边坡岩体质量分级的模糊层次分析

基于深度测量压入方法，以材料试验机Instron 5848 Microtester作为加载平台，外接高分辨力位移传感器，设计专用夹具，开发出该材料试验 机的宏观压入功能. 研究发现：对于机架柔度，无需再进行修正；对于压针接触面积， 可用相关的方法计算. 采用Oliver-Pharr方法处理测试数据，可获得材料的 硬度和弹性模量. 为了验证试验的可靠性，选用5种典型金属材料，将宏观压入测试结果与 MTS Nano Indenter XP测试结果进行对比，二者基本一致，其分散性均在10{\%}以内. 显示了开发传统材料试 验机宏观压入测试功能的可行性.     

AFM针尖压入测量中的非线性效应

根据AFM(Atomic-Force Microscope 原子力显微镜)实验得到的典型压入曲线给出了一种标定电压-挠度转化系数的方法.对压入曲线进行常规的数据处理,结果显示在起始段和末段各有5nm左右的名义压入深度.然而,有限元计算结果表明上述名义压入深度并非真正的针尖压入样品的深度.通过悬臂梁响应、光线传播、四象限接收器等几个方面的非线性效应分析,得到了实验中各部分非线性效应对实验结果的影响方式和误差范围,从而发现压入实验中四象限接收器上光斑相对移动引起的非线性效应是造成错误判读压入深度的重要原因.最后,对如何减小测量误差和如何在一定误差范围内得到可靠的实验结果给出了一些建议.     

影响纳米压入测试结果的因素

纳米硬度计 ,又称深度测量压入仪。该仪器在刚性压针上施加特定载荷 ,同时记录压入试样深度。此技术广泛应用于微纳米尺度力学性能的研究。以MTSNanoIndenter○RXP为测试手段 ,参考试样熔融硅为研究对象 ,进行了不同压入深度的测试。结果显示 ,硬度和模量有随压入深度减小而增大的趋势。分析了接触零点的确定、压针尖端缺陷、试样表面的吸湿和粗糙度、弹塑性转变等因素对测试结果的影响。在压入深度为微米和亚微米量级时 ,上述因素对测试结果无显著影响 ;而在纳米量级时 ,有显著影响。所以 ,当压入深度为几十纳米时 ,纳米压入测试结果的可靠性值得注意     

一种中低精度捷联惯测装置的不开箱标定方法研究

针对中低精度捷联惯测装置提出了一种实用的不开箱条件下的标定方法．该方法所需测试设备简单，用一套精度较高的惯测装置来标定低精度的惯测装置。文中给出了一套六位置测试方法，理论分析表明，该方法通过最小二乘法能有效的分离了陀螺和加速度计的各项误差。     

一种基于角振动台的SINS加速度计通道频率特性测试方法

提出一种针对SINS加速度计通道的频率特性测试方法。该方法基于角振动台的正弦摇摆运动,利用加速度计的外杆臂效应实现对加速度计通道的率特性测试。该方法的关键在于加速度计的外杆臂参数标定和杆臂效应误差补偿计算,采用该文章提出的频率内标定方法以及双子样补偿计算公式,能很好地解决这些问题。通过理论分析和实验数据处理表明,该方法能够实现加速度计通道的频率特性测试,测试精度主要取决于外杆臂长度的标定精度。该方法操作方便,具有一定的参考价值。     

金属材料的强度与应力-应变关系的球压入测试方法

压入法获取材料单轴应力-应变关系和抗拉强度对服役结构完整性评价有重要的基础意义.假定材料均匀连续、各向同性、应力应变关系符合Hollomon律,基于能量等效假定,即代表性体积单元(representativevolume element, RVE)的vonMises等效和有效变形域内能量中值等效假定,本文提出了关联材料载荷、深度、球压头直径和Hollomon律的四参数半解析球压入(semi-analyticalspherical indentation,SSI)模型.通过球压入载荷-深度试验关系获得材料的应力-应变关系和抗拉强度.考虑压入过程中的损伤效应,针对金属材料提出了用于球压入测试的材料弹性模量修正模型.对11种延性金属材料完成了球压入试验,采用本文提出的球压入试验方法测到的弹性模量、应力-应变关系和抗拉强度与单轴拉伸试验结果吻合良好.      

加速度计的全组合标定方法

阐述了在重力场上用全组合法标定单加速度计的方法,并且推导了加速度计全组合标定法测试原理。这种方法剔出了测试设备的确定性角位置误差对加速度计误差模型系数标定精度的影响,提高了加速度计的标定精度。结合上述的理论分析,对某型号加速度计进行了实际测试和误差分析,实验结果证明本方法对于提高加速度计标定精度是非常有效的。     

精密离心机的惯性组合加速度计的参数标定方法

为了实现应用精密离心机对捷联惯导系统不拆分整体标定时各加速度计误差模型系数进行精确辨识,分析了可能影响加速度计标定精度的离心机误差源进而建立了相应的坐标系.在考虑各加速度计与反转平台轴线距离的情况下,应用齐次变换法计算了各加速度计各轴实际的比力输入,结合给定的加速度计误差模型,设计了一种可辨识误差模型中全部二阶误差模型系数的测试方法.仿真结果表明,该方法经修正离心机误差后可以有效地提高所有误差模型系数的标定精度,并能给出各加速度计与反转平台轴线的距离.仿真还分析了离心机误差对标定精度的影响,结果表明:离心机误差项主要影响1号加速度计 KF、KP、KPP 的标定精度,而对于 KII、KIO 的标定无影响;另外主要影响2号加速度计 KF,KI,KII 的标定精度,以及3号加速度计 KF、KO 的标定精度.     

金属材料的强度与应力–应变关系的球压入测试方法

压入法获取材料单轴应力–应变关系和抗拉强度对服役结构完整性评价有重要的基础意义.假定材料均匀连续、各向同性、应力应变关系符合Hollomon律,基于能量等效假定,即代表性体积单元(representative volume element, RVE)的von Mises等效和有效变形域内能量中值等效假定,本文提出了关联材料载荷、深度、球压头直径和Hollomon律的四参数半解析球压入(semi-analytical spherical indentation, SSI)模型.通过球压入载荷–深度试验关系获得材料的应力–应变关系和抗拉强度.考虑压入过程中的损伤效应,针对金属材料提出了用于球压入测试的材料弹性模量修正模型.对11种延性金属材料完成了球压入试验,采用本文提出的球压入试验方法测到的弹性模量、应力–应变关系和抗拉强度与单轴拉伸试验结果吻合良好.     

基于剪切修正GTN模型的金属弹性退化机理研究

许多金属材料在进行显微或宏观压入测试时,测得的弹性模量会随着压入深度的增大而不断降低.考虑到在压痕测试过程中金属材料并不产生明显的裂纹,这种性能退化应是由材料的损伤引起.然而,经典损伤理论认为以受压和受剪为主的压入变形不会引起材料软化和损伤.本文结合剪切变形下材料损伤的萌生和演化机理,对经典的GTN(Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman)模型进行了修正,对压入测试进行了有限元模拟.模拟结果显示,材料在压入过程中的损伤是由现有空洞的扭曲变形和次级空洞的萌生共同引起,如果只考虑现有空洞变形则会低估材料在压入变形过程中的损伤演变.     

On the Measurement of two Independent Viscoelastic Functions with Instrumented Indentation Tests

In the present paper, a methodology for complete characterization of linear isotropic viscoelastic material with spherical instrumented indentation test is proposed. The developed method allows for measuring two independent viscoelastic functions, shear relaxation modulus and time-dependent Poisson’s ratio, from the indentation test data obtained at non-decreasing loading, but otherwise arbitrary. Finite element modelling (FEM) is relied upon for validating the proposed methodology and for quantifying the influence of experimental variables on the measurements accuracy. Spherical indentation experiments are performed on several viscoelastic materials: polyoxymethylene, bitumen and bitumen-filler mastics. The viscoelastic material functions obtained with the indentation tests are compared with the corresponding results from the standard mechanical tests. Numerical and experimental results presented indicate that the methodology proposed allows mitigating the machine compliance and loading rate effects on the accuracy of the viscoelastic indentation tests.     

On the uniqueness and sensitivity of indentation testing of isotropic materials

Instrumented indentation is a popular technique to extract the material properties of small scale structures. The uniqueness and sensitivity to experimental errors determine the practical usefulness of such experiments. Here, a method to identify test techniques that minimizes sensitivity to experimental erros is in indentation experiments developed. The methods are based on considering “shape functions,” which are sets of functions that describe the force–displacement relationship obtained during the indentation test. The concept of condition number is used to investigate the relative reliability of various possible dual indentation techniques. Interestingly, it was found that many dual indentation techniques can be as unreliable as single indentation techniques. Sensitivity analyses were employed for further understanding of the uniqueness and sensitivity to experimental errors of indentation techniques. The advantage of the Monte Carlo approach over other procedures is established. Practical guidelines regarding the selection of shape functions of force–displacement relationship and geometric parameters, while carrying out indentation analysis are provided. The results suggest that indentation experiments need to be very accurate to extract reliable material properties.     

A study on robust indentation techniques to evaluate elastic–plastic properties of metals

Spherical indentation is studied based on numerical analysis and experiment, to develop robust testing techniques to evaluate isotropic elastic–plastic material properties of metals. The representative stress and plastic strain concept is critically investigated via finite element analysis, and some conditions for the representative values are suggested. The representative values should also be a function of material properties, not only indenter angle for sharp indenter and indentation depth for spherical indenter. The pros and cons of shallow and deep spherical indentation techniques are also discussed. For an indentation depth of 20% of an indenter diameter, the relationships between normalized indentation parameters and load–depth data are characterized, and then numerical algorithm to estimate material elastic–plastic curve is presented. From the indentation load–depth curve, the new approach provides stress–strain curve and the values of elastic modulus, yield strength, and strain-hardening exponent with an average error of less than 5%. The method is confirmed to be valid for various elastic properties of indenter. Experimental validation of the approach then is performed by using developed micro-indentation system. For the material severely disobeying power law hardening, a modified method to reduce errors of predicted material properties is contrived. It is found that our method is robust enough to get ideal power law properties, and applicable to input of more complex physics.     

The frictional sliding response of elasto-plastic materials in contact with a conical indenter

Over the past decade, many computational studies have explored the mechanics of normal indentation. Quantitative relationships have been well established between the load–displacement hysteresis response and material properties. By contrast, very few studies have investigated broad quantitative aspects of the effects of material properties, especially plastic deformation characteristics, on the frictional sliding response of metals and alloys. The response to instrumented, depth-sensing frictional sliding, hereafter referred to as a scratch test, could potentially be used for material characterization. In addition, it could reproduce a basic tribological event, such as asperity contact and deformation, at different length scales for the multi-scale modeling of wear processes. For these reasons, a comprehensive study was undertaken to investigate the effect of elasto-plastic properties, such as flow strength and strain hardening, on the response to steady-state frictional sliding. Dimensional analysis was used to define scaling variables and universal functions. The dependence of these functions on material properties was assessed through a detailed parametric study using the finite element method. The strain hardening exponent was found to have a greater influence on the scratch hardness and the pile-up height during frictional sliding than observed in frictionless normal indentation. When normalized by the penetration depth, the pile-up height can be up to three times larger in frictional sliding than in normal indentation. Furthermore, in contrast to normal indentation, sink-in is not observed during frictional sliding over the wide range of material properties examined. Finally, friction between indenter and indented material was introduced in the finite element model, and quantitative relationships were also established for the limited effects of plastic strain hardening and yield strength on the overall friction coefficient. Aspects of the predictions of computational simulations were compared with experiments on carefully selected metallic systems in which the plastic properties were systematically controlled. The level of accuracy of the predicted frictional response is also assessed by recourse to the finite element method and by comparison with experiment.     

On the accurate determination of contact compliance for impact test modelling

To model the specimen interaction with supports during an impact test, simple formulas for indentation–contact force relation between a beam specimen and a rigid cylindrical indenter have been derived using a mixed analytical/numerical approach. Two types of boundary conditions for the specimen (i) support by a frictionless rigid foundation and (ii) conventional three-point bending have been considered. The first scheme of loading (the compression indentation test, CIT) is sometimes used for quasi-static estimation of the specimen–striker or specimen–support contact compliance instead of the second scheme, which more closely corresponds to the real loading conditions of the specimen during an impact test. It has been found that the indentation (and, therefore, the contact compliance) of the specimen loaded according to the first scheme is up to 19% higher than for the second one. A simple correction of the results of CIT, which allows to estimate the contact compliance accurately has been proposed. Approximate formulas for the linearized contact compliance have been derived for both schemes of loading using three different methods of linearization. The best result has been obtained by the method of the equality of work done by nonlinear and linearized contact forces. An example of modelling of the three-point-bending test using the computed contact stiffness of the anvil is presented.     

Evaluation of Viscoelastic Characteristics of Short-fiber Reinforced Composite by Indentation Method

Indentation tests are performed to evaluate the viscoelastic characteristics of a short-fiber reinforced composite. Finite element analysis is also carried out to estimate the macroscopic viscoelastic characteristics of the composite by using a unit cell models. The results of indentation tests show that a force-displacement curve obtained by the indentation test depends on the area of the fibers appeared in the impression. The creep compliance evaluated by these indentation tests is compared to that by the finite element analysis. As the results, it is suggested that the result of indentation test performed on the surface of the composite without fibers means the measurement result for isotropic composite or anisotropic composite in the direction of the smallest rigidity. On the other hand, indentation test performed on the fiber indicates the measurement result of anisotropic composite in the direction of the largest rigidity. These results present the method to measure the macroscopic characteristics of short-fiber reinforced composite by indentation tests.     

Tensile Test Machine for Unsymmetrical Materials

A novel solution to overcome the shortcoming of conventional tensile test machines in dealing with unsymmetrical materials and off-axis testing of composites is presented. Conventional testing machines are designed on the basis of subjecting a specimen to axial load to determine the stiffness and strength of the material. For specimens with unsymmetrical cross-section this method is no longer valid due to induced additional bending stresses. To overcome this problem a novel tensile test machine was designed, which allows bending deformation, thus subjecting the specimen to pure tension instead of axial loading. To validate the design, the machine was fabricated and employed for tensile testing of an aluminum specimen with unsymmetrical cross-section. The comparison of test results from a conventional machine and from analytically calculations, based on pure tension, reveals that conventional machine generates significant errors, while the results from new machine are in good agreement. The machine was then used to test a functionally graded beam.     

The determination of instrumented impact machine compliance using unloading displacement analysis

A technique for the determination of machine compliance from the unloading portion of an instrumented impact test record is evaluated. Unnotched three-point bend specimens of aluminum, titanium, and steel were tested at various loading rates to determine the effects of specimen material properties on machine-compliance estimates. Results substantiate the validity of determining machine compliance from the unloading protion of the curve. The data also indicate that machine compliance determined in this manner is independent of the specimen material properties, and of the deformation occurring during the uploading portion of the curve.     

利用维氏和玻氏压头表征半导体材料断裂韧性

压痕法是测量材料断裂韧性 ($K_{\rm IC})$ 的常用方法之一, 如何根据不同的材料、不同的压头选择适合的公式, 是当前面临的一大问题. 因此,在不同载荷下对单晶硅 (111) 和碳化硅 (4H-SiC, 0001面) 这两种半导体材料进行了维氏微米硬度和玻氏纳米压痕实验, 对实验产生的裂纹长度$c$进行了统计分析, 并采用13个压痕公式计算材料的$K_{\rm IC}$, 开展了微米划痕实验, 验证压痕法评估半导体材料$K_{\rm IC}$的适用性. 研究结果表明: 为了消除维氏压痕实验产生的$c$的固有离散性, 需要多次测量取平均值; 裂纹长度与压痕尺寸的比值随压痕载荷的增大而增大; 材料的裂纹类型与载荷相关且低载荷下表现为巴氏裂纹, 高载荷下表现为中位裂纹; 与微米划痕实验得到的单晶硅和碳化硅材料的$K_{\rm IC}$平均值 (分别为0.96 MPa,$\cdot$,$\sqrt{\rm m}$和2.89 MPa,$\cdot$,$\sqrt{\rm m}$) 相比, 在同一压头下无法从13个公式中获得同时适用于单晶硅和碳化硅材料的压痕公式,但在同一材料下可以获得同时适用于维氏和玻氏压头的$K_{\rm IC}$计算公式; 基于中位裂纹系统发展而来的压痕公式更适合用于评估半导体材料的$K_{\rm IC}$, 且维氏压头下的$K_{\rm IC}$与玻氏压头下$K_{\rm IC}$的关系不是理论上的1.073倍, 应为1.13$\pm 压痕法是测量材料断裂韧性(K_(IC))的常用方法之一,如何根据不同的材料、不同的压头选择适合的公式,是当前面临的一大问题.因此,在不同载荷下对单晶硅(111)和碳化硅(4H-Si C, 0001面)这两种半导体材料进行了维氏微米硬度和玻氏纳米压痕实验,对实验产生的裂纹长度c进行了统计分析,并采用13个压痕公式计算材料的K_(IC),开展了微米划痕实验,验证压痕法评估半导体材料K_(IC)的适用性.研究结果表明:为了消除维氏压痕实验产生的c的固有离散性,需要多次测量取平均值;裂纹长度与压痕尺寸的比值随压痕载荷的增大而增大;材料的裂纹类型与载荷相关且低载荷下表现为巴氏裂纹,高载荷下表现为中位裂纹;与微米划痕实验得到的单晶硅和碳化硅材料的K_(IC)平均值(分别为0.96 MPa·m~(1/2)和2.89 MPa·m~(1/2))相比,在同一压头下无法从13个公式中获得同时适用于单晶硅和碳化硅材料的压痕公式,但在同一材料下可以获得同时适用于维氏和玻氏压头的K_(IC)计算公式;基于中位裂纹系统发展而来的压痕公式更适合用于评估半导体材料的K_(IC),且维氏压头下的K_(IC)与玻氏压头下K_(IC)的关系不是理论上的1.073倍,应为1.13±0.01.     

ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT CLINKER UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES BASED ON HERTZIAN INDENTATION METHOD1)

本文通过高温球压法得到各种脆性和准脆性材料的表面压痕应力与应变之间的关系曲线。通过压痕应力-应变曲线的分析既可比较方便地确定出材料的压痕弹性模量、剪切模量和布氏硬度,又可比较不同温度下水泥熟料的变形性能。在不同温度(25 ${^\circ}\!$C$\sim $1400 ${^\circ}\!$C)处理下,球压应力松弛试验载荷松弛,在载荷峰值为100 N时,随着温度的升高,水泥熟料载荷松弛更明显。随着温度从500 ${^\circ}\!$C升高到1400 ${^\circ}\!$C,载荷松弛非常明显,尤其温度高于1200 ${^\circ}\!$C,水泥熟料样品内部的硅酸三钙(Ca$_3$SiO$_5$, 简称C3S)分解以及有部分液相的出现引起的应力松弛现象最为明显,在1275 ${^\circ}\!$C时熟料基本上已经软化,载荷急速松弛,所以认为1275 ${^\circ}\!$C为熟料的脆延转化温度。通过水泥熟料高温球压松弛试验可以确定水泥熟料在二次加热过程中的脆-延转化温度,测定熟料弹性模量和抗压强度急剧变化的温度范围。研究水泥熟料在不同温度下的力学行为和力学特性,探索提高粉磨效率的新途径,实现高温下的低能耗粉碎。