噬菌体展示肿瘤异性抗原表位的初步免疫活性研究

利用噬菌体展示技术将丝噬菌体（fd)基因8克隆入pKK233-3质粒中，将人的恶性黑色素瘤的抗原表位基因插入到修饰后的质粒载体中，制备了含有抗原表位的杂合噬菌体。利用纯化的表位抗原免疫小鼠，用间接ELISA方法采用双波长（450/630nm)动态检测抗体。结果表明，噬菌体-表位抗原刺激小鼠产生了抗体。抗体的含量随时间不断增加，到4周进达到高峰。小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化实验表明噬菌体-表位抗原产生了明显的淋巴细胞增殖反应，为研制肿瘤疫苗奠定了基础。     

M13噬菌体在分析传感中的应用进展

为生物传感分析选择合适的目标识别分子是提高检测灵敏度和准确度的关键。为此,人们开发了一系列诸如小分子、抗体、多肽和适配体等亲和配体。基于噬菌体展示技术筛选出数千种特异性配体,可以噬菌体为组合元件构建生物传感探针。该方法具有优异的靶向能力,并具有较强的环境耐受性。常见的M13噬菌体表面由多达2700个拷贝的主要衣壳蛋白pVIII通过螺旋形式包裹内部的单链环状DNA而成,两端分别还有3~5个拷贝的次要衣壳蛋白pVII、pIX和pIII、pVI。通过噬菌体展示技术和化学修饰可对噬菌体进行功能化改造,M13噬菌体目前已成功应用于生物、化学、医学、材料和能源等领域。该文探讨了M13噬菌体在传感分析领域的应用,并展望了基于M13噬菌体传感探针的发展趋势。     

γ-Hydroxyphosphonate inducing single-chain antibodies capable of catalyzing soman hydrolysis

A γ-hydroxyphosphonate P6 (O1-methyl-O2-(1, 2, 2-trimethylpropyl)-2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl methylphosphonic acid) which is proposed to be an analog of the transition state in hydrolysis of soman was synthesized. Artificial antigens were obtained by conjugating P6 to the carrier proteins BSA (bovine serum albumin) and LPH (Limulus polyphenus hemocyanin). Mice were immunized with P6-LPH and recombinant single-chain antibody phage display library was constructed. After 4 rounds of panning against P6-BSA and competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay, more than 70 strains of phage antibodies capable of binding soman were obtained and 11 of them can accelerate the hydrolysis reaction of soman. One of them (EP6) was studied further. Soluble single-chain antibody was prepared and purification was performed by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The kinetic experiment was carried out showing that the turnover number kcat = 198 minγ1 and the rate enhancement kcat/kuncat = 122 419. When 0.16 mg·mLγ1 EP6 was preincubated in vitro with 0.132 mmol·Lγ1 (220 g·kgγ1 = 1.1×LD95) of soman prior to the administration to mice by subcutaneous route, all animals (19 mice) survived whereas all the control mice (14) treated with PBS and soman died within 30 min. Furthermore, EP6 could prolong the latent time of spasm and death when mice were passively immunized with EP6 intravenously 15 min before 1×LD95 of soman challenge. These results demonstrate that EP6 is able to increase the rate of soman degradation and protect against soman's toxicity, especially in vitro.     

Nucleophilic proteolytic antibodies

Proteolytic antibodies appear to utilizecatalytic mechanisms akin to nonantibody serine proteases, assessed from mutagenesis and protease-inhibitor studies. The catalytic efficiency derives substantially from the ability to recognize the ground state with high affinity. Because the proteolytic activity is germline-encoded, catalysts with specificity for virtually any target polypeptide could potentially be developed by applying appropriate immunogens and selection strategies. Analysis of transition-state stabilizing interactions suggests that chemical reactivity ofactive-site serine residues is an important contributor to catalysis. A prototype antigen analog capable of reacting covalently with nucleophilic serine residues permitted enrichment of the catalysts from a phage-displayed lupus light-chain library. Further mechanistic developments in understanding proteolytic antibodies may lead to the isolation of catalysts suitable for passive immunotherapy of major diseases, and elicitation of catalytic immunity as a component of prophylactic vaccination.     

Y-Hydroxyphosphonate inducing single-chain antibodies capable of catalyzing soman hydrolysis

A γ-hydroxyphosphonate P6 (O1-methyl-O2-(1, 2, 2-trimethylpropyl)-2-hydroxy-5-nitro-phenyl methylphosphonic acid) which is proposed to be an analog of the transition state in hydrolysis of soman was synthesized. Artificial antigens were obtained by conjugating P6 to the carrier proteins BSA (bovine serum albumin) and LPH (Limulus polyphenus hemocyanin). Mice were immunized with P6-LPH and recombinant single-chain antibody phage display library was constructed. After 4 rounds of panning against P6-BSA and competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay, more than 70 strains of phage antibodies capable of binding soman were obtained and 11 of them can accelerate the hydrolysis reaction of soman. One of them (EP6) was studied further. Soluble single-chain antibody was prepared and purification was performed by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The kinetic experiment was carried out showing that the turnover number kcatt= 198 min-1 and the rate enhancement kcatkuncat = 122 419. When 0.16 mg · mL-1     

Phage display of enzymes and in vitro selection for catalytic activity

Despite recent progress, our understanding of enzymes remains limited: the prediction of the changes that should be introduced to alter their properties or catalytic activities in an expected direction remains difficult. An alternative to rational design is selection of mutants endowed with the anticipated properties from a large collection of possible solutions generated by random mutagenesis. We describe here a new technique of in vitro selection of genes on the basis of the catalytic activity of the encoded enzymes. The gene coding for the enzyme to be engineered is cloned into the genome of a filamentous phage, whereas the enzyme itself is displayed on its surface, creating a phage enzyme. A bifunctional organic label containing a suicide inhibitor of the enzyme and a ligand with high affinity for an immobilized receptor are constructed. On incubation of a mixture of phage enzymes, those phages showing an activity on the inhibitor under the conditions of the experiment are labeled. These phages can be recovered by affinity chromatography. The design of the label and the factors controlling the selectivity of the selection are analyzed. The advantages of the technique and its scope in terms of the enzymes that can be engineered are discussed.     

镜像配基筛选:克服“酶屏障”的多肽、寡核苷酸药物研发技术

生物体内存在的酶屏障是功能性多肽和寡核苷酸成药的重要瓶颈.以镜像噬菌体展示技术(mirror-image phage display)和镜像适配体筛选技术(Spiegelmer technology)为代表的镜像配基筛选技术能有效地克服这一屏障,获得对靶点具有特异识别能力且在生理条件下高度稳定的D型多肽和L型寡核苷酸配基,有望成为多肽或寡核苷酸类特异性药物研发的有利工具.本文主要综述镜像配基筛选技术的原理及其在药学领域的研究进展.