1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐离子液体与含氮化合物相互作用的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐离子液体[Bmim]HSO_4与氮化物喹啉和吲哚分子的相互作用,并进行了NBO和AIM分析。[Bmim]HSO_4离子对最稳定结构表明,[HSO_4]~-阴离子中的氧原子与咪唑环中正电性较大的C14-H20之间有较强的氢键作用。在分子水平上,NBO和AIM分析证实了喹啉和吲哚分子与[Bmim]HSO_4的阴离子之间有较强的相互作用,其中,喹啉分子中的氮原子与阴离子[HSO_4]~-中氢原子之间的作用以及吲哚分子中N-H的氢原子与[HSO_4]~-中氧原子之间的作用是该离子液体能够有效脱除氮化物的主要动力。     

1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cobalt tetracarbonyl [bmim][Co(CO)4]: a catalytically active organometallic ionic liquid

An ambient temperature liquid transition metal carbonyl anion has been prepared in a metathesis reaction between [bmim]Cl ([bmim]+ = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation) and Na[Co(CO)4]; the ionic liquid catalyses the debromination of 2-bromoketones.     

离子液体[BMIM]Br与[BMIM][BF4]配比浓度对Br-离子电荷转移的调节

利用X射线吸收精细结构光谱(XAFS)及紫外吸收光谱两种方法, 分析了离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐([BMIM]Br)中逐渐掺入1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM][BF₄])时, Br^-阴离子与咪唑阳离子之间氢键作用及电荷偏移量的改变. 随着[BMIM][BF₄]加入量增多, Br 元素XAFS近边(XANES)显示吸收峰降低, 吸收边位置向低能端位移0.9 eV; 扩展边(EXAFS)算出径向结构显示Br 与近邻原子间平均配位数降低、平均键长增长; 紫外光谱也有明显蓝移减色效应. 这些结果都表明Br₄^-的掺入改变了Br^-与阳离子间的电荷偏移量, 负电荷更多地转移到Br^-上, 量化计算的数据同样支持该结论.     

Investigations of coupling characters in ionic liquids formed between the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation and the glycine anion

In this study, novel ionic liquids formed between the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation [emim]+ and the glycine anion [Gly]- have been investigated theoretically. The relevant geometrical characteristics, energy properties, the characters of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds (H bonds), and the possibility of proton transfer as well as IR characteristics have been systematically discussed. The natural bond orbital (NBO) and atoms in molecule (AIM) analyses have also been applied to understand the nature of the interactions between ionic pairs in ionic liquids. The most stable geometries have been determined by analyzing the relative energies and interaction energies, where the C-H...O intermolecular H bonds involving the protons attached to the imidazolium ring have been found to possess partial covalent character in nature. Electron transfers from the lone pairs of the carbonyl O atom of [Gly]- to the C-H antibonding orbital of the [emim]+ can explain the elongation and red shift of the C-H stretching frequency. The interaction modes are more favorable when the carbonyl O atoms of [Gly]- interact with the C2-H of the imidazolium ring and the C-H of the methyl group through the formation of double H bonds. The origin of the high stability of the amino acid ionic liquids observed experimentally may be attributed to the nonexistence of the proton-transferred products (neutral pairs) together with the large energy needed for separation of the ionic pairs. Additionally, the characteristics of the IR spectra have been analyzed to demonstrate the variants of the molecular structure of the [emim]+[Gly]- ionic liquids.     

Structural characterization of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ion pair using ab initio methods

Ab initio theoretical methods are used to investigate the gas-phase ion pairs of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Multiple stable conformers with the chloride anion positioned (in-plane) around the imidazolium ring or above the C2-H bond are determined. The relative energy ordering of the conformers is examined at the B3LYP, MP2, and CCSD(T) levels. Zero-point energies, BSSE, and basis set effects are examined. For accurate results, correlation (dispersion) effects must be included. The most stable conformers are essentially degenerate and have the chloride H-bonding to, or lying above, the C2-H bond. Other conformers are found to lie approximately 30 and approximately 60 kJ mol(-1) higher in energy. Results are compared with those from recent simulations and experimental studies. The effect of the chloride anion on rotation of the butyl chain is investigated and found to lower some rotational barriers while enhancing others. The origin of the rotational barriers is determined. The number and type of hydrogen bonds formed between the imidazolium cation and chloride anion is found to vary significantly among conformers. No evidence of a possible intra C(alkyl)-H...pi interaction is obtained; however, hints of a Cl...pi interaction are found. The vibrational spectrum of each conformer is examined, and the origin of multiple (H-bonding) features in the vibrational spectrum of the ionic liquid explained.     

Low-temperature heat capacity of hydrophilic ionic liquids [BMIM][CF3COO] and [BMIM][CH3COO] and a correlation scheme for estimation of heat capacity of ionic liquids

Heat capacity for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate [bmim][CF₃COO] and acetate [bmim][CH₃COO] in the temperature range of (5 to 370) K has been measured by adiabatic calorimetry. Temperatures and enthalpies of phase transitions in [bmim][CF₃COO] have been determined. Thermodynamic functions for the compounds in the condensed state have been calculated. Physicochemical properties for the studied ionic liquids and alkali acetate salts have been compared. The correlation scheme for estimation of C_p of ionic liquids in a range of (190 to 370) K has been developed.     

Association of Ionic Liquids in Solution: Conductivity Studies of [BMIM][Cl] and [BMIM][PF6] in Binary Mixtures of Acetonitrile + Methanol

The concentration dependence of molar conductance for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate in binary mixtures of acetonitrile + methanol was investigated to explore the ion association behavior of imidazolium based ionic liquids. The limiting molar conductance $(\Uplambda_{m}^{0})$ ( Λ m 0 ) , association constants (K _a ⁰ ) and the maximal distance between the oppositely charged ions in ion pairs (R _ij ) in the mixed solvent mixtures were evaluated following the framework of Barthel’s low-concentration chemical model. The investigated ILs display opposing trends in ion association behavior with change in solvent composition of acetonitrile + methanol binary mixtures. The results are discussed in light of ionic liquid and solvent specific ion?solvent and ion?ion interactions in the mixed solvent systems.     

Refractive properties of imidazolium ionic liquids with alanine anion [C n mim][Ala] (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A - Imidazolium ionic liquids with alanine anion, [C n mim][Ala] (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), were prepared and characterized. The standard addition method was used to...     

Physical properties of ionic liquids consisting of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation with various anions and the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion with various cations

Physical properties of 4 room-temperature ionic liquids consisting of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation with various perfluorinated anions and the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Tf2N-) anion with 12 pyrrolidinium-, ammonium-, and hydroxyl-containing cations are reported. Electronic structure methods are used to calculate properties related to the size, shape, and dipole moment of individual ions. Experimental measurements of phase-transition temperatures, densities, refractive indices, surface tensions, solvatochromic polarities based on absorption of Nile Red, 19F chemical shifts of the Tf2N- anion, temperature-dependent viscosities, conductivities, and cation diffusion coefficients are reported. Correlations among the measured quantities as well as the use of surface tension and molar volume for estimating Hildebrand solubility parameters of ionic liquids are also discussed.     

The sulfur dioxide-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide interaction: drastic changes in structural and physical properties

The contact between minor amounts of SO2 and crystalline 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromide (BMIBr) causes the almost immediate melting of the ionic liquid (mp 45 degrees C) as well as a dramatic decrease in its viscosity in comparison to the pure molten phase. The same behavior was observed for other halide ionic liquids of higher melting points (70, 135, and 220 degrees C). The Raman spectrum of BMIBr-SO2 clearly indicates a specific charge transfer interaction involving SO2 and the halide. The measurements of ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficients obtained for the neat BMIBr (molten phase) and for the BMIBr-SO2 strongly suggest a higher degree of ionic association in the presence of SO2. Molecular dynamic simulations indicate that although the cation-anion distance is preserved in the short range, there is a variation in the interionic distances in the second shell, leading to a less organized structure in the long range. The modulation of the structural and physical properties of ionic liquids by SO2 and the convenient choice of the ions for gas absorption are suggested.     

Photoinduced electron-transfer reactions in two room-temperature ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate

Photoinduced electron transfer in two room-temperature ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF(6)) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (OMIM-PF(6)), has been investigated using steady-state fluorescence quenching of 9,10-dicyanoanthracene with a series of single electron donors. From these fluorescence quenching rates, reorganization energy (lambda) values and k(diff) values can be derived from a Rehm-Weller analysis. In many cases, these fluorescence quenching reactions occur at rates larger than what would be expected based on the Smoluchowski equation. In addition, lambda values of 10.1 kcal/mol and 16.3 kcal/mol for BMIM-PF(6) and OMIM-PF(6), respectively, have been determined.     

Rotational dynamics of water and benzene controlled by anion field in ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and hexafluorophosphate

The rotational correlation time (tau(2R)) is determined for D(2)O (polar) and C(6)D(6) (apolar) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim][Cl]) and hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF(6)]) by measuring (2)H (D) nuclear magnetic resonance spin-lattice relaxation time (T(1)) in the temperature range from -20 to 110 degrees C. The tau(2R) ratio of water to benzene (tau(WB)) was used as a measure of solute-solvent attraction. tau(WB) is 0.73 and 0.52 in [bmim][Cl] and [bmim][PF(6)], respectively, whereas the molecular volume ratio is as small as 0.11. The slowdown of the water dynamics compared to the benzene dynamics in ionic liquids is interpreted by the Coulombic attractive interaction between the polar water molecule and the anion. As for the anion effect, the rotational dynamics of water solvated by Cl(-) is slower than that solvated by PF(6) (-), whereas the rotational dynamics of benzene is similar in the two ionic liquids. This is interpreted as an indication of the stronger solvation by the anion with a larger surface charge density. The slowdown of the water dynamics via Coulombic solvation is actually significant only at water concentrations lower than approximately 9 mol dm(-3) at room temperature, and it is indistinguishable at temperatures above approximately 100 degrees C. The quadrupolar coupling constants determined for D(2)O and C(6)D(6) in the ionic liquids were smaller by a factor of 2-3 than those in the pure liquid state.     

Potential-dependent condensation of Water at the Interface between ionic liquid [BMIM][TFSA] and an Au electrode

Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) at the interface between humid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([BMIM][TFSA]) and an Au electrode reveals that water molecules strongly interact with the anion and are condensed at the interface at high potentials where the anion is the major adsorbate.     

Three-Component,One-Pot Synthesis of Benzo[b][1,4]oxazines in Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide

Benzo[b][1,4]oxazines have been synthesized in good to excellent yields in the presence of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [bmim]Br under relatively mild conditions without any added catalyst, The method offers the advantages of good yields and short reaction times, and the ionic liquid can be easily separated from the product and reused.     

Characterising the electronic structure of ionic liquids: an examination of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ion pair

In this paper we analyse the electronic properties of gas-phase 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Cl ion pairs, [C(4)C(1)im]Cl, in order to deepen our understanding of ionic liquids in general. Examination of charge densities, natural bond orbitals (NBO), and delocalised molecular orbitals computed at the B3LYP and MP2/6-31(++)G(d,p) levels have enabled us to explain a number of experimental phenomena: the relative acidity of different sites on the imidazolium ring, variations in hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor abilities, the apparent contradiction of the hydrogen-bond-donor parameters for different types of solute, the low probability of finding a Cl(-) anion at the rear of the imidazolium ring and the expansion of the imidazolium ring in the presence of a strong hydrogen-bond acceptor. The unreactive but coordinating environment and large electrochemical window have also been accounted for, as has the strong electron-donating character of the carbon atoms to the rear of the ring in associated imidazolylidenes. The electronic structure of the [C(4)C(1)im](+) cation is best described by a C(4)==C(5) double bond at the rear, and a delocalised three-centre 4 e(-) component across the front (N(1)-C(2)-N(3)) of the imidazolium ring; delocalisation between these regions is also significant. Hydrogen-bond formation is driven by Coulombic stabilisation, which compensates for an associated destabilisation of the electronic part of the system. Interactions are dominated by a large positive charge at C(2) and the build up of pi-electron density above and below the ring, particularly that associated with the double bond between C(4) and C(5). The NBO partial charges have been computed and compared with those used in a number of classical simulations.