利用Tracker定量分析弹簧振子x-t图像的实验研究

在物理实验的设计中往往会使用到频闪照相机来分析物体运动的轨迹.然而频闪照相机在课堂教学中并不能很好地被大多数教师使用,而且频闪照相机对于照相机本身的要求也较高,给课堂教学带来了难度.在实验室中利用视频分析软件Tracker分析物体的运动轨迹是高校中研究此类问题的一种有效途径,希望通过研究和尝试,将高校中的研究方法带入高中的教学活动中,使高中的物理研究结果更趋向完整.以分析弹簧振子的简谐运动为例,对Tracker在高中物理教学中的应用进行探讨.     

关于自由落体、平抛、斜抛运动频闪照片的分析与研究

频闪照相就是在同一张底片上重复曝光的方法.用这一方法研究自由落体运动、平抛运动以及斜抛运动是行之有效的好方法.特别是对于高中开展研究性学习也是个很好的素材.将拍摄下来的频闪照片进行放大处理后让学生进行测量分析,对于增强学生的感性认识,提高实验结果的分析与处理能力都是很有帮助的.如果有条件能让学生自己亲自拍摄那就更有意义了.     

频闪云纹倍增技术的研究

本文提出了一种研测面内振动的技术——频闪云纹倍增技术.它可用商品化的低密度云纹栅获得高灵敏度的测量结果.     

频闪散斑照相法

本文讨论了频闪散斑照相法的基本原理,给出了简谐振动和非简谐周期振动散斑图的全场分析的平均光强分布和条纹可见度的解析式.理论和实验表明频闪散斑法较之时间平均散斑法有着明显的优点.     

数字散斑干涉技术在振动分析中的应用

首次将相移技术应用于频闪数字散斑干涉计量中,对物体的振动进行了定量分析.实验证明,这种方法有广泛的实用价值.另外,介绍了一套自动分析系统,讨论了各参数对测量结果的影响.     

平抛运动演示仪的改进

介绍了平抛运动演示仪的改进方法以及使用方法,该仪器可同时演示平抛运动与水平方向的匀速直线运动的等时性和与竖直方向的自由落体运动的等时性.该仪器与频闪照相机相结合还可使学生进一步研究频闪照片,进行探究式学习.制作简单,操作方便,效果明显.     

频闪剪切散斑干涉术的研究

提出了一种用于振动研究的方法——频闪剪切散斑干涉照相法。该方法由于采用了剪切镜,能得到较为精确的散斑剪切图,提高了测量的精度,是一种用于振动研究较为理想的散斑照相的新方法。讨论了频闪剪切散斑干涉术的基本原理,给出了频闪剪切散斑图的全场分析的平均光强分析的解析式,并给出了实验结果。理论和实验都表明频闪剪切散斑干涉照相法要优于时间平均剪切散斑干涉照相法。该方法在全场滤波分析时,能给出任一瞬时物体振动信息,得到清晰的、高衬比的全场干涉条纹图,是一种实用可行的方法。     

取样示波器

引言许多人已经熟悉了普通示波器的基本原理、性能和简单操作,但是关于取样示波器未必知道很多.在国外,取样示波器一般称作“sampling oscilloscope”(英名)和(俄名).有时也把取样示波器叫做频闪示波器,这是因为在取样示波器中所发生的被研究信号的时间变换过程,就其作用原理而言,与机械的频闪观测效应相似.     

感应电能传输系统多谐振点及其自治振荡稳定性分析

以串联型感应电能传输(IPT)系统为例,用非线性动力学的方法研究了IPT系统的多谐振点的判断及稳定性分析问题.建立了系统的频闪映射模型,根据不动点理论推导出了系统的稳态响应分段解析函数式,并在此基础上,给出了系统谐振工作点的理论判据,结合系统庞加莱映射的雅可比矩阵特征值分布情况,给出了谐振点的稳定性判据.结合具体实例系统,讨论了其多谐振点现象,并通过仿真和实验进行了验证,证明了本文理论分析结果的正确性.本文所提出的分析方法也可为其他类似谐振变换电路的建模及稳态工作点分析提供一定的理论参考. 关键词： 感应电能传输(IPT) 频闪映射 雅可比矩阵 稳定性     

简易频闪摄影装置

本实验装置是一台轻巧的频闪点光源,可以把它当作运动物体,或把它紧固在物体上随同物体一起运动,在暗室中拍摄出频闪点光源运动时各次闪光时刻的位置。因而比一般的频闪摄影能耗低得多,且图象非常清晰。     

低温制冷机振动测试与分析

提出采用激光多普勒效应测量GM低温制冷机振动,并搭建实验台测试了RDK-408S型GM制冷机各方向的振动大小。实验结果表明,型号为RDK-408S的GM制冷机振动频率约为1 Hz,轴线方向的振动最大,约为30 m,x方向也存在脉冲振动,达到30 m,都远远大于激光约束聚变研究中所需要的振动要求,必须采取具体措施进行减振或隔振。     

基于滑模鲁棒算法的超低频主动隔振系统

振动噪声的有效隔离是冷原子重力仪的关键技术之一.为了减小冷原子重力仪中拉曼反射镜的振动噪声,研制了一套紧凑型低频主动隔振系统.其原理是利用滑模鲁棒控制系统处理和反馈由地震仪采集到的振动信号,利用音圈电机控制和消除被动隔振平台的运动.在0.1—10 Hz频域范围内,滑模鲁棒控制系统的残余振动噪声功率谱密度比被动隔振平台最大降低了99.9%,比超前滞后补偿控制方法最大降低了83.3%.滑模鲁棒控制算法还具有整定参数少、抗干扰能力强等特点.     

某型振动轮噪声数值模拟及优化分析

空中声源的辐射噪声谱包括宽带连续谱和窄带线谱,线谱能量高于连续谱。与水下声源相比,空中声源的运动速度普遍较高,线谱多普勒频移明显,可用于进行水下对空中声源的运动参数估计。首先通过时频分析提取接收信号的瞬时频率,而后利用非线性最小二乘法将瞬时频率提取值与预测值相拟合,进而估计声源的运动参数(声源的运动速度、静止频率、与接收器最小水平距离及经过最近点时刻)。仿真与实验均能较为准确地估计出声源运动参数,同时在实验中实现了水下对空中运动声源的测距和定位,测距误差小于15.8%。在满足一定信噪比和保证足够多普勒信息的情况下,该参数估计方法具有很好的适用性。     

多级阻振质量阻隔振动波的传递特性研究

利用波动理论的分析、处理方法,分析了多级平行阻振质量阻隔振动波传递的特性,给出了多级阻振质量对平面弯曲波传递的阻抑公式,讨论了平面弯曲波传递时形成的穿透频段和堵塞频段,并进行了相应的算例分析,采用有限元法对多级阻振质量的隔振性能进行了数值计算,结果表明:阻振质量对偏离法向角的弯曲波分量的阻抑较强,传递能量的损失较大;多级阻振质量能够较好地阻抑结构声的传递,且阻抑效果随着阻振级数的增加而增大;在有几个阻振质量的情况下,通过改变它们的平行性,可以提高其隔振效果;且如果将不同质量、不同横截面形状的阻振质量前后交错配置,同样可以使总的隔振效果提高,这对于多级阻振质量在船体结构减振降噪中的应用具有重要的参考意义。     

振动对面形测量误差的影响分析

振动会使高精度面形测量产生误差。建立了振动对干涉测量面形的误差模型,应用13步移相算法分析了在振幅为63 nm时的误差情况。分析结果表明,当面形测量误差的敏感频率为12 Hz时,振动引起的面形均方根(RMS)误差约为12 nm。通过实验进行了验证,仿真分析结果和实验结果基本相同。实验分析了在12 Hz时,振幅为5~63 nm时,对应的测量面形RMS误差为1~7.1 nm,振幅和RMS误差线性增大。为不同振动频率和振幅引起的面形RMS的误差分析和高精度面形测量的振动环境控制提供了一定的参考。     

光学移相干涉仪抗振系统的鲁棒μ控制器设计

将结构奇异值μ综合鲁棒控制技术应用于主动抗振控制系统中,并用于解决光学移相干涉仪抗振系统的不确定性问题.采用小波分析方法将随机振动信号进行时频分析后得到低频全局信息,随后运用μ综合D-K迭代法设计鲁棒μ控制器对低频振动进行抑制.该方法克服了由模型自身和外部干扰所引起的不确定性,使得控制系统能够有效地抑制抗振模型的不确定性和外部振动的干扰,同时也具有很高的控制准确度和灵敏度.仿真结果表明,该方法使光学移相干涉仪在外部振动的干扰下具有较好的鲁棒稳定性和控制准确度,同时也能较好地抑制低频振动.     

Optimization of a hybrid vibration absorber for vibration control of structures under random force excitation

A recently reported design of a hybrid vibration absorber (HVA) which is optimized to suppress resonant vibration of a single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system is re-optimized for suppressing wide frequency band vibration of the SDOF system under stationary random force excitation. The proposed HVA makes use of the feedback signals from the displacement and velocity of the absorber mass for minimizing the vibration response of the dynamic structure based on the H₂ optimization criterion. The objective of the optimal design is to minimize the mean square vibration amplitude of a dynamic structure under a wideband excitation, i.e., the total area under the vibration response spectrum is minimized in this criterion. One of the inherent limitations of the traditional passive vibration absorber is that its vibration suppression is low if the mass ratio between the absorber mass and the mass of the primary structure is low. The active element of the proposed HVA helps further reduce the vibration of the controlled structure and it can provide significant vibration absorption performance even at a low mass ratio. Both the passive and active elements are optimized together for the minimization of the mean square vibration amplitude of the primary system. The proposed HVA are tested on a SDOF system and continuous vibrating structures with comparisons to the traditional passive vibration absorber.     

Melt Vibration Improved Melt Flow Behavior and Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene

A pulse pressure was superimposed on the melt flow resulting in melt vibration. With application of the melt vibration technology, the melt flow behavior and mechanical properties of high‐density polyethylene were studied. For vibration‐assisted extrusion (VAE) at constant vibration pressure amplitude, the viscosity decreases sharply with increasing vibration frequency, and also does so when increasing vibration pressure amplitude for VAE at constant vibration frequency. The effect of vibration field on melt rheological behavior is also related to the melt temperature; a large decease in viscosity is obtained at low melt temperature. Compared with the mechanical properties obtained by conventional injection molding (CIM), the mechanical properties for vibration‐assisted injection molding (VAIM) samples were improved by changing the vibration frequency and vibration pressure amplitude. Injected at constant low vibration pressure amplitude, the VAIM sample prepared at high vibration frequency shows large elongation at break; injected at constant low vibration frequency, the VAIM sample prepared at high vibration pressure amplitude shows greatly improved yield strength. The above two VAIM processing routes produce different VAIM samples with different fracture behaviors; a distinct layered structure for VAIM samples was observed by SEM.     

The Effect of Melt Vibration on Polystyrene Melt Flowing Behavior During Extrusion

Vibration extrusion (VE) is achieved by superimposing a mechanical vibration on the flowing melt during extrusion. The effect of melt vibration on the melt flow behavior of polystyrene (PS) was studied. The melt flow behavior during conventional extrusion (CE) was studied for comparison. With the application of the melt vibration technology, the melt flow behavior of PS was greatly improved. The melt viscosity during the VE strongly depends on the vibration frequency and vibration amplitude. Extruded at constant vibration amplitude, the melt viscosity decreases sharply with increasing vibration frequency and also does so for increasing vibration amplitude when extruded at a constant vibration frequency. The improved melt flow property is explained in terms of shear-thinning criteria. The effect of melt vibration on the melt flow behavior is also related to the melt temperature and extrusion pressure; the greatest decease in viscosity is obtained at low temperature and low extrusion pressure.     

Suppression of random vibration in flexible structures using a hybrid vibration absorber

A design method is proposed to suppress stationary random vibration in flexible structures using a hybrid vibration absorber (HVA). While the traditional vibration absorber can damp down the vibration mainly at the pre-tuned mode of the primary structure, active damping is generated by the proposed HVA to damp down all resonant modes of interest of the vibrating structure and the spatial average mean square motion of the vibrating structure can be minimized. Only one absorber and one feedback signal are required to achieve global vibration suppression of a flexible structure under stationary random excitation. A special pole-placement controller is designed such that all vibration modes of the flexible structures become critically damped. It is proved analytically that the proposed HVA damps the vibration of the entire structure instead of just the attachment point of the absorber. The proposed optimized HVA is tested on a beam structure and it shows a superior performance on global suppression of broadband vibration in comparison to other published designs of passive and hybrid vibration absorbers.