高性能丙烯酰吗啉基离子凝胶的制备及应用研究

随着柔性电子领域的发展,离子凝胶越来越受到关注。本文使用聚合物单体丙烯酰吗啉（ACMO）在离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑啉双（三氟甲基磺酰基）亚胺（EMIM TFSI）中进行一步光照聚合得到离子凝胶PAI。表征发现：PACMO与EMIM TFSI之间存在强氢键作用使离子凝胶透明度达93%,且具有良好的自修复性能。离子凝胶断裂伸长率为450%,断裂强度为1.9 MPa,对不同的基底材料都有高黏附能力。作为柔性应变传感器应用时,离子凝胶表现出高灵敏度,在长循环测试中稳定性高。不仅如此,废弃的离子凝胶还可以进行回收或重新铸型后循环使用,具有绿色无污染的特点。     

聚离子液体的合成及应用

聚离子液体(PILs)是在重复单元上具有阴、阳离子电解质基团的聚合物。此类聚合物结合了离子液体和聚合物的一些性质,近年来在高分子化学和材料科学等领域受到广泛关注。本文将聚离子液体划分为聚阳离子型离子液体、聚阴离子型离子液体、聚两性型离子液体和共聚型离子液体四类并介绍了聚离子液体的性质及各类聚离子液体的合成。此外,本文还对聚离子液体在有机分散剂、纳米复合材料、电化学、吸附剂和分离等方面的应用进行了综述。     

用于柔性应变传感器的离子凝胶的研究进展

随着生活智能化和生产数字化的发展,人们对于柔性传感器、柔性储能器件、柔性显示屏等柔性电子器件的需求和要求逐渐提升,这迫切需要开发具有优良拉伸性能、高透明度和适用温度范围大的柔性导电材料。离子凝胶是一种将离子液体限制在固态三维网络结构的导电弹性材料,其在耐热性、稳定性和力学性能等方面有着明显优势,在柔性电子器件的制造中有着巨大应用潜力。本文将从构成离子凝胶的固态三维网络的分类、结构与性质的改进来综述离子凝胶在柔性应变传感器的研究进展并对离子凝胶的研究发展趋势进行展望。     

离子液体聚合物的研究进展

离子液体聚合物是一类高分子链上至少含有一个离子中心,重复单元与常见离子液体结构类似,具有特殊性能的高分子,应用于诸多领域。本文综述了离子液体聚合物在离子导体、吸附及分离、稳定剂以及催化剂等方面应用的最新研究进展,重点介绍了离子液体聚合物作为离子导体在锂离子电池和染料敏化太阳电池中应用的研究现状,最后展望了离子液体聚合物的发展前景。     

含[AMIM]BF4的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯基凝胶聚合物电解质的制备与改性

用两步法合成了离子液体1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[AMIM]BF4）,将聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)引入离子液体[AMIM]BF4中,制备出含离子液体[AMIM]BF4的新型凝胶聚合物电解质,采用非质子溶剂、纳米SiO2等对其进行了改性。 用FT-IR、交流阻抗（AC）、TG、SEM等测试技术对其结构和性能进行了表征。 结果表明,非质子溶剂碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸二甲酯和纳米SiO2的加入使聚合物电解质的室温离子电导率增大,达5.25×10-3 S/cm;电导率与温度的关系符合Arrhenius方程;几种凝胶聚合物电解质的热分解温度均高于300 ℃,显示出良好的热稳定性。     

提拉纺丝制备弹性离子液体凝胶纤维

规模化制备兼具高弹性和高离子电导率的可拉伸导电纤维极具挑战性.为此,我们开发了一步法提拉纺丝策略,可连续制备高弹性离子液体凝胶纤维.其中,离子液体与聚合物基质以非共价相互作用结合,在纤维中稳定存在,并可大幅调控纤维力学性能.得益于通过氢键自发纳米限域形成的多尺度相分离结构,所得离子液体凝胶纤维具有良好的拉伸性(707%)、高透明度(98%)、高回弹性(残余应变仅9%)、导电性(0.12 S·m^-1)以及抗冻性能.此外,该纤维还可对湿气、温度以及应变表现出极为灵敏的信号感知能力.这一工作为开发面向智能感知的高性能离子导电纤维材料提供了设计思路.     

电流型电化学气体传感器电解液的研究进展

综述了电流型电化学气体传感器电解液的发展状况。 研究发现,用离子液体作电解液,与水溶液电解液相比,具有不挥发、电导率高和电化学窗口宽等优点,其与聚合物结合得到的离子液体聚合物电解质兼具离子液体和聚合物电解质的优点。 用有机溶剂作电流型电化学气体传感器电解液的研究还刚刚开始,但它是很有应用前景的。     

利用双水相分离回收离子液体的研究进展

研究离子液体的分离与回收对于减少离子液体对环境的影响、提高离子液体的利用效率、降低离子液体的应用成本、促进离子液体的工业应用具有重要的意义.本文重点综述了利用无机盐-离子液体双水相、糖-离子液体双水相、聚合物-离子液体双水相和CO2诱导的离子液体双水相技术分离回收离子液体的研究进展,分析了影响离子液体分离回收的关键因素,评价了不同离子液体双水相体系的优缺点,展望了该领域的发展方向及面临的挑战.     

含[BMIM]Cl-ZnCl2和非质子溶剂的凝胶聚合物电解质的合成

以烯类单体MA、MMA、HEMA为基质,通过原位聚合,合成了同时含离子液体[BMIM]Cl-ZnCl2和非质子溶剂的一系列新型凝胶聚合物电解质,用FTIR、AC、TG等方法对其结构和性能进行了表征。研究表明,聚合物电解质具有复合物结构;[BMIM]Cl-ZnCl2和非质子溶剂PC﹑DMC的加入使聚合物电解质的室温离子电导率大大增加,达2.83×10⁻³ S/cm,且与温度的关系符合VTF方程;聚合物电解质的热分解温度大于275 ℃,显示出良好的热稳定性。     

面向柔性超级电容器的凝胶电解质研究进展

柔性超级电容器卓越的功率密度和柔性应用能力与可穿戴设备对柔性电源的紧迫需求相吻合,同时具备较大的能量密度提升潜力,使其受到了广泛关注。将水、有机液体、离子液体和导电离子等溶入三维聚合物网络构建导电凝胶作为电解质,不仅简化了柔性超级电容器结构,还通过引入多样的交联方式和合成材料进一步提升其性能,已成为近年备受瞩目的研究方向。本文深入分析并总结了凝胶电解质应用于柔性超级电容器的独特优势及其关键性能优化的方法,包括：调控导电离子含量及传输路径以提高离子电导率;采用双重物理交联和模板化合成策略调节凝胶网络结构以改善机械性能;引入有机液体、离子液体等溶剂限制冰晶形成,从而拓宽工作温度范围。然而,凝胶电解质在柔性超级电容器应用中仍然面临一系列挑战,包括生物相容性不足、电极/电解质界面兼容性弱以及合成材料的环保性不佳。未来研究需进一步解决上述问题,以实现凝胶电解质在柔性超级电容器中的高效应用。     

Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Ionogels: Synthesis and Properties of Triple Ionic Liquid/Halloysite/MCC Ionogels

In this study, an ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, was used to prepare ionogels with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and halloysite (Hal). SEM, XRD, TG, DSC, FTIR spectroscopy, conductometry and mechanical tests were used to study the morphology, structure, thermal behaviour and electrophysical and mechanical characteristics of synthesised ionogels. XRD analysis showed a slight decrease in the interlayer space of halloysite in ionogels containing MCC, which may have been associated with the removal of residual water molecules resulting from hydrophilic IL anions and polymer macromolecules. A change in conductivity and glass-transition temperature of the ionic liquid was revealed due to intercalation into halloysite (a confinement effect) and modification with cellulose. For triple IL/Hal/MCC ionogels, the characteristic thermal degradation temperatures were higher than the corresponding values for IL/Hal composites. This indicates that the synthesised IL/Hal/MCC ionogels are characterised by a greater thermal stability than those of IL/Hal systems.     

Ionogels: Squeeze flow rheology and ionic conductivity of quasi-solidified nanostructured hybrid materials containing ionic liquids immobilized on halloysite

Ionogels are hybrid ion-conducting materials consisting of ionic liquids stabilized by inorganic or polymer fillers and having good prospects for application in solid-state and flexible electronics and energy storage devices. The work presents the results of studying the rheological properties and ionic conductivity of a series of ionogels based on halloysite nanoclay and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids with EMIm⁺, BMIm⁺, BM₂Im⁺, BMPyrr⁺, BMPip⁺ and MOc₃Am⁺ cations and content of the dispersion phase of 43–48%. The obtained values are compared with the analogous characteristics of bulk ionic liquids. It has been established that the IL cation structural characteristics affect the viscoplastic properties of ionogels subjected to uniaxial quasistatic compression (20 °C), ionic conductivity and structural resistance coefficient of an inorganic filler (from ?20 to +80 °C). Additive models of conductivity in binary systems are applied to obtain correlations linking ionic conductivity of ionogels with that of pure ionic liquids.     

In Situ Synthesis of Imidazolium‐Crosslinked Ionogels via Debus–Radziszewski Reaction Based on PAMAM Dendrimers in Imidazolium Ionic liquid

This study reports a remarkably facile method to synthesize novel ionogels with imidazolium cycle crosslinks based on polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers via one‐pot, modified Debus–Radziszewski reaction in ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][OAc]). High room temperature ionic conductivity (up to 6.8 mS cm⁻¹) is achieved, and more remarkably, it can still exceed 1 mS cm⁻¹ when the dendrimer content reached 70% because PAMAM dendrimers are completely amorphous with many cavities and the newly formed imidazolium crosslinks contains ions. The elastic modulus of these ionogels can exceed 10⁶ Pa due to the newly‐formed rigid imidazolium crosslinks. Crucially, these ionogels are robust gels even at temperatures up to 160 °C. Such novel ionogels with high ionic conductivity, tunable modulus, and flexibility are desirable for use in high‐temperature flexible electrochemical devices.     

Overview of Ionogels in Flexible Electronics

Ionogels have aroused wide interests in the field of flexible electronics. The combination of solid‐state networks and ionic liquids opens up thousands of possibilities for ionogels. The unique structures of ionogels endow them excellent mechanical properties, conductivity and thermal stability to approach the challenge of flexible electronic. A large number of new ionogels have been developed by different methods including the exchange of solution, polymeric ionic liquid and in‐situ reactions in ionic liquids (gelation of low molecular weight gelators, self‐assembly of block polymers, formation of double‐network structure, ionogel nanocomposites and direct polymerization of polymerizable monomers). The aim of this review is to discuss different preparation methods of ionogels and the comparison of their advantages.     

Chain confinement promotes β-phase formation in polyfluorene-based photoluminescent ionogels

The synthesis of photoluminescent conjugated polymer silica ionogels using sol-gel chemistry is described. Cooperative self-assembly of an ionic liquid, the silica precursor and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) via hydrogen bonding and π-stacking interactions drives formation of the PFO β-phase.     

Ionogels, ionic liquid based hybrid materials

The current interest in ionic liquids (ILs) is motivated by some unique properties, such as negligible vapour pressure, thermal stability and non-flammability, combined with high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. However, for material applications, there is a challenging need for immobilizing ILs in solid devices, while keeping their specific properties. In this critical review, ionogels are presented as a new class of hybrid materials, in which the properties of the IL are hybridized with those of another component, which may be organic (low molecular weight gelator, (bio)polymer), inorganic (e.g. carbon nanotubes, silica etc.) or hybrid organic-inorganic (e.g. polymer and inorganic fillers). Actually, ILs act as structuring media during the formation of inorganic ionogels, their intrinsic organization and physicochemical properties influencing the building of the solid host network. Conversely, some effects of confinement can modify some properties of the guest IL, even though liquid-like dynamics and ion mobility are preserved. Ionogels, which keep the main properties of ILs except outflow, while allowing easy shaping, considerably enlarge the array of applications of ILs. Thus, they form a promising family of solid electrolyte membranes, which gives access to all-solid devices, a topical industrial challenge in domains such as lithium batteries, fuel cells and dye-sensitized solar cells. Replacing conventional media, organic solvents in lithium batteries or water in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), by low-vapour-pressure and non flammable ILs presents major advantages such as improved safety and a higher operating temperature range. Implementation of ILs in separation techniques, where they benefit from huge advantages as well, relies again on the development of supported IL membranes such as ionogels. Moreover, functionalization of ionogels can be achieved both by incorporation of organic functions in the solid matrix, and by encapsulation of molecular species (from metal complexes to enzymes) in the immobilized IL phase, which opens new routes for designing advanced materials, especially (bio)catalytic membranes, sensors and drug release systems (194 references).     

Adaptive Ion-Gel: Stimuli-Responsive,and Self-Healing Ion Gels

Ion gels are an emerging class of polymer gels in which a three-dimensional polymer network swells with an ionic liquid. Ion gels have drawn considerable attention in various fields such as energy and biotechnology owing to their excellent properties including nonvolatility, nonflammability, high ionic conductivity, and high thermal and electrochemical stability. Since the first report on ion gels (published ∼30 years ago), diverse functional ion gels exhibiting impressive physicochemical properties have been reported. In this review, recent developments in functional ion gels that can modulate their physical properties in response to environmental conditions are outlined. Stimuli-responsive ion gels that can adaptively undergo phase transitions in response to thermal and light stimuli are initially discussed, followed by an evaluation of diverse self-healing ion gels that can spontaneously mend mechanical damage through judiciously designed ion-gel networks.     

The confinement and anion type effect on the physicochemical properties of ionic liquid/halloysite nanoclay ionogels

This work is the first attempt to study the physicochemical properties of ionogels - quasi-solid hybrid materials formed by ionic liquids (ILs) − 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMIm⁺) salts with dicyanamide- (DCA⁻), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide- (TFSI⁻), and trifluoromethanesulfonate- (Otf⁻) anions - and halloysite, a powdered clay filler with nanotube particles (at the IL:Hal molar ratio of 2:1) in order to find possible new applications of ionic liquids and industrial minerals. The electron microscopy, TG, and DSC analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, conductometry and cyclic voltammetry methods are used to investigate the anion effect on the IL interaction with halloysite. It has, for the first time, been found that the distinguishing feature of halloysite interaction with an IL determining the structural changes in the clay mineral and electrochemical characteristics of the ionogels is partial dehydration of the clay and absorption of the released water by the ionic liquid. It is shown that the halloysite dehydration effect depends on the IL hydrophilicity determined by the anion type, corresponds to the series: BMImDCA > BMImOtf > BMImTFSI. The electrochemical and thermal behaviour of ILs confined within a halloysite matrix differs from that of bulk ILs and is controlled by the anion type. Temperature dependences of the structural resistance of the halloysite filler are radically different for the ILs with high and low hydrophilicity. The effects resulting from the formation of halloysite-based ionogels can be of interest to those who develop quasi-solid ionic conductors that can work within a wide temperature range.     

Ionogels encompassing ionic liquid with liquid like performance preferable for fast solid state electrochromic devices

Novel ionogels encompassing an ionic liquid encaged in an inorganic matrix were synthesized by sol–gel chemistry. The ability of these highly conducting ionogels (∼10⁻² S cm⁻¹ at 25 °C) to act as liquid electrolytes in spite of their solid form has been exploited in inorganic electrochromic devices based on tungsten oxide and Prussian blue electrodes. These devices exhibit extremely fast switching kinetics and make it the best and only candidate for the realization of fast all solid state electrochromic devices.     

Use of ionic liquids in sol-gel; ionogels and applications

The current strong interest in ionic liquids is motivated by their unique combination of properties such as negligible vapour pressure, thermal stability, non-flammability, high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. The first part of this short review deals with all the specific aspects of sol-gel in the presence of ionic liquid, which can act as drying control chemical additive, catalyst, porogenous agent and solvent or co-solvent. The second part is devoted to the properties of the gels in which the ionic liquid is kept confined (ionogels) and their applications as electrolyte membranes, optical devices, catalysts and sensors.