Phase-space representation of quantum systems in the relative-state formulation

A phase-space representation of quantum systems within the framework of the relative-state formulation is proposed. To this end, relative-position and relative-momentum states are introduced and their properties are investigated in detail. Phase-space functions that represent a quantum state vector are constructed in terms of the relative-positive and relative-momentum states, and the quantum dynamics is investigated by using the phase-space functions. Furthermore, probability distributions in phase space are considered by means of the relativestate formulation, and it is shown that the phase-space probability distribution is closely related to the operational probability distribution. The marginal distribution, characteristic function, and operational uncertainty relation are also discussed.     

Maximal entanglement of bipartite spin states in the context of quantum algebra

In the framework of the U _q (su(2)) quantum algebra, we investigate the entanglement properties of two-spin systems, of arbitrary spins j ₁ and j ₂, defined in an entanglement of deformed spin coherent states of each of the spins. We derive the amount of entanglement and we give conditions under which bipartite entangled states become maximally entangled. Using these conditions, we construct a large class of Bell states for any choices of the parameters that specify the spin coherent states.     

超导体中库珀对的SU(2)与Glauber相干态——库珀对与约瑟夫森超流性的量子特性研究

本文利用类自旋算符证明BCS超导基态波函数是单个库珀对SU(2)相干态波函数的直积、且在一定条件下为库珀对体系的SU(2)相干态波函数。若两块处在BCS超导基态的超导体耦合在一起,则体系仍处在SU(2)相干态,且在一定条件下为定态超辐射态。在SU(2)群到谐振子群的收缩下,库珀对的SU(2)相干态变为Glauber相干态。讨论了两种情形下库珀对与约瑟夫森超流性的量子噪声、分布及二阶相关特性。     

On phase-space representations of quantum mechanics using Glauber coherent states

A phase-space formulation of quantum mechanics is proposed by constructing two representations (identified as pq and qp) in terms of the Glauber coherent states, in which phase-space wave functions (probability amplitudes) play the central role, and position q and momentum p are treated on equal footing. After finding some basic properties of the pq and qp wave functions, the quantum operators in phase-space are represented by differential operators, and the Schrödinger equation is formulated in both pictures. Afterwards, the method is generalized to work with the density operator by converting the quantum Liouville equation into pq and qp equations of motion for two-point functions in phase-space. A coordinate transformation between those points allows one to construct a cell in phase-space, whose central point can be treated as a parameter. In this way, one gets equations of motion describing the evolution of one-point functions in phase-space. Finally, it is shown that some quantities obtained in this paper are related in a natural way with cross-Wigner functions, which are constructed with either the position or the momentum wave functions.     

Squeezing States of Magnons in a Ferromagnet

In this paper, we conduct an investigation into magnon self-squeezing states in a ferromagnet. In these states, the quantum fluctuations of the spin components can be lower than the zero-point quantum fluctuations of the coherent states. Through calculating the expectation values of spin fluctuations we gain the condition of achieving magnon self-squeezing. We introduce the mean-field theory for dealing with the nonlinear interaction term of Hamiltonian of magnon system.     

Operational Phase-Space Probability Distribution in Quantum Communication Theory

Operational phase-space probability distributions are useful tools for describing quantum mechanical systems, including quantum communication and quantum information processing systems. It is shown that quantum communication channels with Gaussian noise and quantum teleportation of continuous variables are described by operational phase-space probability distributions. The relation of operational phase-space probability distribution to the extended phase-space formalism proposed by Chountasis and Vourdas is discussed.     

Phase-space treatment of the driven quantum harmonic oscillator

A recent phase-space formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of the Glauber coherent states is applied to study the interaction of a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator with an arbitrary time-dependent force. Wave functions of the simultaneous values of position q and momentum p are deduced, which in turn give the standard position and momentum wave functions, together with expressions for the ηth derivatives with respect to q and p, respectively. Afterwards, general formulae for momentum, position and energy expectation values are obtained, and the Ehrenfest theorem is verified. Subsequently, general expressions for the cross-Wigner functions are deduced. Finally, a specific example is considered to numerically and graphically illustrate some results.     

Relativistic symmetry of position-dependent mass particle in Coulomb field including tensor interaction

The spatially-dependent mass Dirac equation is solved exactly for attractive scalar and repulsive vector Coulomb potentials including a tensor interaction under the spin and pseudospin symmetric limit. Closed forms of the energy eigenvalue equation and wave functions are obtained for arbitrary spin-orbit quantum number κ. Some numerical results are given too. The effect of the tensor interaction on the bound states is presented. It is shown that the tensor interaction removes the degeneracy between two states in the spin doublets. We also investigate the effects of the spatially-dependent mass on the bound states under the conditions of the spin symmetric limit in the absence of tensor interaction.     

New light on the optical equivalence theorem and a new type of discrete diagonal coherent state representation

In many instances we find it advantageous to display a quantum optical density matrix as a generalized statistical ensemble of coherent wave fields. The weight functions involved in these constructions turn out to belong to a family of distributions, not always smooth functions. In this paper we investigate this question anew and show how it is related to the problem of expanding an arbitrary state in terms of an overcomplete subfamily of the overcomplete set of coherent states. This provides a relatively transparent derivation of the optical equivalence theorem. An interesting by-product is the discovery of a new class of discrete diagonal representations. Work supported in part by the Energy Research and Development Administration, Contract No. E(40-I)3992.     

Path Integral Approach of Quantum Heisenberg Planar Spin Glass Model in the Presencesof Random Field

A quantum version of the site-random Heisenberg planar XY model in a random field is presented in the boson representation. Like classical spherical model in the spin space, the model can be solved exactly within the coherent state path integral-representation. The phase diagram is obtained, and the effects of the randomness and quantum fluctuations on the onset of a spin glass phase are discussed.     

Eine phasenraumdarstellung für spinsysteme

We start with the definition of two mapping operators, one of them is the projection operator onto coherent spin states. With the help of these operators we derive a mapping theorem which defines a correspondence between the operators in spin space andc-number functions of a certain class. It is shown that this correspondence is one-to-one. The quantum-mechanical expectation value of an operator is found to be expressible in the form of a phase space average of classical statistical mechanics. We also derive a product theorem which allows us to transcribe the equations of motion for operators into equivalent equations for thec-number functions. As an illustration of the theory, some examples are discussed.     

Strong quantum spin correlations observed in atomic spin mixing

We have observed sub-Poissonian spin correlations generated by collisionally induced spin mixing in a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate. We measure a quantum noise reduction of -7 dB (-10 dB corrected for detection noise) below the standard quantum limit for the corresponding coherent spin states. The spin fluctuations are detected as atom number differences in the spin states using fluorescent imaging that achieves a detection noise floor of 8 atoms per spin component for a probe time of 100 μs.     

Controllable coupling and quantum correlation dynamics of two double quantum dots coupled via a transmission line resonator

We propose a theoretical scheme to generate a controllable and switchable coupling between two double-quantum-dot (DQD) spin qubits by using a transmission line resonator (TLR) as a bus system. We study dynamical behaviors of quantum correlations described by entanglement correlation (EC) and discord correlation (DC) between two DQD spin qubits when the two spin qubits and the TLR are initially prepared in X-type quantum states and a coherent state, respectively. We demonstrate that in the EC death regions there exist DC stationary states in which the stable DC amplification or degradation can be generated during the dynamical evolution. It is shown that these DC stationary states can be controlled by initial-state parameters, the coupling, and detuning between qubits and the TLR. We reveal the full synchronization and anti-synchronization phenomena in the EC and DC time evolution, and show that the EC and DC synchronization and anti-synchronization depends on the initial-state parameters of the two DQD spin qubits. It is shown that the initial quantum correlation may be suppressed completely when the evolution time approaches to the infinity in the presence of dissipation. These results shed new light on dynamics of quantum correlations.     

Evolution Equation for a Joint Tomographic Probability Distribution of Spin-1 Particles

The nine-component positive vector optical tomographic probability portrait of quantum state of spin-1 particles containing full spatial and spin information about the state without redundancy is constructed. Also the suggested approach is expanded to symplectic tomography representation and to representations with quasidistributions like Wigner function, Husimi Q?function, and Glauber-Sudarshan P?function. The evolution equations for constructed vector optical and symplectic tomograms and vector quasidistributions for arbitrary Hamiltonian are found. The evolution equations are also obtained in special case of the quantum system of charged spin-1 particle in arbitrary electro-magnetic field, which are analogs of non-relativistic Proca equation in appropriate representations. The generalization of proposed approach to the cases of arbitrary spin is discussed. The possibility of formulation of quantum mechanics of the systems with spins in terms of joint probability distributions without the use of wave functions or density matrices is explicitly demonstrated.     

Would-Be Local Fields

General quantum field theory is formulated for the case when the Wightman distributions can grow in momentum space as the exponential of a covariant polynomial. Appropriate spaces of test functions are introduced, and it is shown that the vacuumexpectation values can be written in terms of various associated tempered distributions, which enjoy some of the properties of ordinary Wightman distributions; in particular, they can be represented as boundary values of functions holomorphic in the usual extended tubes. Notions of locality for the tempered distributions can be introduced, which are sufficient to imply the PCT theorem and theorems on the connection between spin and statistic for the non-tempered fields. It is shown how a Haag-Ruelle theory of asymptotic states and fields may be set up. A possible line of generalisation is illustrated by the special example of fields of the type χ (□) A (x), where A is a tempered field, and χ an entire analytic function of finite exponential order.     

Quantum domain wall and coherent states for the Heisenberg-Ising spin 12 chain

It is shown that the quantum domain wall state ∣ø〉, recently found for the exchange anisotropy spin $\text{1}\text{2}$ chain, can be written as a direct product of one-site Bloch's coherent states. From this representation it follows that for this particular system of interacting spins ∣ø〉 is a minimum uncertainty packet and the correlation functions in this state factorize.     

Applications of the coherent state representation in the theory of magnetism: II. Helical spin configurations

In a previous paper, the coherent state representation of spin wave states was used to derive the low temperature expansion for the free energy of the Heisenberg model of a ferromagnet. In this paper, the same formalism is applied to anisotropic systems which are usually described semiclassically. The coherent state parameters are shown to be ideally suited for describing certain of the resulting helical spin configurations. The coherent state approach emphasizes the analogy of these states to superfluid boson systems. A model spin Hamiltonian appropriate to Erbium is chosen and discussed in this light. In particular, the transition in a transverse magnetic field from the ground state cone configuration to a fan configuration, the stability and possible metastability of these states and the fluctuations about them are investigated. Numerical estimates show at least qualitative agreement with experiment.     

Interpretation of the Quantum Measurement: Example of a Linearly Coupled Harmonic Oscillator

We argue that it may be possible to consistently explain the quantum measurement by assuming that the wave function is in one-to-one correspondence with objective physical reality and has no probabilistic interpretation. In the context of such approach we consider the model of a harmonic oscillator linearly coupled to a heat bath and treat the oscillator as the system being measured. Three classes of initial pure states for the bath are considered. Exact expressions for the average values and variances of the oscillator coordinate and momentum as functions of time are considered for each class of pure states. It is shown that these quantities exhibit different asymptotic behavior for different classes of initial states of the bath. In particular, if each mode of the bath is initially in a coherent state, then for an arbitrary initial state of the oscillator the variances of the oscillator coordinate and momentum asymptotically approach the same values as for a coherent state of the free oscillator, while the averages of coordinate and momentum show a Brownian-like behavior. We argue that such behavior shows several features of the quantum measurement and supports our interpretation of the wave function.     

Phase Properties of New Even and Odd Nonlinear Coherent States

Using the Pegg–Barnett formalism of phase operator, we obtain phase probability distributions of new even and odd nonlinear coherent states. It is shown that the distributions for the states are rather different, and unlike the case of ordinary even and odd coherent states the Pegg–Barnett distribution clearly reflects the different character of quantum interference in the case of the new even and odd coherent states.