nor expansion of the individual blocks as probed by light scattering with one block optically masked. However, at low but finite concentration there is evidence (the coefficients of the binary interaction terms in the viscosity and the mutual diffusion coefficient, and the second and third virial coefficients) that a weak ordering effect may exist in block copolymer solutions, far from the conditions where microphase separation occurs. Finally, measurements of ternary polymer-polymer-solvent solutions show no dependence on monomer composition or monomer distribution for the tracer diffusion of probe PS-PMMA copolymers in a PMMA/toluene matrix. This indicate that the frictional interaction is largely unaffected by interactions between unlike monomers. However, there is evidence that the thermodynamic interaction is more unfavorable between a random copolymer and the homopolymer matrix than between a diblock and the matrix. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis of acrylate and norbornene polymers with pendant 2,7-bis(diarylamino)fluorene hole-transport groups

New hole-transport monomers have been synthesized in which a 2,7-(diarylamino)fluorene hole-transport functionality is linked through the 9-position of the fluorene bridge to a polymerizable acrylate or norbornene group; these monomers have been polymerized under free-radical and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) conditions, respectively. The norbornene monomer has also been copolymerized with a cinnamate-functionalized norbornene; this copolymer can be rendered insoluble through photo-crosslinking of the cinnamate groups under UV irradiation, thus permitting the use of the polymer in organic electronic devices based upon multiple polymer layers. The norbornene monomer has also been copolymerized with dicyclopentadiene to afford insoluble crosslinked films. Time-of-flight studies indicate that the norbornene polymer has a higher hole mobility than the analogous acrylate material, consistent with the predictions of the disorder formalism.     

紫外光固化聚多氟烷氧丙基甲基硅氧烷的研究

本文报道几种紫外光敏有机硅单体:(γ-甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷,1,3,5,7-四(γ-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基)四甲基环四硅氧烷和1,3-双(甲基丙烯酰氧甲基)-1,1,3,3-四甲基二硅氧烷的合成,以及它们与αH,αH,ωH-全氟烷氧丙基甲基环四硅氧烷的开环共聚反应,制备了一系列新型光敏聚多氟烷氧丙基甲基硅氧烷.并初步研究了在紫外光辐照下,这类光敏聚多氟烷氧丙基甲基硅氧烷的化学结构对固化速度的影响.     

New halogen-containing polyimides based on 1,3-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane dianhydride

Previously undescribed halogen-containing polyimides are synthesized via the interaction of 1,3-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane dianhydride with aromatic diamines containing hexafluoroisopropylidene and dichloroethylene groups. The influence of tetramethyldisiloxane, hexafluoroisopropylidene, and dichloroethylene groups incorporated into these polymers on their solubility, heat resistance, thermal stability, and film-forming properties is investigated.     

1,3-Adamantanyl dimethylsiloxane copolymers. Preparation and properties

1,3-bis(Dimethylhydroxysilyl)adamantane(I) has been prepared. Thermal condensation polymerization of this monomer yields poly-1,3-adamantyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane. Condensation of I with bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane or 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane gave the expected 1,3-adamantyl dimethylsiloxane copolymers (II and III) respectively. These polymers have been characterized by ¹H,¹³C, and ²⁹SiNMR as well as GPC and TGA. They have unusually high thermal stability.     

Surface-relief-grating formation behavior of two hyperbranched azo polymers

In this work,surface-relief-grating formation behavior was studied by using two hyperbranched azo polymers.The hyperbranched polymers containing pseudo-stilbene type azo chromophores throughout the hyperbranched structure were synthesized by step-growth polycondensation of AB₂ type monomers.The AB₂ monomer,4-（4’-（bis（2-chloroethyl）amino）-phenylazo） benzoic acid（BAA）,was prepared through azo-coupling reaction between N,N’-bis（2-chloroethyl）aniline and 4- aminobenzenic acid.The another AB₂ monomer,4-（4’-（bis（2-chloroethyl）amino）phenylazo）-3-nitro-benzoic acid（BANA）, was prepared through azo-coupling reaction between N,N-bis（2-chloroethyl）aniline and 3-nitro-4-aminobenzcnic acid.The hyperbranched polymers（PBAA and PBANA） were prepared through nucleophilic substitution reaction of BAA and BANA, respectively.The polymers synthesized were characterized by using spectroscopic methods and thermal analysis.The photoinduced dichroism and photo-induced surface-relief-grating（SRG） formation of the hyperbranched polymers were investigated upon irradiation with Ar⁺ laser at 488 nm.PBAA shows typical photoinduced dichroism SRG formation behavior.On the contrary,PBANA does not show the photoresponsive properties.The results indicate that the nitro at the ortho position of azo group of PBANA shows the effect of inhibiting the photoinduced variations.The effect can be attributed to the blockage of the trans-cis isomerization of the azobenzene moieties by the steric hindrance.     

单体结构和聚合条件对大体积乙烯基聚合物旋光性质的影响

合成了3种手性大体积烯类单体——(+)-4,4″-二[(S)-2-甲基丁氧基]-2′-乙烯基对三联苯(p-BMVT)、(+)-3,3″-二[(S)-2-甲基丁氧基]-2′-乙烯基对三联苯(m-BMVT)和(+)-2,2″-二[(S)-2-甲基丁氧基]-2′-乙烯基对三联苯(o-BMVT),其中后两个为新化合物.系统研究了单体结构对其聚合反应活性以及单体结构和反应条件对所得聚合物旋光性质的影响.p-和m-BMVT在合适的条件下可以顺利地进行自由基聚合,形成某一旋向占优的手性二级结构;手性取代基在单体分子上移动一个共价键的距离导致聚合物的旋光方向相反.单体o-BMVT的合成产率低且不能进行自由基聚合.提高芳烃类或者降低非芳烃类聚合溶剂的极性、升高反应温度、减少单体浓度有利于得到旋光度大的聚合物.     

Siloxane-containing polyenaminoesters

Polyenaminoesters were prepared by condensation of succinyl succinic ester (SSE) and p-bis-carbomethoxy diacetyl benzene (CDB) with 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane. Conditions of solvent and temperature were discovered which yielded soluble polymer from SSE after heat treatment. CDB yields only tough, rubbery, insoluble products.     

Synthesis of aromatic polyethers by Scholl reaction. V. Synthesis and polymerization of 1,3-bis[4-(1-naphthoxy) benzoyl]benzene, 1,4-bis[4-(1-naphthoxy)benzoyl]benzene,bis[4-(1-naphthoxy)phenyl]methane, 1,3-bis[4-(1-naphthoxy) phenylmethyl]benzene,and 1,4-bis-[4-(1-naphthoxy)phenylmethyl]benzene

This article describes the synthesis and the cation-radical polymerization (Scholl reaction) of 1,3-bis[4-(1-naphthoxy) benzoyl] benzene ( 6 ) and 1,4-bis[4-(1-naphthoxy) benzoyl]- benzene ( 7 ) initiated by FeCI₃. This polymerization produced poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s (PEEKK) of number average molecular weight (M?_n) up to 5400 g/mol. The synthesis of bis[4-(1-naphthoxy) phenyl] methane ( 8 ), 1,3-bis[4-(1-napthoxy) phenylmethyl] benzene ( 9 ), and 1,4-bis[4-(1-naphthoxy) phenylmethyl] benzene ( 10 ) are also described. Polyethers of M?_n up to 15400 g/mol at a FeCl₃/monomer molar ratio of 2/1 were obtained. An increased polymerizability of the monomers 9 and 10 containing two CH₂ groups versus that of the corresponding monomers containing two carbonyl groups ( 6 and 7 ) was observed. This enhanced polymerizability was explained based on the increased nucleophilicity of monomers 9 and 10 .     

The influence of N‐vinyl pyrrolidone on polymerization kinetics and thermo‐mechanical properties of crosslinked acrylate polymers

Polymerization of multifunctional acrylate monomers generates crosslinked polymers that are noted for their mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance. A common reactive diluent to photopolymerizable formulations is N‐vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), which is known to reduce the inhibition of free radical photopolymerization by atmospheric oxygen. In this work, the copolymerization behavior of NVP was examined in acrylate monomers with two to five functional groups. At concentrations as low as 2 wt %, NVP increases the polymerization rate in copolymerization with multifunctional acrylate monomer. The relative rate enhancement associated with adding NVP increases dramatically as the number of acrylate double bonds changes from two to five. The influence of NVP on polymerization kinetics is related to synergistic cross‐propagation between NVP and acrylate monomer, which becomes increasingly favorable with diffusion limitations. This synergy extends bimolecular termination into higher double bond conversion through reaction diffusion controlled termination. Copolymerizing concentrations of 5–30 DB% NVP with diacrylate or pentaacrylate monomer also increases Young's modulus and the glass transition temperature (T_g) in comparison to neat acrylate polymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4062–4073, 2007     

New ferrocene-containing structures: Poly(silyl ester)s

Two new polymeric structures containing ferrocene units along the chains, namely poly(silyl ester)s, have been synthesized and characterized: a geminal poly(silyl ester) (g-PSE) and one having a disiloxane spacer between the silyl ester groups (s-PSE). The condensation polymerization of AA/BB monomer systems in solution was used in both cases as preparation method involving a silicon-containing diol, (diphenylsilane diol or 1,3-bis(hydroxy)-tetramethyldisiloxane), and 1,1′-di(chlorocarbonyl)ferrocene. The polymers were investigated by differential pulse voltammetry in order to evaluate the redox behavior. Due to the presence of the silyl ester groups in the chain, these polymers are hydrolytically degradable.     

Synthesis of 3-aryl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins by regioselective domino ‘[3+3] cyclization/lactonization’ reactions of 1,3-bis-(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes with 1-hydroxy-5-silyloxy-4-en-3-ones

The [3+3] cyclization of 1,3-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes with 1-hydroxy-5-silyloxy-4-en-3-ones afforded 6-(2-aryl-2-chloroethyl)salicylates, which were transformed into 3-aryl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins by silica gel-mediated lactonization.     

Preparation and properties of a methacrylate-containing siliconized epoxy hybrid monomer and its emulsion copolymerization with styrene/butyl acrylate

The objective of the present work was the synthesis and characterization of a methacrylate-containing siliconized epoxy hybrid monomer and its emulsion copolymerization in the presence of styrene/butyl acrylate monomers. The purity and structural conformation of this monomer were ascertained from FTIR and NMR spectral studies. Thermal properties of the copolymers were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. The morphology of copolymers was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and then the effect of siliconized epoxy hybrid monomer concentration on the water absorption ratio was examined. The results show that the water-resistance of the terpolymer films was higher compared with the films of styrene-co-butyl acrylate copolymer.