制冷系统连续融霜过程中制冷温度变化规律的研究

连续融霜是一种在除霜过程中制冷不间断、库温上升小、无需附加能耗的除霜方式。为探究在不同工况下除霜时,连续融霜系统制冷剂进出口温度、库温波动及融霜时间的变化规律,在库温-18、-12℃两种工况下,对冷风机制冷剂进出口温度、库温、融霜时间及融霜能耗进行测量分析。结果表明:库温-18℃,制冷风机微压差计示数在17 Pa时比在60 Pa融霜时的库温波动值和融霜时间分别减少0.8℃、200 s,融霜能耗降低9.03%;库温-12℃,制冷风机微压差计示数在17 Pa比在40 Pa融霜时的库温波动和融霜时间分别减少2℃、284 s,融霜能耗降低53.3%。因此,融霜时制冷风机霜层厚度对库温、融霜时间及融霜能耗有一定影响。     

恒温恒湿箱定频制冷压缩机吸气喷液实验研究

极端工况下制冷压缩机排气温度过高是压缩机故障率多的主要原因,为此对采用定频制冷、电加热补偿和电热蒸汽加湿的恒温恒湿箱的12个设定温湿度工况进行试验。结果表明:采用压缩机吸气少量喷液可有效降低压缩机排气温度,从而降低压缩机故障率;而内置式电热蒸汽加湿器在加湿时,由于带入过多热量,且加湿量难以精确调节,易导致加湿滞后性过大。     

附加冷却器对冰温库融霜过程的影响

为控制冰温库融霜时的温度波动,提出采用附加冷却器制冷来抵消融霜剩余热负荷的新方法。实验结果表明,在文中的实验条件下,附加冷却器不制冷时,融霜时的库温回升在4.3℃以上;附加冷却器制冷时,融霜时的库温波动在0.5℃以内,能够满足冰温库的技术要求。另外,有附加冷却器制冷的融霜时间有所增加。     

低压侧并联压缩机油平衡装置数值模拟与实验研究

对并联压缩机吸气管回油进行实验研究时,发现绝大部分润滑油流入2~#压缩机内,1~#压缩机只有少量油滴飞溅;针对该现象,运用Fluent中的VOF模型对吸气管内含油制冷剂气体进行数值模拟,结果显示1~#、2~#压缩机回油质量流量分别为0.005kg/s、0.056kg/s,回油不平衡的原因在于吸气主管弯头处的离心力作用使润滑油偏向于离心侧。针对该原因提出一种低压侧并联压缩机均油装置,通过模拟得出1~#、2~#压缩机回油质量流量分别为0.0315kg/s、0.0295kg/s,而且实验发现两压缩机均达到满油位。该装置回油特性良好,能够有效解决并联压缩机回油不平衡问题。     

小型冷库液体冷媒融霜系统的研究

研究了液体冷媒融霜系统应用于小型冷库制冷系统的性能;介绍了液体冷媒融霜原理和控制操作过程、液体冷媒融霜实验的装置和方法;对实验结果进行了分析;重点通过库温变化、蒸发器进出口温度压力变化、过冷度对系统的影响、系统COP几个方面,研究了液体冷媒融霜应用于小型冷库制冷系统的性能。     

急冻间蓄热-气动式除霜系统设计

针对急冻设备工作过程中蒸发器表面结霜问题，设计了一种基于冷凝器余热回收的蓄热-气动式除霜系统。采用CFD仿真与实验相结合的方法设计蓄热器，搭建除霜传动机构实现喷气管上下运动。研究结果表明，正六边型蓄热体蓄热效果好、压降低。蓄热器加热到44℃时与冷空气进行热交换，蓄热器出口处空气温度在5.5 min内能够保持在25℃以上。蒸发器表面开始融霜时，传动机构停留5 s后以100 mm/min的速度运行130 s,蒸发器表面融霜区域达660×100 mm。研究结果为急冻间内蒸发器除霜提供可靠的理论依据。     

变频空调器制冷剂最佳充灌量试验研究

建立了变频空调器制冷剂最佳充灌量的数学模型,并通过实验验证了模型的可靠型。分析了在不同频率下,制冷剂充灌量对变频空调器制冷量、功率、EER、过热度、压缩机排气温度、吸气温度的影响及原因。提出了变频空调器制冷系统最佳充灌量的确定原则,以高频时蒸发器出口刚好达到饱和状态,此时蒸发器的过热度为零。     

螺杆双机配组制冷机组的设计

从工程实用的角度出发,对氟利昂螺杆双机配组制冷机组的制冷设计和控制设计进行了讨论,给出了防止高压级压缩机吸气温度过高、油温过低、压缩机电动机过热等的技术措施,以及双机配组制冷机组的控制方法。所提出的设计方案简单可靠,能满足工程需求,为螺杆双机配组制冷机组的制造和推广应用提供了依据。     

一种新型自复叠制冷循环特性研究

提出一种新型自复叠制冷循环,通过设置喷射器,利用高压高沸点液态制冷剂引射低压低沸点气态制冷剂,充分回收高沸点组分的节流损失,提高压缩机吸气口处低沸点组分的吸气压力并获取更低制冷温度。建立了组成系统部件热力学数学模型,分析了冷凝温度、混合工质配比和压缩比等参数对传统自复叠制冷循环和新型自复叠制冷循环的工作特性影响。研究表明,新型自复叠制冷循环制冷效率与传统自复叠制冷循环相当,但前者所获得制冷温度比后者所获得制冷温度可降低约10～20℃     

一种基于电子膨胀阀的冷库耦合控制系统的实验研究

为了研究对蒸发器出口过热度的精确控制,提出了一种过热度的PID控制与压缩机启停双位控制的耦合系统,研究了电子膨胀阀对过热度的控制效果的影响。首先,搭建了配有电子膨胀阀与热力膨胀阀的低温冷库试验台;其次,通过实验,分析了耦合系统中,过热度的控制精度与压缩机的实时吸气压力、蒸发器出口温度的关系;最后,通过热力膨胀阀与电子膨胀阀制冷系统的对比实验,得出基于电子膨胀阀的冷库耦合控制系统的优势。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.