CO2激光对熔石英表面小尺寸损伤的修复

利用10.6 μm的CO2激光对不同直径的点状损伤和不同宽度的划痕进行了修复。经过波长351 nm的紫外激光考核发现,对于直径小于80 μm的点状损伤和对于宽度小于40 μm的划痕,随着损伤点尺寸和划痕宽度的增加,修复后阈值提高程度逐渐降低。划痕的宽度在达到40 μm以后修复效果非常微弱。修复过程中,由于作用时间较短及温度分布不均产生了热应力导致样片损伤以后产生径向裂痕,后续的紫外激光会使裂痕明显扩展。当样品被置于高温退火炉内退火3 h以后,应力导致开裂的现象得到了解决。     

化学法制备的HfO2薄膜的激光损伤阈值研究

 采用化学法制备了HfO₂介质膜，研究了热处理、紫外辐照以及Al₂O₃复合对HfO₂介质膜激光损伤阈值的影响。采用红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线衍射仪对薄膜进行了表征，并用输出波长为1.064 μm、脉宽为10 ns的电光调Q激光系统测试薄膜的激光损伤阈值。实验结果表明：采用150 ℃左右的温度对薄膜进行热处理可以提高薄膜的激光损伤阈值，所获得的薄膜的激光损伤阈值高达42.32 J/cm²，比热处理前的激光损伤阈值提高了82%；无机材料Al₂O₃的适量添加能够提高薄膜的激光损伤阈值，其中HfO₂与Al₂O₃的最佳质量配比约为95∶5；另外，对薄膜进行适当的紫外辐照也可改善HfO₂ 薄膜以及HfO₂-Al₂O₃复合薄膜的抗激光损伤性能。紫外辐照对提高HfO₂-Al₂O₃复合薄膜的激光损伤阈值效果尤为显著，辐照40 min后的激光损伤阈值达到44.33 J/cm²，比紫外辐照前的激光损伤阈值提高了90%。     

激光钝化对熔石英修复后损伤性能影响的实验研究

采用10.6 μupm 的 CO₂激光, 对单次激光脉冲辐照修复熔石英存在的烧蚀采用大光斑钝化去除. 经过辐照修复的区域置于前表面测试初始损伤阈值, 结果表明调制造成的损伤得到了一定程度的抑制; 辐照区域置于后表面修复后 熔石英的初始损伤阈值超过了基底的初始损伤阈值. 实验观察到了应力分布外扩, 同时明显减弱. 对损伤增长的测试说明, 经过激光熔融辐照后的损伤点, 当应力释放以后, 损伤扩展初期表现出指数增长趋势, 后期随着辐照次数的增加, 损伤增长不再明显, 并且趋于恒定值.     

激光钝化对熔石英修复后损伤性能影响的实验研究

采用10.6 μupm 的 CO₂激光, 对单次激光脉冲辐照修复熔石英存在的烧蚀采用大光斑钝化去除. 经过辐照修复的区域置于前表面测试初始损伤阈值, 结果表明调制造成的损伤得到了一定程度的抑制; 辐照区域置于后表面修复后 熔石英的初始损伤阈值超过了基底的初始损伤阈值. 实验观察到了应力分布外扩, 同时明显减弱. 对损伤增长的测试说明, 经过激光熔融辐照后的损伤点, 当应力释放以后, 损伤扩展初期表现出指数增长趋势, 后期随着辐照次数的增加, 损伤增长不再明显, 并且趋于恒定值.     

杂质对溶胶-凝胶SiO2薄膜激光损伤的影响

 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了含有吸收性杂质和非吸收性杂质的SiO₂增透膜,采用波长为1 064 nm的激光对其进行了小光斑激光预处理,对比研究了预处理前后的激光损伤差异,研究表明：激光预处理对于洁净的SiO₂薄膜影响不大;含10 μm SiO₂颗粒杂质的样品微透镜效应很明显,容易成为损伤起始的种子,激光预处理后情况有所改善;含有CeO₂颗粒杂质的样品表现出了很强的吸收性质,损伤阈值降低到不足洁净样品的一半。所有样品激光预处理后损伤形貌未发生变化,透光率峰值均有约50 nm的蓝移。     

连续激光辐照下二氧化钒薄膜热致相变实验研究

 介绍了VO₂薄膜的相变原理，用磁控离子溅射法制备了VO₂薄膜，并进行了X射线衍射和不同温度下的光谱透过率测量。在1.319 μm 连续波激光辐照下，实时测量了VO₂薄膜的温度变化，以及由于温度变化引起相变后对激光透过率的变化。结果表明，入射到薄膜表面的平均功率为8.9 W、光斑直径2 mm时，激光出光480 ms后，VO₂的温度从室温上升到约100 ℃，薄膜发生了相变，其对1.319 μm激光的透过率从相变前的48％降为相变后的28％。     

高功率TEA CO2激光器两波长激光切换输出技术

 以TEA CO₂激光器通常采用的平-凹光学稳定腔为基础,提出了一种新的波长选支方法——输出窗口镀膜选支方法。利用一台高平均功率TEA CO₂激光器进行了选支实验研究,结合现有光学镀膜技术,得到了中心波长为9.3 μm的激光单谱线输出,其单脉冲能量及平均功率与激光器原中心波长10.6 μm单谱线输出的相应参数基本相当。研究发现,以相同单脉冲能量激光照射热敏纸时,中心波长9.3 μm激光光斑与中心波长10.6 μm的明显不同。同时,还设计出两波长窗口密闭免调切换装置,在一台激光器上实现了10.6,9.3 μm两个中心波长激光同等功率水平的免调切换输出,切换位置误差小于5″,密封性能满足使用要求。     

ZrO2薄膜的改性与抗激光损伤研究

 采用水热合成技术，制备了ZrO₂胶体，用旋涂法镀制了单层ZrO₂介质膜以及添加了有机粘合剂PVP的复合ZrO₂-PVP薄膜。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、椭偏仪、红外分光光度计（FTIR）、原子力显微镜（AFM）等仪器对干凝胶及薄膜进行了性能测试和表征，并用输出波长为1.064 μm、脉宽为10 ns的电光调Q激光系统产生的强激光测试其激光损伤阈值。测得ZrO₂和ZrO₂-PVP薄膜在300 ℃热处理60 min后的激光损伤阈值分别为24.5 J/cm²和37.8 J/cm²。研究表明：添加有机粘合剂后的复合薄膜具有平整的表面结构；有机粘合剂的添加有助于提高薄膜的折射率和激光损伤阈值，其中，ZrO₂-PVP 复合薄膜的折射率可高达1.75，激光损伤阈值达到37.8 J/cm²，比ZrO₂单层膜的激光损伤阈值提高50%。     

熔石英亚表面划痕激光诱导损伤阈值实验研究

 用原子力显微镜和光学显微镜观测酸蚀后熔石英亚表面划痕，并根据形貌特征将其分为Boussinesq-point-force crack(BPFC)、Hertzian-conical scratch(HCS)和Plastic indent(PI)三类，测试了各类划痕的损伤阈值，讨论了激光损伤机制。结果表明锐度较大的BPFC损伤阈值不超过2.0 J/cm<>2；深度小于1 μm的 HCS阈值可达2.6 J/cm²；形变较大的PI阈值至2.8 J/cm2，形变较小的PI的激光损伤阈值与无缺陷材料相当。BPFC 和深度超过1 μm的HCS是导致熔石英损伤阈值低的主要因素。     

溶胶-凝胶法MgF2紫外增透膜的制备和性能研究

 采用溶胶-凝胶法,以醋酸镁和氟化氢为原料,以甲醇为溶剂制备了MgF₂溶胶,利用浸渍提拉法在洁净石英基片上镀膜,考察了反应温度对溶胶微结构、薄膜结构和性能的影响。样品采用激光动态光散射、透射电镜、X射线粉体衍射仪、紫外-可见光谱仪、原子力显微镜进行表征。结果表明：通过该方法制备的表面平整的低折射率MgF₂薄膜,在紫外区具有很好的增透性能,同时在紫外波长355 nm激光的辐照下（脉宽6 ns）,薄膜具有较高的抗激光损伤性能,激光损伤阈值达10.85 J·cm^-2。     

High peak power FA (II) color center laser for time-resolved infrared spectroscopy

A pulsed, narrow-band F_A (II) color center laser is described which provides peak powers up to 20 kW with a band-width below 0.3 cm^-1 in the wavelength range from 2.4 μm to 2.9 μm. A frequency-doubled Nd: YAG laser is used as a pump source. The high peak power and short pulse length makes this layer system very attractive for time-resolved infrared spectroscopy on a nonosecond timescale.     

Pulsed laser damage of proustite

Pulsed laser damage thresholds have been measured for proustite (Ag₃ As S₃) as the wavelengths 0.694, 1.065, 1.32 and 10.6 μm. The damage thresholds have been found to vary with both the wavelength and duration of the irradiating pulse. At 1.065 μm damage thresholds are 0.38 J/cm² for pulses of duration <50 ns whilst for durations >50 ns a value of 7 MW/cm² is appropriate. The results suggest that damage is initiated by absorbing inclusions approximately 0.6 μm in diameter embedded within the crystals. These inclusions are heated by an incident pulse to cause catastrophic damage of both the surface and interior of an irradiated sample. A model has been developed to enable a study of the thermal behaviour of inclusions irradiated by laser pulses with Gaussian time-dependence to be made.     

Laser ablation of dental materials using a microsecond Nd:YAG laser

The action of microsecond laser pulses with a wavelength of 1064 nm on dental tissues (enamel and dentin) and various dental materials used for tooth replacement and filling (ceramics, metal alloys, and composites) is studied. It is demonstrated that the ablation thresholds of all of the dental materials are significantly lower than the threshold laser fluences for the dental tissue (E _thr = 200–300 J/cm²). At the laser fluences that do not allow ablation and damage of the dental tissues, the dental materials are effectively removed at a rate of no greater than 40 μm per pulse. It is shown that the laser ablation of the materials under study involves two processes (evaporation and volume explosion) depending on the optical density. The results obtained indicate that the laser radiation with a wavelength of 1064 nm and the microsecond pulse duration is promising for dental applications, since it allows effective cleaning of the tooth surface from various dental materials in the absence of the damages of dental tissues.     

An appraisal streak camera operation at the 1.315 μm iodine laser wavelength

Evaluation of streak cameras with S1 photocathode response for use at the iodine laser wavelength of 1.315 μm indicates that the low sensitivity still permits operation below the damage limits and at reasonable signal/noise levels.     

Validity of reciprocity rule on mouse skin thermal damage due to CO2 laser irradiation

CO₂ laser (10.6 μm) is a well-known infrared coherent light source as a tool in surgery. At this wavelength there is a high absorbance coefficient (860 cm^?1), because of vibration mode resonance of H₂O molecules. Therefore, the majority of the irradiation energy is absorbed in the tissue and the temperature of the tissue rises as a function of power density and laser exposure duration. In this work, the tissue damage caused by CO₂ laser (1–10 W, ～40–400 W cm^?2, 0.1–6 s) was measured using 30 mouse skin samples. Skin damage assessment was based on measurements of the depth of cut, mean diameter of the crater and the carbonized layer. The results show that tissue damage as assessed above parameters increased with laser fluence and saturated at 1000 J cm^?2. Moreover, the damage effect due to high power density at short duration was not equivalent to that with low power density at longer irradiation time even though the energy delivered was identical. These results indicate the lack of validity of reciprocity (Bunsen-Roscoe) rule for the thermal damage.     

Growth of high quality non-linear optical crystal zinc germanium phosphide for Mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator

ZnGeP₂ single crystals were grown from Vertical Bridgman method. High-quality near-stoichiometric ZnGeP₂ single crystals were obtained in the diameter of 30 mm and length of 120 mm. The results showed that after thermal annealing of the crystals the optical absorption coefficient was below 0.03 cm^?1 at 2.05 μm, and ～0.02 cm^?1 at 3–8 μm. The low absorption loss ZnGeP₂ samples with dimension of 6 × 6 × 18 mm³ were cut from the annealed ingots for 3–5 μm optical parametric oscillation (OPO) experiments. For OPO experiment, we obtained up to 8.7 W output in the 3–5 μm wavelength range (with signal of 3.80 μm and idler of 4.45 μm, respectively) pumped by a 16.3 W 2.05 μm Tm,Ho:GdVO₄ laser at pulse repetition rate of 10 kHz, which corresponded to a conversion efficiency of 53.4% and slope efficiency of 64.8%, respectively.     

Infrared and far-infrared laser emissions from a TE CO2 laser pumped NH3 gas

In this paper, infrared (IR) and far-infrared (FIR) laser emissions from a TE CO₂ laser pumped NH₃ gas are reported. 8 IR laser emissions near the wavelength of 12 μm were observed by using 4 different CO₂ laser lines for the pumping. 3 IR laser emissions in P-branch of vibrational-rotational band (ν₂ → G) oscillated simultaneously in two pumping cases, i.e. pumping with the R(30) or R(16) line of 9.4 μm band from the CO₂ laser. 26 FIR laser emissions (26.45 μm ～ 281.0 μm) were observed by using 12 different CO₂ laser lines, and the 10 FIR emissions of them may be new laser emissions as far as we know.     

飞秒激光诱导水光学击穿阈值

为了研究飞秒激光诱导水光学击穿阈值随激光脉冲参数的变化关系,采用四阶RungeKutta方法对飞秒激光诱导水光学击穿的椭球体模型进行了不同脉宽(40～540fs)、波长(400～1200nm)和光斑尺寸(0～200μm)下的数值模拟。通过控制变量法得出阈值光强与这些激光脉冲参数的关系曲线图,据此定性分析了阈值光强与激光脉冲参数的变化特征趋势。应用光强与功率、能量、辐照曝光量和电场强度之间的关系,得到了它们随激光脉冲参数脉宽、波长和光斑尺寸的动态关系,这为进一步研究飞秒激光与水和含水介质的相互作用提供了理论依据。     

Surface damage morphology investigations of silicon under millisecond laser irradiation

The surface damage morphologies of single crystal silicon induced by 1064 nm millisecond Nd:YAG laser are investigated. After irradiation, the damage morphologies of silicon are inspected by optical microscope (OM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The plasma emission spectra of the damaged region are detected by the spectrometer. It is shown that surface oxidation and nitridation have occurred during the interaction of millisecond laser with silicon. In addition, the damage morphologies induced by 2 ms and 10 ns pulse width laser are compared. The damage morphology obtained by 2 ms laser is an evident crater. Three types of damage morphologies are formed at different laser energy densities. The circular concentric ripples are found surrounding the rim of the crater. The spacing of the ripples is 15 ± 5 μm. Two types of cracks are observed: linear crack and circular crack. The linear crack is observed in the center of the damaged region which propagates to the periphery of the damaged region. The circular crack is located at the rim of the crater. The damage morphology induced by 10 ns laser is surface layer damage. The periodic linear waves are generated due to the interference between the incident beam and the scattered beam. The spacing of the ripples is 1.54 μm which is close to the incident laser wavelength 1.064 μm. The linear crack is located at the center of the damaged region. Furthermore, for the same laser energy density, the dimension of the damaged region and the crater depth induced by 2 ms laser are greater than that of 10 ns laser. It indicates that the damage mechanism under millisecond pulse laser irradiation is strongly different from the case of nanosecond pulse laser.