Precursor ionization ahead of strong shock waves in argon

The mechanism of precursor ionization ahead of strong shock waves has been studied in a low density shock tube. The experimental results are illustrated with Arrhenius plots with kink points dividing them into two parts with apparent activation energy ratio 1:2, namely with the values 7.7 eV and 15.3 eV, and varying with first and third power of the density respectively. A model is proposed to interpret the facts where the process taking place in the precursor region, is a two step photo ionization accompanied with the drift flow effect of the gas relative to the shock wave or the ionization recombination effect according to whether the shock speed and initial density are low enough. The product of the A-A collision excitation cross section coefficientS ^* multiplied by the radiation cross sectionQ ^* of ArgonS ^*×Q ^*=1×10⁻³⁶ (cm⁴eV⁻¹) and the three body recombination coefficient of Argon at room temperaturek _ra =1×10⁻²⁴ (cm⁻⁶s⁻¹). The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Investigation on nonequlibrium radiation and relaxation phenomena in shock tubes

The experimental results for the excited time of the nonequlibrium radiation and the ionization behind strong shock waves are presented. Using an optical multichannel analyzer, InSb infrared detectors and near-free-molecular Langmuir probes, the infrared radiation, the electron density of air and the nonequlibrium radiation spectra at different moments of the relaxation process in nitrogen test gas behind normal shock waves were obtained, respectively, in hydrogen oxygen combustion driven shock tubes. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19982005 and 10032050), and the National Defense Science Foundation of China (95JBA4.2ZK0402)     

The interaction between shock waves and foam in a shock tube

An experimental study and a numerical simulation were conducted to investigate the mechanical and thermodynamic processes involved in the interaction between shock waves and low density foam. The experiment was done in a stainless shock tube (80 mm in inner diameter, 10 mm in wall thickness and 5 360 mm in length). The velocities of the incident and reflected compression waves in the foam were measured by using piezo-ceramic pressure sensors. The end-wall peak pressure behind the reflected wave in the foam was measured by using a crystal piezoelectric sensor. It is suggested that the high end-wall pressure may be caused by a rapid contact between the foam and the end-wall surface. Both open-cell and closed-cell foams with different length and density were tested. Through comparing the numerical and experimental end-wall pressure, the permeability coefficients α and β are quantitatively determined.     

Instability theory of shock wave in a shock tube

The instability theory of shock wave in a shock tube including the effects of tube wall and contact surface is studied. The experimental data of unstable shock wave coincide with one of instability criteria derived in the present paper.     

The interaction between shock waves and solid spheres arrays in a shock tube

When a shock wave interacts with a group of solid spheres, non-linear aerodynamic behaviors come into effect. The complicated wave reflections such as the Mach reflection occur in the wave propagation process. The wave interactions with vortices behind each sphere‘s wake cause fluctuation in the pressure profiles of shock waves. This paper reports an experimental study for the aerodynamic processes involved in the interaction between shock waves and solid spheres. A schlieren photography was applied to visualize the various shock waves passing through solid spheres. Pressure measurements were performed along different downstream positions. The experiments were conducted in both rectangular and circular shock tubes. The data with respect to the effect of the sphere array, size, interval distance, incident Mach number, etc., on the shock wave attenuation were obtained.     

Head-on collision of normal shock waves in dusty gases

The head-on collision of normal shock waves in dusty gases has been investigated numerically, using the modified random-choice method. The results concerning the various flow field properties as well as the waves configuration were compared with those of a pure gas case.     

Experimental and numerical studies of rotational relaxation behind a strong shock wave in air

This paper describes the experimental and numerical investigations of unknown characteristics of the rotational nonequilibrium phenomena behind a strong shock wave in air. Experiments were carried out using a piston-driven shock tube with helium as driving gas and air as driven (test) gas, operated as a two-stage shock tube. In the experiments, emission spectra of NO were measured to evaluate the rotational temperature behind a strong shock wave. The numerical calculations use the computational code for the thermal and chemical nonequilibrium flow behind a strong shock wave developed by the present author's group, where 11 chemical species (N, O, NO, N, O, N, O, NO, N, O, e) and 48 chemical reactions of high-temperature air are considered. The thermal nonequilibrium is expressed by introducing an 8 temperature model composed of translational temperature, rotational and vibrational temperatures for N, O, NO, and electron temperature. The coupling of a rotation, vibration and dissociation (CRVD) model was incorporated to take sufficiently into account the rotational nonequilibrium. The calculations were conducted for the same conditions as the experimental ones. From the calculated flow properties, emission spectra were re-constructed using the code for computing spectra of high temperature air “SPRADIAN”. Furthermore, rotational and vibrational temperatures of NO (0,1) were determined from a curve fitting method and compared with the computed results. Received 12 September 2001 / Accepted 18 February 2002     

Nonequilibrium molecular radiation behind the front of a strong shock wave in the CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-N<Subscript>2</Subscript>-O<Subscript>2</Subscript> mixture

Models of population of some radiating electron-vibrational states of CO, CN, and C₂ molecules are developed. The characteristics of radiation in a chemically nonequilibrium flow behind the front of a strong shock wave in a mixture of gases constituting the Martian atmosphere are calculated. The numerical data are compared with experimental results.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 13–22, March–April, 2005     

Interaction of a centered isentropic compression wave with the bow shock ahead of a body in a rarefied gas

Rarefied gas flow with a centered isentropic compression wave is investigated using direct Monte Carlo simulation of the solution of the Boltzmann equation. For monatomic gas flow the pattern of formation of a suspended compression shock near the geometric center of the compression wave is considered. The flow pattern is compared with the results obtained within the framework of gas dynamics. For a diatomic gas the interference of a centered compression wave with the bow shock ahead of a cylinder is investigated. The dependence of the pressure and the heat transfer to the surface on the Reynolds number and the wave center position relative to the cylinder center is analyzed. The results are compared with those of numerical simulation of the Euler and boundary-layer equations.     

Instability theory of shock wave in a channel

The instability theory of shock wave was extended from the case with an infinitefront to the case of a channel with a rectangular cross section.First,themathematical formulation of the problem was given which included a system ofdisturbed equations and three kinds of boundary conditions.Then,the general solutionsof the equations upstream and downstream were given and each contained fiveconstants to be determined.Thirdly,under one boundary condition and oneassumption,it was proved that all of the disturbances in front of the shock front andone of the two acoustic disturbances behind the shock front should be zero.Theboundary condition was that all of the disturbed physical quantities should approach tozero at infinity.The assumption was that only the unstable shock wave was concernedhere.So it was reasonable to assumeω=iγ,γwas the instability growth rate andwas a positive real number.Another kind of boundary conditions was that the normaldisturbed velocities should be zero at the solid wall of the cha     

高温激波管化学非平衡流动数值模拟研究

为了预测氢氧定容燃烧驱动的高温激波管性能,需要准确分析激波管非定常化学非平衡流动过程.本文在破膜前的驱动段定容燃烧以及破膜后的化学非平衡流动数值模拟中,引入双时间步长方法,发展高温激波管化学非平衡流动数值模拟方法,该方法在时间上具有二阶精度.计算结果与目前存在的激波管流动解析解以及零维化学反应系统的数值解进行了比较,吻合较好.对于典型高温激波管状态,采用有限体积方法离散准一维流动Euler控制方程,并通过将流动过程和化学反应动力学过程耦合求解,获得了激波管内部的化学非平衡流动特征.     

Motion analysis of a diaphragmless driver section for a narrow channel shock tube

We set up a diaphragmless driver section as the first step towards developing a shock tube at microscale which has high experimental efficiency, independent of tube dimensions or the ratio of driver and driven pressure. The experiment described in this paper is performed by using our diaphragmless driver section. We measured the operating time and the velocity of the fast opening valve. Additionally we have introduced and calculated the differential equation, by using the Runge–Kutta–Gill method, to understand the motion of the fast opening valve. We achieved good agreement between experimental and calculated results for the velocity. We can conclude that the diaphragmless driver section is highly suitable for a narrow channel shock tube.      

Self-ignition and ignition of aluminum powders in shock waves

Ignition of fine aluminum powders in reflected shock waves has been studied. Two ignition regimes are found: self-ignition observed at temperatures higher than 1800 K and “low-temperature” ignition at temperatures of 1000–1800 K. The possibility of initiating the ignition of aluminum powders in air using combustible liquids has been studied too. Received 4 December 2000 / Accepted 30 May 2001     

Triple configurations of traveling shock waves in inviscid gas flows

Triple configurations of shock waves in supersonic inviscid flows of a perfect gas are considered. The basic parameters of triple configurations are determined, and the conditions of solution existence are analyzed. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 3–10, May–June, 2008.     

基于主-次激波在变截面管中传播的数值模拟

采用二阶精度的单调迎风中心格式(MUSCL)和非结构自适应网格技术与有限体积形式,对轴对称变截面管道中基于主-次的爆轰波传播过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,基于主-次的爆轰波传播至目标区时,冲击波流场均匀、稳定,波形良好;适当提高驱动段的爆炸能量,目标区能够获得预想的冲击波超压值和作用时间。     

Thermal shielding of a sphere from the action of a strong shock wave

The time-dependent interaction of an incident shock wave with a sphere is considered in the presence of a heat supply region ahead of the body. The reflected shock configuration and the flow pattern are numerically investigated. The efficiencies of heat shields of different shapes are compared with respect to the longitudinal force acting on the sphere.     

环形激波聚焦流场特性的数值研究

针对环形激波聚焦过程产生的高温、高压特性,采用间断有限元方法模拟了环形激波在同轴圆柱形激波管内的聚焦流场特性。计算结果表明,采用间断有限元方法能够有效地捕捉激波聚焦过程形成的二次激波、涡环、三波交点和球面双马赫反射等主要流动特征。此外,通过改变环形管道内外半径对聚焦流场进行模拟发现,环形管道外径对中心轴线上聚焦峰值压力的大小和位置影响较小,环形管道内径对中心轴线上聚焦峰值压力的大小和位置影响较大。计算结果可以为工程应用提供一定的理论指导。     

Imaging spectroscopy of the nonequilibrium shock front radiation in air

The nonequilibrium radiation of shock fronts in air is experimentally investigated by means of the imaging spectroscopy technique. Shock velocity ranges from 9.7 to 11.6 km/s and initial pressure from 13.3 to 41.6 Pa. The spectral diagnostic system consists of an imaging spectrograph, a streak camera, a gated image-intensified CCD camera and a personal computer for data acquisition/processing. This spectral diagnostic system is capable of simultaneous wavelength-, intensity- and time-resolved spectroscopic measurements in the nanosecond order. The image processing of the streak images includes a combined smoothing/deconvolution process in the time direction to diminish experimental noise effects and the temporal broadening due to the streak camera entrance slit. Wavelength range is chosen to investigate the first negative band of . “Large” and “slim” streak image types are observed. In the “large” streak images greater contribution from (1-)(1,0) behind the radiation peak is observed. Experimental data are compared with a streak image numerically simulated. The numerical simulation agrees better with the “slim” streak image. Received 7 July 1995 / Accepted 10 January 1996     

Optical study on thermal radiation energy of diesel spray combustion in a shock tube

A tailored interface shock tube was used to measure the thermal energy radiated from diesel-spray combustion. Experiments were performed in a steel shock tube with a seven m long low-pressure section filled with air and a six m long high-pressure section. Pre-compressed fuel was injected through a throttling nozzle into air behind a reflected shock wave. Monochromatic emissive powers and emissive powers of the whole IR-wavelengths were followed with IR-detectors set along the central axis of the tube. Time-dependent-radii, where soot particles radiate, were also determined. Results were : (1) the tailored interface shock tube could be applied to a study of diesel-spray combustion. (2) thermal radiation energy could be described well from the ignition delay of the fuel spray.PACS: 47.40.Nm, 47.70.Mc     

Numerical investigations of shock waves in gas-particle mixtures

The propagation of shock waves in gas-particle mixtures in one- and two-dimensional geometries is numerically investigated. Two schemes for approximating conservation laws for particles, which are collectively treated as a continuum medium, are compared and discussed. Different models of the drag coefficient and Nusselt number, directly affecting the interaction between the gas and particle phases, are used for obtaining shock profiles, and the results are compared. The oblique shock reflections at a solid wedge in a gas-particle mixture are simulated. The results demonstrate that the reflection pattern changes as the shock propagates along the wedge, revealing strong non-selfsimilarity of the phenomenon.Received: 22 May 2003, Accepted: 28 August 2003, Published online: 12 November 2003 Correspondence to:T. Saito