Finite quantum electrodynamics

It is shown that the ultraviolet divergences encountered in the lowest order perturbation calculations of quantum electrodynamics no longer appear if the theory is expanded so as to include the mu meson, a triplet of heavy axial vector bosons and two heavy polar vector bosons in addition to the electron and photon, and suitably chosen couplings between them are introduced.     

Interior Multiplications and Deformations with Meson Algebras

A meson algebra is involved in the Duffin wave equation for mesons in the same way as a Clifford algebra is involved in the Dirac wave equation for electrons. Therefore meson algebras too should have geometrical properties after the manner of Grassmann. Actually it is possible to define interior multiplications with similar properties, and deformations too. Every meson algebra is a deformation of a neutral meson algebra, in the same way as (almost) every Clifford algebra is a deformation of an exterior algebra. Some applications follow: the PBW-property is proved for all meson algebras, the injectiveness of Jacobson’s diagonal morphism is proved with the minimal hypothesis, and the existence of Lipschitz monoids is established at least for meson algebras over fields.      

Scattering measurements in nuclear emulsions and their application to measuring the charge of primary cosmic ray nuclei

Small local dislocations in processed emulsions give rise to spurious scattering whose effect on tracks is indistinguishable from the multiple scattering produced by coulomb interaction. Because of this effect the atomic number of fast primary cosmic ray nuclei will be underestimated in more than 50% of the cases in experiments where multiple scattering of tracks and ionization measurements are employed for charge determination. The spurious scattering was investigated by measuring the track contours of 100 very long tracks due to energetic primary particles; the effect was present in comparable strength in all plates and all types of emulsions which have been investigated. It is too small to affect measurements on medium energy particle tracks (protons with energy below 600 MeV and heavy nuclei with energy below 300 MeV/ nucleon). It dominates, however, other sources or error and noise for tracks of energetic particles although it does not preclude occasional observations of very low scattering values. New methods for measuring various forms of noise have also been developed in the course of this work and the noise level for scattering measurements has been reduced below previously accepted values. Spurious scattering is presumably largely responsible for the discrepancies which appear when one compares the primary charge and energy spectra derived from experiments involving scattering measurements with the corresponding spectra derived from numerous other experiments which employ different techniques. If the experiments based on scattering measurements are omitted, the remaining evidence strongly favours a spectrum in which the energy per nucleon is nearly independent of atomic number for all primaries. It also favours a charge distribution which has a pronounced minimum for charges 3≤ Z≤ 5 and, therefore, yields a fairly low upper limit for the amount of interstellar matter traversed by primary cosmic ray nuclei.     

Meson correlation functions for a model with nonlocal four-fermion interaction

We study meson correlation functions for several models with a four-fermion quark interaction. We show that although the system average energy and quark condensate, as previously noted, are singular, the meson observables are finite, completely recognizable, and comparable to the experimental data on the energy scale. This permits using a wide set of Hamiltonians to model nonequilibrium states of quark and hadronic systems, which is a relevant problem in studying the physics of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We obtain analytic expressions for the meson correlation functions in the Keldysh model.     

The flux of primary cosmic ray nuclei of atomic numberZ⩾2 at geomagnetic latitude 30°

The method of determining the primary flux of nuclei with atomic number Z?3 developed by Bradt and Peters, has been extended to include all nuclei of charge Z?2. It is shown that the method permits the identification of primary helium nuclei with an efficiencyν?90%. The primary α-particle flux obtained in this way is in very good agreement with that obtained by other methods and the relative flux values for nuclei of atomic number 3?Z?5 and 6?Z?9 agree with previous determinations.     

The Graded Structure of Nondegenerate Meson Algebras

Meson algebras are involved in the wave equation of meson particles in the same way as Clifford algebras are involved in the Dirac wave equation of electrons. Here we improve and generalize the information already obtained about their structure and their representations, when the symmetric bilinear form under consideration is nondegenerate. We emphasize their parity grading. We calculate the center of these meson algebras, and the center of their even subalgebra. Finally we show that every nondegenerate meson algebra over a field contains a group isomorphic to the group of automorphisms of the symmetric bilinear form.      

Enhancement of φ meson production in p-p and Pb-Pb collisions at SPS energy

The φ meson yield, rapidity and transverse mass distributions in p-p and Pb-Pb collisions at 158 A GeV were studied by the hadron-string cascade model, LUCIAE. By adjusting the width parameter in q-q Gaussian like transverse momentum distribution in string fragmentation to fit the NA49 data ofφ meson transverse mass distribution in p-p collisions, the obtained φ meson rapidity distribution in p-p collisions, the rapidity and transverse mass distributions in Pb-Pb collisions, and theφ meson enhancement factor in Pb-Pb relative to p-p collisions were compatible with corresponding NA49 data, which might be attributed to the collective effect in gluon emission of string and the reduction of strange quark suppression mechanisms involved in the LUCIAE model.     

Determination of scalar meson masses in QCD-inspired quark models

We compare two QCD-inspired quark models with four-fermion interaction (with and without the remnant coupling to low-energy gluons) in the regime of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (DCSB). The first one, the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model, ensures the factorization of scalar and pseudoscalar meson poles in correlators, the well-known Nambu relation between the scalar meson mass and the dynamical quark mass, m_σ=2m_dyn, and the residual chiral symmetry in coupling constants characteristic for the linear σ-model. The second one, the gauge NJL model (GNJL), happens to be qualitatively different from the NJL model, namely, the Nambu relation is not valid, and the factorization of light meson poles does not entail the residual chiral symmetry, i.e., it does not result in a linear σ-model. The more complicated DCSB pattern in the GNJL model is fully explained in terms of excited meson states with the same quantum numbers. The asymptotic restrictions on parameters of scalar and pseudoscalar meson states are derived from the requirement of chiral symmetry restoration at high energies. Bibliography: 13 titles. Translated fromZapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 245, 1997, pp. 5–21.     

Effect of lunar atmospheric tide on the meson intensity at Kodaikanal

The lunar semidiurnal variation in the meson intensity at Kodaikanal has been determined by the Chapman-Miller method of analysis from bihourly records of the cosmic ray meson intensity registered by three-fold coincidences for two consecutive groups of data, each extending over a period of 18 months. The former period gives a result about two to three times the probable error and can be taken to be significant. While the correlations between the solar diurnal variation of meson intensity and barometric pressure are high and negative, the corresponding correlations between the lunar semidiurnal variations of meson intensity and barometric pressure are positive. The results obtained at Kodaikanal agree with those of Duperier obtained at London. But the latter period does not give any significant result outside the probable error. Hence further investigation has to be continued.     

On the semi-empirical mass-formula and alpha-disintegration energy in the region of heavy and medium heavy nuclides

In the present paper it has been shown that Fermi’s semi-empirical atomic mass-formula is inadequate for the estimation of alpha-disintegration energy in the medium heavy and heavy nuclide-regions. A suitable correction-term has been added to the mass-formula based on Duckworth’s new atomic masses and similar to the one proposed by Stern for heavy elements (A?208). It is seen that the calculated alpha-decay energies are in numerical agreement with the observed data except for the magic number nuclei which can be satisfactorily explained on the nuclear shell-structure. But even in the latter case the agreement with the experimental results is better when the correction-term is used.     

Coherent production of pions in high energy π−-interactions

From an analysis of 12 ‘clean’ pion tridents produced in 17.2 GeV/c π^?-interactions in emulsion nuclei, the distributions of the longitudinal and transverse momentum of recoil nuclei are obtained. The distribution of transverse momentum of recoil nuclei for the combined data of Caforioet al., Azimovet al., and the present experiment is compared with the expected curves for various assumptions. It is demonstrated that the best fit is for the assumptions (a) only light nuclei contribute to the coherent process and (b) all nuclei contribute equally. It is stressed that the conclusion of Caforioet al., that the light nuclei do not play an important role is based on the discrepancy between the observed and expected mean free path which is critically hinged on the cross-section obtained in the heavy liquid bubble chamber—a cross-section whose value is uncertain.     

Enhancement of φ meson production in p-p and Pb-Pb collisions at SPS energy

The φ meson yield, rapidity and transverse mass distributions in p-p and Pb-Pb collisions at 158 A GeV were studied by the hadron-string cascade model, LUCIAE. By adjusting the width parameter in q Gaussian like transverse momentum distribution in string fragmentation to fit the NA49 data of φ meson transverse mass distribution in p-p collisions, the obtained φ meson rapidity distribution in p-p collisions, the rapidity and transverse mass distributions in Pb-Pb collisions, and the φ meson enhancement factor in Pb-Pb relative to p-p collisions were compatible with corresponding NA49 data, which might be attributed to the collective effect in gluon emission of string and the reduction of strange quark suppression mechanisms involved in the LUCIAE model     

Meson Algebras of Order ≥3

Meson algebras of order 2 have already drawn much attention, and their study has brought plenty of interesting knowledge. This fact motivated the definition and the study of meson algebras of greater order. Unfortunately, these algebras finally proved to be disappointing; probably there is almost nothing to add to the information given in the present article. Almost all meson algebras of order ≥3 are trivial, and the only two cases that give nontrivial algebras, are completely described here.     

Search for JPC=even++ glueballs in radiative decay of J/Ψ

Based on the general analysis of decay width and branching ratio of two pseudo scalar meson channels, two sets of discriminants between mesons and glueballs for I=0,JPC=even++ unflavored hadrons with the mass between 1.2 and 2.9 GeV are suggested. Known I=0, JPC=2++, f2(1525) particle is discriminated as a typical meson. The way to discriminate new I=0, JPC=even++ unflavored hadrons is discussed.     

Analytic Representation of the Overlap Integral of Three Wave Functions of Nucleus Scattering in a Coulomb Field

Based on the formalism of integral representations of hypergeometric-type functions, we find two ways to describe the Coulomb decay of light weakly bound atomic nuclei on heavy multiple-charge nuclei. In the first way, the overlap integral containing the product of three wave functions of scattering of nuclei in the Coulomb field is expanded into a double hypergeometric-type series in products of two Gauss hypergeometric functions. The series is convergent, at least if the three-particle kinematic relations are satisfied. In the second way, the same overlap integral reduces to a single contour integral containing the Gauss hypergeometric function and two additional binomial functions. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 145, No. 2, pp. 311–328, November, 2005.     

Comultiplications with Meson Algebras

The mesonic interior multipliciations have suggested the existence of mesonic comultiplications. The proof of their existence has motivated an intensive study of the meson algebra of an orthogonal sum, revealing its twisted gradations and its canonical projectors. The traditional applications of comultiplications follow. A final application to mesonic deformations corroborates the close relationship between Clifford algebras and meson algebras.     

Seshadri constants and the generation of jets

In this paper we explore the connection between Seshadri constants and the generation of jets. It is well known that one way to view Seshadri constants is to consider them as measuring the rate of growth of the number of jets that multiples of a line bundle generate. Here we ask, conversely, what we can say about the number of jets once the Seshadri constant is known. As an application of our results, we prove a characterization of projective space among all Fano varieties in terms of Seshadri constants.     

Oscillation of Confined Jets in Continuous Casting Mold Flow

In continuous slab casting, the liquid steel is introduced into the mould via a submergered entry nozzle. This nozzle usually has two opposed orifices on its side walls, generating two diametrically opposed turbulent jets that are declined about 20° to the horizontal axis. These jets interact with the surrounding walls of the mould, which leads to an unstable flow situation and a self induced oscillation of the jets. Although both mould and nozzle geometry have two perpendicular symmetry planes, the oscillations are asymmetric. The fluid flow inside the mold is calculated with a 3D finite volume solver using turbulence models based on Reynolds-averaging. The massflow of the jets and the mould extensions are varied, and the numerical results are partially compared with PIV-measurements at a 1:1 scaled watermodel of the mould. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Annular Water Jets

An analysis is provided of a slender stream of water whose cross-sectionis the region lying between concentric circular free streamlines.In the absence of gravity, explicit integral expressions arederived for the radii as a function of distance along the jet.In particular, for intially-contracting jets, the collapse distance,at which the inner radius vanishes, is determined. In the presenceof gravity, the problem for both vertically upward and verticallydownward annular jets can be reduced to that of solving a non-linearordinary differential equation, and numerical solutions areobtained. An outline is given of the procedures required tomatch these free jets to exit flows from slender nozzles.