骨组织细胞的力学调控研究

力学环境是影响骨组织细胞形成、增殖和功能成熟的一个重要因素. 骨细胞是力学感受细胞, 将力学信号传递给效应细胞; 成骨细胞、破骨细胞为力学效应细胞, 使骨形成和骨吸收处于动态平衡以维持骨力学稳定性. 目前对骨组织细胞间力学调控的机理仍不甚清楚. 综述了骨组织细胞力学生物学作用和细胞间力学调控的一些相关问题. 在概述了成骨细胞、骨细胞和破骨细胞的生物学特性基础上,阐述了骨重建力学调控理论,成骨细胞、骨细胞和破骨细胞生物力学效应和细胞间力学调控最新研究进展. 最后对骨组织细胞三维网络间力学调控研究做出展望.     

载荷诱导骨生长的力学细胞生物学机制

骨骼的结构和功能在很大程度上依赖于其所处的力学环境,这一观点已被广为接受．自从Ｗｏｌｆｆ提出其著名的骨转换定律以来,骨生长与载荷间的关系一直是生物力学中一个重要的问题．大量的动物实验均证明二者之间存在明确的关联．然而,载荷诱导骨生长的力学细胞生物学（ｍｅｃｈａｎｏｃｙ－ｔｏｂｉｏｌｏｇｙ）机制仍很不清楚．十余年来体外培养骨骼细胞加载的研究为应力（应变）诱导骨生长提供了一个微观理论框架．目前认为,载荷诱导骨生长的过程可分为四个环节,即：力学耦联、生物化学耦联、胞间信号转导和效应细胞反应．详细阐述了这几个环节,并就今后的研究方向作一讨论．     

从生物力学到力学生物学的进展

本文介绍了现代生物力学的发展历程和冯元帧先生的贡献、力学生物学的概念与发展以及我国生物力学的发展历程和力学生物学的研究新进展;思考了从生物力学到力学生物学的进展与现状;展望了我国生物力学学科发展的愿景.     

植物细胞力学模型研究进展

植物细胞在结构上具有特殊性, 即细胞壁和胞内物质在力学性质上差异很大. 因此其力学模型的研究具有特殊意义. 植物细胞力学模型是植物组织力学行为的研究基础, 是连接宏观与微观生物力学发展的桥梁, 在农业和食品加工等领域中有重要的潜在应用价值. 本文就目前国际上在细胞力学模型研究中所采用的模型形式和理论分析与数值模拟等方法做较全面而简要的介绍, 并对本领域中存在的现实问题加以论述, 希望能够对我国在细胞力学领域的研究有所帮助.      

发育生物学中模式形成的力学模型

对所有多细胞生物体而言,其个体发育均涉及由初始的单个细胞开始,经过在时间和空间上细胞有序地增殖、凋亡、分化、迁移等诸多过程,并最终生成物种特异的生物模式.对模式形成的机制的探讨一直是发育生物学的中心课题.目前已就这个问题积累了大量的分子生物学、生物化学、数学、力学等多学科的研究数据并提出了一些模式形成的理论,然而,迄今为止,模式形成的真正机制仍然很不清楚而需进一步的深入探索.本文简要介绍了生物发育过程中模式形成的一些典型的力学模型,重点在于力学模型的建立及其模型本身的介绍,而对其数值模拟和具体应用很少涉及.      

土遗址楠竹锚固界面力学行为与传力机理研究

楠竹锚固技术是处理纵向裂隙引起的大型土遗址稳定问题的重要手段,但此类锚固系统传力机理尚不明确,成为制约其科学化、规模化应用的瓶颈。通过现场拉拔试验研究锚固界面力学行为,将识别出的完全脱粘现象通过摩擦段后的零剪应力段进行表征,建立适用于此类锚固界面的修正三线型粘结-滑移模型。在此基础上,提出基于ANSYS中非线性弹簧单元的锚固界面力学行为数值模拟方法,系统研究锚固系统传力机理。最后,通过与试验结果的对比验证了该模拟方法的可靠性。结果表明：锚杆/浆体界面的滑移失效是锚固系统破坏的主要原因,此类界面微段的受力过程可分为弹性、软化、摩擦和完全脱粘四个阶段,随荷载增加锚固界面高应力区逐渐由加载端向锚固端转移,界面进入完全脱粘阶段后剪应力趋近于零,极限锚固力和有效锚固长度均存在临界值;第一锚固界面传递至第二锚固界面的剪应力非常有限,遗址土体应力处于较低水平。研究结果能够为基于“安全第一,最小干预”原则的土遗址文物锚固优化设计提供参考。     

骨组织生长重建的力学生物学机制研究进展

生物力学已被证实是骨组织生长、重建及成形当中一个十分重要的因素. 骨组织的损 伤修复过程本质上是细胞的生物学过程和应力作用下的生长过程. 这虽然肯定了生物力学在 骨组织生长、重建过程中的重要地位, 但是, 人们对生物力学因素如何诱导骨生长、 重建的力学生物学机制仍不甚了解. 而骨组织工程需要更为科学完善的细胞生物学机制来研究和探 索骨组织的构建过程. 本文概述了国内外生物力学与骨组织生长重建的宏微观理论, 主要讨 论了骨组织结构及功能形成过程中的力学生物学相关问题.     

细胞结构的力学模型及模拟的最新进展

细胞是构成各种生命体组织和器官最重要的基本单元.向上,它构成各种生命体的组织和器官;向下,它本身又由各种不同的大小分子组成.因此,细胞构成了生命体从宏观到微观链条中极为重要的一环.细胞的结构有什么力学意义,力对细胞的影响究竟是作为一种纯粹的力还是某种信号一直是各国科学家探寻和争论的热点.本文简述了当前主要的细胞结构的力学模型,它们的优缺点以及更合理的模型所应满足的条件和有关最新进展,展示了这一领域目前研究的最新成就.      

基于膜理论的细胞压痕力学模型

基于膜理论和细胞压痕实验,本文提出了一种可用于分析细胞变形的新的力学模型,通过对乳胶球和聚氯乙烯(PVC)球进行宏观压痕试验、理论分析以及与不同细胞压痕试验曲线的比较,验证了细胞力学模型的适用性。同时,利用新模型对单个软骨细胞进行了具体的力学分析,得到了细胞的力学参数、细胞膜表面的应力分布等,为单细胞力学特性的研究提供了一种新思路。     

剪切载荷作用下植物细胞的力学特性分析

根据植物细胞的结构特点,以二维问题为研究对象,在已建立的植物单细胞力学模型的基础上,利用有限元方法和MATLAB计算软件研究了单细胞受到剪切载荷作用时,外力、应力、应变及内压间的相互关系,给出了关系曲线图。得出了在剪切情况下,外力、应力、应变及内压之间的关系是非线性的;细胞内压改变量随外力或细胞变形或细胞壁应力的增加而增加;细胞壁的应力随剪切力的增大而增大;细胞将在哪个方向破裂等6个结论。     

Preface: molecular,cellular, and tissue mechanobiology

<正>Mechanics plays a crucial role in a diversity of biological processes at different length(from molecules,cells,tissues,organs to organisms)and time scales.As a rapidly growing field across the interfaces of mechanics,biology,and medical engineering,mechanobiology aims to identify the mechanical and biological responses of cells and tissues of     

Mechanical microenvironments of living cells: a critical frontier in mechanobiology

The fields of biomechanics and mechanobiology have long been predicated on the premise that mechanics governs cell behavior. However, over the past few years, a growing body of evidence has suggested that the mechanical environment very close to cells–the cell microenvironment–plays the most important role in determining what a cell feels and how it responds to tissue-level stimuli. To complicate matters further, cells can actively manipulate their microenvironments through pathways of recursive mechanobiological feedback. Harnessing this recursive behavior to understand and control cell physiology and pathophysiology is a critical frontier in the field of mechanobiology. Recent results suggest that the key to opening this scientific frontier to investigation and engineering application is understanding a different frontier: the physical frontier that cells face when probing their mechanical microenvironments.     

Interfacial propulsion by directional adhesion

The rough integument of water-walking arthropods is well-known to be responsible for their water-repellency [1], [2], [3] and [4]; however, water-repellent surfaces generally experience reduced traction at an air-water interface [5], [6], [7] and [8]. A conundrum then arises as to how such creatures generate significant propulsive forces while retaining their water-repellency. We here demonstrate through a series of experiments that they do so by virtue of the detailed form of their integument; specifically, their tilted, flexible hairs interact with the free surface to generate directionally anisotropic adhesive forces that facilitate locomotion. We thus provide new rationale for the fundamental topological difference in the roughness on plants and water-walking arthropods, and suggest new directions for the design and fabrication of unidirectional superhydrophobic surfaces.     

Quantifying Forces Mediated by Integral Tight Junction Proteins in Cell–Cell Adhesion

Cellular adhesion and barriers formed by intercellular adhesion proteins [tight junctions (occludin and claudins) and adherens junction (E-cadherin)] are important in maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, disruption of these junction proteins is associated with diseases in the organ systems such as multiple sclerosis, diarrhea, asthma, and gastro-intestinal tract carcinomas among others. In this paper, the separation force needed to separate two cells expressing some of these proteins was measured using the dual micropipette assay. Results show that L-fibroblasts transfected with claudin-1 and claudin-2 exhibit higher separation force (~2.8 nN and 2.3 nN, respectively) as compared to control cells or cells transfected with occludin (~1 nN). Furthermore, the separation force was not affected on addition of calcium chelating agent (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, EDTA). The separation force was, however, significantly decreased on treating cells with the actin disrupting agent Cytochalasin-D. These results show that the dual micropipette assay is a simple and useful experimental technique for quantifying cell–cell adhesion.     

Improving adhesion performance of polyethylene surfaces by cold plasma treatment

In this paper, the effects of low pressure plasma treatment on surface energy of polyethylene samples and on shear properties of adhesive bonded joints based on these substrates have been investigated. In particular, the optimization of two plasma process parameters, exposure time and power input, was studied performing contact angle evaluation and lap-shear tests. The plasma treatment was also compared with a conventional primer treatment, for which it is a clean and effective alternative. As a measure of the durability of both treatments, the bond shear strength immediately after bonding was compared with that after a storage period in the laboratory environment. The experimental results show that the optimized plasma process may remarkably increase wettability properties of polyethylene surfaces and shear strength of bonded joints, even higher than those treated with primer and that these good properties remain quite unchanged even after some days of storage in a laboratory.     

Bio-inspired mechanics of reversible adhesion: Orientation-dependent adhesion strength for non-slipping adhesive contact with transversely isotropic elastic materials

Geckos and many insects have evolved elastically anisotropic adhesive tissues with hierarchical structures that allow these animals not only to adhere robustly to rough surfaces but also to detach easily upon movement. In order to improve our understanding of the role of elastic anisotropy in reversible adhesion, here we extend the classical JKR model of adhesive contact mechanics to anisotropic materials. In particular, we consider the plane strain problem of a rigid cylinder in non-slipping adhesive contact with a transversely isotropic elastic half space with the axis of symmetry oriented at an angle inclined to the surface. The cylinder is then subjected to an arbitrarily oriented pulling force. The critical force and contact width at pull-off are calculated as a function of the pulling angle. The analysis shows that elastic anisotropy leads to an orientation-dependent adhesion strength which can vary strongly with the direction of pulling. This study may suggest possible mechanisms by which reversible adhesion devices can be designed for engineering applications.     

Front Quenching in the G-equation Model Induced by Straining of Cellular Flow

We study homogenization of the G-equation with a flow straining term (or the strain G-equation) in two dimensional periodic cellular flow. The strain G-equation is a highly non-coercive and non-convex level set Hamilton–Jacobi equation. The main objective is to investigate how the flow induced straining (the nonconvex term) influences front propagation as the flow intensity A increases. Three distinct regimes are identified. When A is below the critical level, homogenization holds and the turbulent flame speed s _T (effective Hamiltonian) is well-defined for any periodic flow with small divergence and is enhanced by the cellular flow as s _T ≧ O(A/log A). In the second regime where A is slightly above the critical value, homogenization breaks down, and s _T is not well-defined along any direction. Solutions become a mixture of a fast moving part and a stagnant part. When A is sufficiently large, the whole flame front ceases to propagate forward due to the flow induced straining. In particular, along directions p = (±1, 0) and (0, ±1), s _T is well-defined again with a value of zero (trapping). A partial homogenization result is also proved. If we consider a similar but relatively simpler Hamiltonian, the trapping occurs along all directions. The analysis is based on the two-player differential game representation of solutions, selection of game strategies and trapping regions, and construction of connecting trajectories.     

Prediction of paddy soil normal adhesion to steel surfaces by fuzzy logic

Numerous data concerning paddy soil composition, water content and soil-steel normal adhesion were collected in South China during 1974-1983. The fuzzy logic relation of adhesion with clay content and water content was derived, by which paddy soil adhesion to steel surfaces was predicted if soil composition and water content were known.     

Tough and tunable adhesion of hydrogels: experiments and models

As polymer networks infiltrated with water, hydro-gels are major constituents of animal and plant bodies and have diverse engineering applications. While natural hydro-gels can robustly adhere to other biological materials, such as bonding of tendons and cartilage on bones and adhe-sive plaques of mussels, it is challenging to achieve such tough adhesions between synthetic hydrogels and engineer-ing materials. Recent experiments show that chemically anchoring long-chain polymer networks of tough synthetic hydrogels on solid surfaces create adhesions tougher than their natural counterparts, but the underlying mechanism has not been well understood. It is also challenging to tune sys-tematically the adhesion of hydrogels on solids. Here, we provide a quantitative understanding of the mechanism for tough adhesions of hydrogels on solid materials via a com-bination of experiments, theory, and numerical simulations. Using a coupled cohesive-zone and Mullins-effect model val-idated by experiments, we reveal the interplays of intrinsic work of adhesion, interfacial strength, and energy dissipation in bulk hydrogels in order to achieve tough adhesions. We fur-ther show that hydrogel adhesion can be systematically tuned by tailoring the hydrogel geometry and silanization time of solid substrates, corresponding to the control of energy dis-sipation zone and intrinsic work of adhesion, respectively. The current work further provides a theoretical foundation for rational design of future biocompatible and underwater adhesives.