长碳链季铵化合物的结构对PVC 膜BF_4~-根离子选择电极性能的影响

前文首次报导了以三庚基十二烷基季铵为活性物质的PVC膜BF_4~-根离子选择电极的研制及活性物质的制备和性质。为了进一步研究长碳链季铵化合物的结构与BF_4~-根离子选择电极的性能之关系,我们制备了一系列新的长碳链季铵化合物,观察了碳链长度和季铵离子的对称与不对称性结构跟电极的线性响应范围、检测下限和主要干扰离子的选择性系数的关系。实验试剂:1.四(十二烷基)碘化季铵,(C_(12)H_(25))_4NI,2.三辛基十六烷基碘化季铵,(C_8H_(17))_3NC_(16)H_(33)I,3,三辛基十二烷基碘化季铵(C_8H_(17))_3C_(12)H_(25)I,4.三庚基十二烷基碘化     

PVC膜四氯络铁(Ⅲ)阴离子电极的研制

Cattrall等_[1]曾报导用Allqat 336S的四氯络铁(Ⅲ)酸盐为电活性物质制成铂基PVC膜涂层电极,并用于测定铁矿石中的铁含量_[2]。惜所用季铵盐碳链较短,检测下限欠佳。本文报导用长键季铵盐作活性物质,以制备其内导体系为溶液接触型的PVC膜四氯络铁(Ⅲ)阴离子选择电极的研究结果。     

用季铵盐定域体制备高碘酸根离子电极的研究

实验比较了若干种长链季铵盐制备高碘酸根离子电极,以十六烷基三辛基高碘酸季铵盐(HTOA-IO₄)制备的PVC膜电极性能较佳,能斯特响应区间为1.0×10^-1-6.3×10^-8M,检测下限1.0×10^-8M,工作pH范围2.5-7.5,高碘酸在溶液中存在复杂平衡,依据pH-电位曲线,认为电极响应的Ⅰ(ⅥI)离子的主要形态为IO₄^-,据此用电位法测试了H₅IO₆的酸离解常数:K₁=5.70×10^-4,K₂=1.97×10^-7,与文献值相符,测试了不同离子的电位选择性系数。     

离子缔合型离子选择电极的研究Ⅱ——PVC膜ReO_4~-离子选择电极及其应用

高铼酸根离子选择电极国内外都有报道,活性材料采用四苯钟盐、季铵盐及亮绿等,线性下限一般为5×10~(-6)M,国产季铵盐三庚基十二烷基碘化铵已用于制备BF_4~-、TaF_6~-等电极,但尚未见制备ReO_4~-电极的报道。本文用此种季铵盐制成一种PVC膜ReO_4~-电极,线性下限为2×10~(-6)M。用于电位滴定法测定高铼酸钾产品中的铼,手续简便,相对标准偏差为0.2%。     

冠醚PVC膜锂离子选择电极的研究

以冠醚为中性载体的PVC膜锂电极的研究,近年来十分活跃,所用的冠醚有16-冠、14-冠-4、12-冠-4等,但这些电极受一价离子的干扰严重,线性范围在10°～10~3M LiCl之间,Kimura等和黄枢等分别以长链烷基取代14-冠-4和苯并12-冠为活性物质研制的锂电极,抗一价离子的干扰性能有较大提高。为了探讨冠醚结构对电极能的影响,我们合成了七个新型冠醚Ⅰ—Ⅶ,并以它们为中性载体,研制了PVC膜锂离子择电极。     

茜素S选择电极的研制和应用

本文报道了茜素S电极的研制和应用。比较了季铵盐、季鏻盐、碱性染料和邻二氮菲金属配合盐作为活性物质、各种介体溶剂以及活性物质在膜相中的含量对电极性能的影响。以三辛基甲基氯化铵制成的PVC膜型电极对茜素S在2×10~(-4)～5×10~(-7)M浓度范围内呈Nernstian响应,检测下限为2×10~(-7)M。测定了一些阴离子的选择系数,ClO_4~-,CNS~-,I~-以及能与茜素S配合的金属离子有明显干扰。报道了以茜素S电极为指示电极,用EDTA和茜素S为滴定剂滴定钪和稀土的情况。以茜素8电位滴定钪及钴-钐合金中的钐,都获得良好的结果。     

氟硼酸根离子-聚氯乙烯膜选择电极的研制

以季铵盐为活性物质,研制了氟硼酸根离子聚氯乙烯膜电极.实验比较了不同活性物质在膜相中浓度和不同增塑剂对电极性能的影响.结果表明,用2%三庚基十二烷基氟硼酸铵、68%邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯,30%聚氯乙烯制成的电极,对氟硼酸根离子的线性测量范围为10^-1～1×10^-6M,检测下限8×10^-7M,较文献报道为好.测定了电极对常见离子的选择性系数,除ClO₄^-、CNS^-、I^-有干扰外,其余常见阴离子的选择系数值均在10^-3～10^-6数量级.电极的重现性、稳定性、寿命等均较好.     

一种基于PVC膜电极的电位式葡萄糖传感器的研制

以三庚基十二烷基碘代季铵盐为电活性物质的PVC膜电极, 对过氧化氢和六价钼的络合物具有良好的电位响应. 将葡萄糖氧化酶固定到PVC膜电极表面, 制备成电位式葡萄糖传感器. 在优化的实验条件下, 该传感器在葡萄糖浓度为2×10^－4～5×10^－3 mol/L范围内有线性响应, 检测下限为5×10^－5 mol/L. 另外该传感器具有较高的稳定性和良好的选择性, 抗坏血酸、尿酸和一些氨基酸未对测定产生干扰.     

PVC膜高氯酸根离子选择电极的研制

研制了用三辛基十二烷基高氯酸铵为电极活性物的PVC膜ClO_4~-离子选择电极。本电极对水溶液中ClO_4~-检测灵敏度高,其Nernst线性范围为1×10~(-1)～1×10~(-6)M,检测下限可达8×10~(-7)M。应用分别溶液法测定了十五种常见阴离子的选择性系数。结果表明:除SCN~-及I~-有10~(-2)数量级干扰外,其余阴离子的K_(ij)~(pot)均在10~(-3)以下。电极电势在较宽pH范围内稳定。电势重现性、稳定性好,较目前已发表的PVC膜ClO_4~-电极性能为佳。     

十六烷基吡啶PVC膜金(Ⅲ)离子选择性电极的研制及矿石中痕量金的测定

金离子选择性电极的研制虽有报导,但多无实用价值。唯华惠珍等的PVC膜电极较佳,对AuCl_4~-离子在1×10~(-5)-2×10~(-3)M范围内接近能斯特响应(S=55mV/pM),该电极寿命>4个月,曾应用至含金3—27g/t矿样分析,相对误差10％左右。我们依据在各种阴离子中,AuCl_4~-在盐酸介质中对季铵盐型阴离子交换树脂有近乎最大的交换能力这一事实,研制了以十六烷基吡啶·氯金酸缔合物为电活性材料,邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(或邻     

Novel Anion Exchangers for Electrodes with Improved Selectivity to Divalent Anions

It has been found that replacing of several long‐chain alkyl substituents at the nitrogen atom of lipophilic quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) by methyls results in a dramatic increase of the potentiometric selectivity of ion‐selective electrodes (ISE) with QAS‐based plasticized PVC membranes to some divalent anions against the monovalent ones. The discussed effect of QAS cation nature on the potentiometric selectivity is also partly retained for ISE with neutral carrier‐based membranes doped with QAS to provide anion permselectivity. This opens up new possibilities to control the potentiometric selectivity of ISE for divalent anions by the appropriate selection of the anion exchanger.     

Ion-selective electrodes for anionic surfactants using a cyclam derivative as ionophore

The cyclam derivative 1,4,8,11-tetra(n-octyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (L) has been used as carrier for the preparation of PVC-based membrane ion-selective electrodes for anionic surfactants. Different membranes were prepared using L as ionophore, tetra-n-octylammonium bromide (TOAB) as cationic additive and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) or o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) as plasticizers. The final used electrode contained a membrane of the following composition: 56% DBP, 3.4% ionophore, 3.8% TOAB and 36.8% PVC. This electrode displays a Nernstian slope of -60.0+/-0.9 mV/decade in a 2.0 x 10(-3) to 7.9 x 10(-6) mol dm(-3) concentration range and a limit of detection of 4.0 x 10(-6) mol dm(-3). The electrode can be used for 144 days without showing significant changes in the value of slope or working range. The electrode shows a selective response to dodecyl sulfate (DS-) and a poor response to common inorganic cations and anions. The selective sequence found was DS->ClO4->HCO3->SCN->NO3- approximately CH3COO- approximately I->Cl->Br->IO3- approximately NO2- approximately SO3(2-)>HPO4(2-)>C2O4(2-)>SO4(2-), i.e. basically following the Hoffmeister series except for the hydrophilic anion bicarbonate. Most of the potentiometric coefficients determined are relatively low indicating that common anions would not interfere in the DS- determination. A complete study of the response of the electrode to a family of surfactant was also carried out. The electrode showed a clear anionic response to DS- and to Na-LAS and a much poorer response to other anionic surfactants and to non-ionic surfactants. Also the electrode shows certain non-linear cationic response in the presence of cationic and zwitterionic surfactants. The electrode was used for the determination of anionic surfactants in several mixtures, and the results obtained were compared to those found using a commercially available sensor.     

Probing anion-pi interactions in 1-D Co(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) coordination polymers containing flexible pyrazine ligands

Two flexible thioether-containing heterocyclic ligands bis(2-pyrazylmethyl)sulfide (L1) and 2-benzylsulfanylmethylpyrazine (L2) have arene rings with differing pi-acidities which were used to probe anion-pi binding in five 1-D coordination polymers formed from the metal salts Co(ClO4)2, Ni(NO3)2, and Cd(NO3)2. In {[Co(L1)(MeCN)2](ClO4)2}infinity (1), {[Ni(L1)(NO3)2]}infinity (2), and {[Cd2(L1)(MeCN)(H2O)(NO3)4].H2O}infinity (3.H2O), the symmetrical ligand L1 was bound facially to the metal center and was bridged through a pyrazine donor to an adjacent metal forming a polymer chain. The folding of L1 formed U-shaped pi-pockets in 1 and 3.H2O which encapsulated free and bound anions, respectively. The anions interacted with the pi-acidic centers in a variety of different binding modes including anion-pi-anion and pi-anion-pi sandwiching. A wider pi-pocket was formed in 2 which also contained anion-pi interactions. The polymer chains in 2 were interdigitated through a rare type of complementary T-shaped N(pyrazine)...pi interaction. In {[Co(L2)(H2O)3](ClO4)2.H2O}infinity (4.H2O) and {[Cd(L2)(H2O)(NO3)2]}infinity (5), the unsymmetrical ligand L2 chelated the metal center and bridged through a pyrazine donor to an adjacent metal forming a polymer chain. The ligand arrangement resulted in the anions in both structures being involved in only anion-pi-anion sandwich interactions. In 4.H2O, the noncoordinated ClO4- anions interacted with only one chain while in 5 the coordinated NO3- anions acted as anion-pi supramolecular synthons between chains. Comparison between the polymers formed with ligands L1 and L2 showed that only the more pi-acidic ring was involved in the anion-pi interactions.     

Phosphoryl Containing Podands as Carriers in Plasticized Membrane Electrodes Selective to Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

Open chain polyethers with phosphoryl-containing terminal groups have been studied as carriers in plasticized membrane electrodes that are selective towards cationic surfactants. Host–guest complexation has also been studied by means of batch extraction and bulk membrane transport experiments. For the various guests, the bulk membrane (chloroform) transport rate decreases in the series tetraalkyl ammonium > alkyl pyridinium > alkyl ammonium, while the series of solvent extraction efficiency is exactly opposite; an explanation for this behaviour is proposed. The performance of electrode membranes follows the series for bulk membrane transport. Among the ISE membranes of various composition, one containing the longest (seven oxygen atoms) podand, o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (plasticizer), and sodium tetraphenyl borate (anionic additive) performs the best. The slope of the electrode function equals 58.5 mV/decade, the detection limit for dodecyltrimethylammonium is 3.2 × 10^-6 M. ISE response time is 5–10 s, the working pH range is 2–11 and lifetime is at least 6 months. The electrode selectivity is significantly better than that of conventional ion-association and crown ether based electrodes.     

Discrete and infinite 1D, 2D/3D cage frameworks with inclusion of anionic species and anion-exchange reactions of Ag3L2 type receptor with tetrahedral and octahedral anions

Complexes [PF6 subset(Ag3(titmb)2](PF6)2 (8) and {SbF6 subset[Ag3(titmb)2](SbF6)2}.H2O.1.5 CH3OH (9) are obtained by reaction of titmb and Ag+ salts with different anions (PF6(-) and SbF6(-)), and crystal structures reveal that they are both M3L2 cage complexes with short Ag...F interactions between the silver atoms and the fluorine atoms of the anions. In complex 8, a novel cage dimer is formed by weak Ag...F contacts; an unique cage tetramer formed via Ag...pi interactions (Ag...eta5-imidazole) between dimers and an infinite 1D cage chain is presented. However, each of the external non-disordered SbF6(-) anions connect with six cage 9s via Ag...F contacts, and each cage 9 in turn connects with three SbF6(-) anions to form a 2D network cage layer; and the layers are connected by pi-pi interactions to form a 3D network. The anion-exchange reactions of four Ag3L2 type complexes ([BF4 subset(Ag3(titmb)2](BF4)2 (6), [ClO4 subset(Ag3(titmb)2](ClO4)2 (7b), [PF6 subset(Ag3(titmb)2](PF6)2 (8) and [SbF6 subset(Ag3(titmb)2](SbF6)2.1.5CH3OH (9)) with tetrahedral and octahedral anions (ClO4(-), BF4(-), PF6(-) and SbF6(-)) are also reported. The anion-exchange experiments demonstrate that the anion selective order is SbF6(-) > PF6(-) > BF4(-), ClO4(-), and this anion receptor is preferred to trap octahedral and tetrahedral anions rather than linear or triangle anions; SbF6(-) is the biggest and most preferable one, so far. The dimensions of cage complexes with or without internal anions, anion-exchange reactions, cage assembly and anion inclusions, silver(I) coordination environments, Ag-F and Ag-pi interactions of Ag3L2 complexes 1-9 are discussed.     

Metal Complexes as Promising Ionophores for the Production of Anion-Selective Electrodes with Improved Selectivity

The possibility of producing liquid anion-selective electrodes with improved selectivity based on the capability of the metal atom to coordinate the analyzed anions is illustrated using numerous examples. The subjects under consideration were electrodes based on high-stable lipophilic metal complexes with polydentate organic ligands, electrodes based on lipophilic organometallic compounds capable of coordinating anionic ligands, and electrodes based on higher quarternary ammonium salts that respond to lipophilic anionic metal complexes, in particular, the electrodes with the ligand function. The theoretical principles underlying the above electrode operation are discussed. Methods for optimizing the composition of the membrane and of the studied solution are suggested with the aim to improve the selectivity of the electrode.     

聚(3-甲基噻吩)的电化学稳定性及电催化行为

用连续循环伏安法研究了电化学法制备的聚(3-甲基噻吩)(PMT)薄膜修饰玻璃碳电极在不同支持电解质溶液中的电化学稳定性。在易嵌入PMT的阴离子存在下, PMT电活性随扫描次数按表现二级反应降低; 在难嵌入PMT的离子存在下, PMT具有良好稳定性; 在含有氯、溴离子的水溶液中, PMT可将卤离子电催化氧化, 并引起PMT电活性迅速下降。光电子能谱分析表明氯已键合到PMT结构上。     

A new sulfate-selective electrode and its use in analysis

The improvement of the steric accessibility of exchange centers of higher quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) by replacing several long-chain alkyl substituents at the nitrogen atom with methyl groups enhanced the selectivity of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) based on the specified ion exchangers for the SO ₄ ^2? ion up to six orders of magnitude in the presence of singly charged anions. This can be qualitatively explained by the specific features of ion pair formation between quaternary ammonium cations and singly and doubly charged anions. The effect of the steric accessibility of the QAS exchange center on the selectivity of ISEs is partially retained in the presence of a neutral anion carrier, hexyl p-trifluoroacetylbenzoate (HTFAB), which is used for enhancing the selectivity for the sulfate ion in the presence of singly charged anions. A sulfate-selective electrode with a reasonable selectivity for practical purposes was proposed. It is based on the HTFAB-higher QAS ion pair bearing three methyl substituents at the nitrogen atom. The ISE was used in the analysis of natural water.     

Application of a contactless conductometric detector for the simultaneous determination of small anions and cations by capillary electrophoresis with dual-opposite end injection

A contactless conductometric detection (CCD) system for capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a flexible detection cell was applied for the simultaneous determination of small anions and/or cations in rain, surface and drainage water samples. The applied frequency, the amplitude of the input signal, the electrolyte conductivity and electrode distance were found to be the most significant factors affecting the detection sensitivity. 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid/histidine-based (MES/His) electrolytes were used for direct conductivity detection of anions and cations, while ammonium acetate was selected for indirect conductivity determination of alkylammonium salts. For the simultaneous separation procedure, involving dual-opposite end injection, an electrolyte consisting of 20 mM MES/His, 1.5 mM 18-crown-6 and 20 microM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide provided baseline separation of 13 anions and cations in less than 6 min. The detection limits achieved were 7-30 micrograms/l for direct conductometric detection of various common inorganic cations and anions, excluding F- (62 micrograms/l) and H2PO4- (250 micrograms/l), and 35-178 micrograms/l for indirect conductometric detection of alkyl ammonium cations. The developed electrophoretic method with conductometric detection was compared to ion chromatography.