Procedure for retrieval of atmospheric aerosol backscatter coefficient profiles from results of multi-wavelength lidar sounding

A measurement procedure is proposed to retrieve the profiles of atmospheric aerosol backscatter coefficients (β_a) from the results of multi-wavelength sounding of the atmosphere by a laser location system based on a Nd: YAG-laser. The procedure uses a regression dependence between spectral values of β_a (background aerosol model) and involves the determination of coefficients which characterize the relative spectral behavior of aerosol extinction. The stability of the procedure to spatial variations of the above coefficients, a deviation of β_a from the dependence used, and calibration and measurement errors is examined. This procedure is compared with the widely used Fernald method by means of a numeric experiment. This procedure is demonstrated to be effective for retrieving vertical profiles of β _a in the troposphere, especially in the short-wavelength region. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 347–353, May–June, 2008.     

Retrieving aerosol backscattering coefficient for short range lidar using parameter selection at reference point

<正>A new method is proposed based on the analysis of lidar equation which selects aerosol backscatter ratio at a reference point for short range lidar in data processing.Simulation computation and experimental comparison results show that this method is reasonable and feasible.The method is applied to short range lidars,such as atmospheric monitoring lidar-2(AML-2) and micro-pulse lidar(MPL).     

Ratio of aerosol backscatter to extinction coefficients as determined from angular scattering measurements for use in atmospheric lidar applications

Wavelength dependence as well as relative humidity dependence of aerosol extinction to backscatter ratio was examined. The extinction to backscatter ratio is essential in solving lidar signal and was estimated from aerosol size distribution and refractive index (which were derived from angular light scattering measurements) using the Mie scattering theory. The extinction to backscatter ratios were calculated for wavelengths of 355 nm, 532 nm, 694 nm and 1064 nm, the major laser wavelengths used for lidars, where the refractive indices were assumed to be constant with wavelength. p ]When relating the aerosol extinction ₁ to the backscatter ₁ with a functional form of _{1 1} k ₁, the exponentk ₁ was evaluated by the least square method and tabulated for the four wavelengths. The extinction to backscatter ratio defined asS ₁= ₁/ ₁ was calculated and their dependence on the wavelength and relative humidity was examined. Their dependence on the relative humidity is small whileS ₁ in the average takes the value of 66 (±17), 60 (±13), 52 (±13) and 42 (±11) for the wavelengths 355 nm, 532 nm, 694 nm and 1064 nm, respectively     

探测大气中CO2的Raman激光雷达

基于大气激光后向散射光谱,研究和设计了探测大气CO2浓度的Raman激光雷达,其发射机采用Nd:YAG激光的三倍频354.7nm作为工作波长,发射的单脉冲能量350mJ,重复频率20Hz;接收机采用了光电倍增管(量子效率25%)和光子计数器(计数速率200MHz),探测CO2的Raman散射371.66nm(频移1285cm-1信号,(1小时累加)近地面2.5km以内信噪比不小于8.采用组合滤光片来抑制强的354.7nm Mie-Rayleigh后向散射和氧气375.4nm Raman后向散射对信号的严重干扰.比较分别来自大气CO2和参考气体N2的Raman后向散射回波,可反演出大气中CO2的相对浓度.     

Multiwavelength lidar for measurements of atmospheric aerosol

We represent the results of our investigations on size distribution of atmospheric aerosol particles by means of a multiwavelength lidar based on Nd : YAG and Ti : Sa lasers equipped with frequency multipliers. The measurements were performed in mountainous areas.     

Silicon photomultiplier detector for atmospheric lidar applications

The viability and performance of using a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) in atmospheric lidar applications is experimentally compared against the well-established use of photomultiplier tubes. By using a modified lidar setup for simultaneous data acquisition of both types of sensors, we demonstrate that a SiPM can offer appropriate qualities for this specific application where the detection of fast, extremely low light pulses and large dynamic range signals are essential capabilities. The experimental results show that the SiPM has an appropriate behaviour offering suitable capabilities for elastic, backscatter aerosol lidars. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing SiPM for atmospheric lidar applications.     

探测大气湍流的光强闪烁激光雷达

基于残余光强闪烁理论,分析了与大气湍流探测有关的激光雷达各项硬件参数并获得参数的优化范围,据此研制了一台用于大气湍流探测的光强闪烁激光雷达。背景基线、线性特征等性能测试表明,激光雷达各硬件工作正常,数据获取可靠。实验测量中获得了水平方向上闪烁指数和大气折射率结构常数随探测距离和时间的变化趋势,其中闪烁指数在450~2000 m探测距离范围内由0.001逐渐增大至0.350左右;大气折射率结构常数基本保持水平均匀性,在1.010-16~1.010-15m-2/3范围之内;大气折射率结构常数在10:00~21:00时间内大致呈现上午上升、下午下降、晚上上升的变化趋势,具有较明显的日变化特征。实验结果与理论和常规测量较为相符,表明光强闪烁激光雷达能够获取大气湍流的探测距离变化和日变化特征信息。     

用于大气温度廓线测量的瑞利-拉曼激光雷达

大气温度廓线及其时间演变特征资料在地球科学领域具有重要的应用,为获取高时空分辨的大气温度的垂直分布,建立了瑞利-拉曼温度测量激光雷达。介绍了瑞利-拉曼激光雷达进行温度测量的主要原理和研制的瑞利-拉曼激光雷达的主要参数;数据处理方面,通过背景噪声剔除和小波算法降噪提高系统的信噪比;使用研制的激光雷达对大气温度廓线进行观测,将观测结果与大气模式数据和卫星观测结果进行对比,均显示较好的一致性,证明了激光雷达温度测量结果的准确性,其温度测量数据可以用于气象学研究。     

探测大气湍流的光强闪烁激光雷达

基于残余光强闪烁理论,分析了与大气湍流探测有关的激光雷达各项硬件参数并获得参数的优化范围,据此研制了一台用于大气湍流探测的光强闪烁激光雷达。背景基线、线性特征等性能测试表明,激光雷达各硬件工作正常,数据获取可靠。实验测量中获得了水平方向上闪烁指数和大气折射率结构常数随探测距离和时间的变化趋势,其中闪烁指数在450~2000 m探测距离范围内由0.001逐渐增大至0.350左右;大气折射率结构常数基本保持水平均匀性,在1.010-16~1.010-15m-2/3范围之内;大气折射率结构常数在10:00~21:00时间内大致呈现上午上升、下午下降、晚上上升的变化趋势,具有较明显的日变化特征。实验结果与理论和常规测量较为相符,表明光强闪烁激光雷达能够获取大气湍流的探测距离变化和日变化特征信息。     

用于大气温度廓线测量的瑞利-拉曼激光雷达

大气温度廓线及其时间演变特征资料在地球科学领域具有重要的应用,为获取高时空分辨的大气温度的垂直分布,建立了瑞利-拉曼温度测量激光雷达。介绍了瑞利-拉曼激光雷达进行温度测量的主要原理和研制的瑞利-拉曼激光雷达的主要参数;数据处理方面,通过背景噪声剔除和小波算法降噪提高系统的信噪比;使用研制的激光雷达对大气温度廓线进行观测,将观测结果与大气模式数据和卫星观测结果进行对比,均显示较好的一致性,证明了激光雷达温度测量结果的准确性,其温度测量数据可以用于气象学研究。     

探测大气气溶胶消光系数的便携式米散射激光雷达

 介绍了一种新型的便携式米散射激光雷达的总体结构及其各部分的功能，分析讨论了该激光雷达在夜晚与白天探测大气气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线的性能。其夜晚的探测高度达到15km左右，白天的探测高度达到10km左右。还可对卷云进行探测，获得卷云的厚度及其峰值消光系数。该激光雷达具有结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻、自动化程度高、探测速度快等优点。     

The reference range for differential absorption lidars

The concept of reference range for lidars is extended to the case of differential absorption lidars. A method for determining the wavelengths of operation, optimal from the point of view of maximum reference range for uniform and non-uniform absorbant distribution, is presented.     

An incoherent Doppler lidar for ground-based atmospheric wind profiling

Received: 17 April 1996/Revised version: 7 October 1996     

Elastic backscattering lidar system for atmospheric measurements in Antarctica

An elastic backscattering lidar and initial results are described. The lidar system has been designed to operate in Antarctica for the Italian National Programme for Antarctic Research. The first field trials were held during the period from 31 December 1987 to 10 February 1988. Data were collected for both tropospheric and stratospheric atmospheric parameters. Tropospheric measurements included the cloud base, optical depth, extinction and backscattering coefficients for clouds, whereas aerosols and the molecular atmosphere were monitored in the stratosphere. The lidar system was also tested for the determination of temperature and density in ranges up to 40 km. Preliminary results of the lidar measurements carried out at Terra Nova Bay are presented. The lidar system is composed of a Nd–YAG laser, a Newtonian telescope and two receiving channels with computer-controlled data acquisition and display equipment. The system is operated in a mobile container specifically designed for the Antarctic environment.     

Multipulse gate-delayed range gating imaging lidar

We present a technique to reconstruct a higher resolution of depth map of range gating imaging lidar by applying the delays of the gates to a typical range gating lidar system during the detection of each returned laser pulse with the encoding of the returned signal. With the consequent delays of the gate, the depth of the scene is extended accordingly. A multipulse gate-delayed range gating lidar system is designed to prove the resolution improvement from 6 to 1.5 m. The unchanged peak power of the laser, the widths of the laser pulse and the sampling period result in a simple structure of the lidar system.     

激光雷达大气湍流测量方法研究

 报道了一种用激光雷达方法测量大气湍流的技术，利用发射激光束在空间所需位置产生一个聚焦光斑，通过此光斑处的大气分子瑞利散射机制形成一个空间的人造散射光源，接收系统对此光源的散射光进行探测，测量出从地面到此空间散射光源之间的大气湍流参数。给出了对武汉上空大气湍流测量的初步结果。得到了不同高度层的大气相干长度随时间的变化特性、平均值和起伏均方差，并对实验测量和模型计算的大气折射率结构常数在相应高度段的积分值进行了比较，二者积分值都在10-12量级，得到的结果基本相符。这种测量方法的实现，为测量空间不同方位、不同距离的大气湍流提供了一种新的手段。     

探测大气中CO2的Raman激光雷达

基于大气激光后向散射光谱，研究和设计了探测大气CO₂浓度的Raman激光雷达,其发射机采用Nd∶YAG激光的三倍频354.7nm作为工作波长,发射的单脉冲能量350mJ,重复频率20Hz；接收机采用了光电倍增管(量子效率25%)和光子计数器(计数速率200MHz),探测CO₂的Raman散射371.66nm(频移1285cm^-1)信号,(1小时累加)近地面2.5km以内信噪比不小于8.采用组合滤光片来抑制强的354.7nm Mie-Rayleigh后向散射和氧气375.4nm Raman后向散射对信号的严重干扰. 比较分别来自大气CO₂和参考气体N₂的Raman后向散射回波,可反演出大气中CO₂的相对浓度. 关键词： 大气光学 激光雷达 Raman散射光谱 参考气体 Mie-Rayleigh散射     

绝对探测大气温度的纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统

纯转动拉曼激光雷达是探测大气温度廓线的重要手段之一,其正常工作需要配置其他并行校正设备,制约其在气象及环境监测领域中的实用化进程.基于大气氮气分子的纯转动拉曼谱型对温度的依赖性,提出并设计了绝对探测大气温度廓线的纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统.系统采用波长532 nm且脉冲能量300 m J的激光激励源和口径250 mm卡塞格林望远镜的接收器,设计了衍射光栅和光纤Bragg光栅结合的多通道并行纯转动拉曼光谱分光系统;仿真分析氮气和氧气分子的纯转动拉曼散射谱线间关系,优化选择了6条氮气分子的纯转动拉曼谱线以直接反演大气温度,设计了两级滤光器间转接光纤阵列的结构;基于最小二乘原理推导了绝对探测大气温度的反演算法,并结合标准大气模型,分析了纯转动拉曼激光雷达绝对探测大气温度的探测性能.结果表明,所设计纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统可直接反演大气温度廓线,在测量时间17 min内,温度偏差小于0.5 K的探测高度达2.0 km.     

Determination of reference values for optical characteristics in multiwavelength optical detection and ranging (lidar) measurements of atmospheric extinction coefficients

We have studied multiple regressions between the spectral aerosol extinction coefficient ε, backscatter indicatrix g_π, and light-scattering coefficients β_θ at angles of θ = 1–180°, which we used to select the optimal scattering angle for determining the extinction coefficient at the wavelengths 0.350, 0.532, and 1.060 μm. We have estimated the errors in determination of the values of ε and g_π at the given wavelengths for different atmospheric situations with different meteorological parameters. We have shown that it is possible to use the spectral β_θ values at a 33° angle to determine the reference values for ε(λ) and g_π(λ) at λ = 0.350, 0.532, and 1.060 μm in laser detection and ranging (lidar) measurements, and we give examples of recovering the vertical profiles of ε in a slightly turbid atmosphere from the results of simultaneous multiwavelength lidar and nephelometric measurements. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 74, No. 6, pp. 767–772, November–December, 2007.     

Development of an all-fiber heterodyne lidar for range and velocity measurements

A 1550-nm all-fiber monostatic lidar system based on linear chirp amplitude modulation and heterodyne detection for the measurements of range and velocity is presented. The signal processing method is given, after which the relationship between the peak frequency values in the final signal spectrum, the target＇s range, and the line-of-sight velocity is obtained in the presence of the fiber end-face-reflected signal plaguing many monostatic lidar systems. The range of an electric fan as well as the line-of-sight fan speed of different levels is tested. This proposed system has a potential application for the space-borne landing system.