Construction of the Skeleton of Phthalascidin, Mechanism of the Formation of the Key Tricyclic Lactam Intermediate

Phthalascidin is a structurally simplified version of Et-743, which is a potent anti-tumor marine natural product isolated from Ecteinascidia turbinata. Its antiproliferative activity is greater than that of the agents taxol, camptothecin, adriamycin, mitomycin C, cisplatin, bleomycin, and etoposide by 1-3 orders of magnitude. An elegant synthesis of Et-743 and phthalascidin has been reported by E. J. Corey and co-workers1,2. As part of our continuing program, we have also engaged in dev…     

NaHY沸石中结构羟基与积碳的关系

Uylterhoevn和Ward等人已经证明了:1.NaHY沸石中的结构羟基,是NH₄NaY脱氨后余下的氢附连于邻近的骨架氧而形成的。对应红外光谱3643cm_-1吸收峰的结构羟基具有Brnsted酸性。     

Kinetic analysis for formation of Cd1-xZnxSe solid-solution nanocrystals

Kinetic analysis on the nanocrystal solid-solution formation was performed by heat treating CdSe/ZnSe core/shell nanocrystals, synthesized via a typical TOP/TOPO approach, at different temperatures for different time periods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak shifts in Cd1-xZnxSe cores according to the solid-solution treatments were monitored and used for the estimation of the lattice parameter change. The degree of solid-solution formation was determined considering the compositional variation in Cd1-xZnxSe cores, which was obtained from the Vegard's law. The degree of solid-solution formation (x) was applied to Jander analysis, and an Arrhenius-type plot was produced using the slopes of Jander plots. The activation energy for solid-solution formation was determined as approximately 152 kJ/mol, which evidently indicates that the diffusion of Zn2+ ions in the CdSe-ZnSe system is the governing mechanism for the Cd1-xZnxSe solid-solution formation. The Jander equation to predict the solid-solution formation kinetics for the CdSe/ZnSe core/shell systems was completed using the reaction rate constant (k).     

Kinetic model for formation of DMPO-OH in water under ultrasonic irradiation using EPR spin trapping method

The rate of the formation of the 2-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (DMPO-OH) radical in water during ultrasonic irradiation was evaluated both experimentally and theoretically. The hydroxyl radical (OH radical) was indirectly detected using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) as the spin trapping compound, and the generated DMPO-OH by the reaction between the OH radical and DMPO was measured by an electron paramagnetic resonance. The rate of change in the concentration of the DMPO-OH decreased with time, suggesting that not only the formation reaction of DMPO-OH but also the degradation reaction would take place by ultrasonic irradiation. The formation rate of the DMPO-OH was higher with ultrasonic power intensity and lower with reaction temperature. Based on the experimental results, a kinetic model for the formation of the DMPO-OH was proposed by considering the formation reaction, the ultrasonic degradation, and spontaneous degradation of DMPO-OH. The model well described the effect of the ultrasonic power intensity and the reaction temperature on the formation rate of DMPO-OH. The rate of the formation of the DMPO-OH was evaluated with the aid of the kinetic model.     

硫辛酸在金电极上自组装成膜动力学研究

自组装单层膜 (ＳＡＭ)应用广泛[1～ 3] 。但对于硫辛酸 (ＴＡ)自组装成膜动力学过程的研究尚未见报道。本研究利用石英晶体微天平 (ＱＣＭ)对ＴＡ自组装成膜过程进行在线监测 ,研究成膜动力学特征 ,并探讨浓度、温度对成膜过程的影响 ,以及在不同ｐＨ值下 ,ＳＡＭ的稳定性 ,推算了不同温度下的速率常数及成膜的活化能。1　实验部分1 1　基本原理通过监测成膜过程中石英晶体微天平 (ＱＣＭ)的振荡频率的变化 ,据Ｓａｕｅｒｂｒｅｙ方程 ,可推知在石英谐振器 (ＱＣＭ)的金电极表面 ,ＴＡ的吸附质量Γ(Γ =Δｍ Ａ ,ｇ ｃｍ2 )与ＱＣＭ的频率…     

Determination of hydroxyl radical photoproduction rates in natural waters.

The photochemical formation rates of hydroxyl radicals (OH radicals) in river water and seawater were determined by a simple, rapid and sensitive benzene probe method, in which phenol formed by the reaction between benzene and photochemically-generated OH radicals was analyzed by on-line preconcentration HPLC. The OH radical formation rates from well-known OH radical sources, such as nitrate, nitrite and hydrogen peroxide, were in good agreement with those reported previously. River water samples containing high concentrations of nitrate and nitrite were found to show high OH radical formation rates. Ten to 80% of the OH radical formation in river water and seawater was due to the photolysis of nitrate and nitrite, but OH radical formation from hydrogen peroxide was negligible. The OH radical formation from unknown sources other than nitrate, nitrite and hydrogen peroxide was strongly correlated to the amount of fluorescent matter.     

The thermodynamic characteristics of formation of vacancies in carbon subgroup element crystals

A method for calculating the parameters of formation of vacancies in crystals formed by spherically symmetrical atoms was developed. Both quantum effects at low temperatures and the possibility of the delocalization of atoms at high temperatures were studied. The parameters of formation of vacancies in carbon subgroup element crystals C-diam, Si, Ge, α-Sn, and Pb were calculated. The inclusion of the delocalization of atoms was shown to increase the enthalpy, entropy, and volume of vacancy formation. At low temperatures, the parameters of vacancy formation were found to depend strongly on the temperature, and the entropy of vacancy formation became negative. At high temperatures, close agreement with experimental data and theoretical estimates reported by other authors was obtained. The temperature dependence of vacancy parameters was studied for diamond heated isobarically from 100 to 4500 K. The applicability scope of the Arrhenius equation with a temperature-independent activation energy is discussed. The validity of the “compensation rule” (correlation between the entropy and enthalpy of vacancy formation) was demonstrated. It was also shown that the volume and entropy of vacancy formation were correlated over the whole temperature range studied.

     

Direct Observation of the Double-Stranded DNA Formation through Metal Ion-Mediated Base Pairing in the Nanoscale Structure

This work demonstrates single-molecule imaging of metal-ion induced double-stranded DNA formation in DNA nanostructures. The formation of the metal ion-mediated base pairing in a DNA origami frame was examined using C-Ag-C and T-Hg-T metallo-base pairs. The target DNA strands containing consecutive C or T were incorporated into the DNA frame, and the binding was controlled by the addition of metal ions. Double-stranded DNA formation was monitored by observing the structural changes in the incorporated DNA strands using high-speed atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using the T-Hg-T base pair, the dynamic formation of unique dsDNA and its dissociation were observed. The formation of an unusual shape of dsDNA with consecutive T-Hg-T base pairs was visualized in the designed nanoscale structure.     

Unique organic-inorganic interactions leading to a structure-directed microporous aluminophosphate crystallization as observed with in situ Raman spectroscopy

We report on the direct observation of key organic template-framework interactions leading to the formation of specific aluminophosphate structures. In particular, we show how MeAPO-34 formation was governed by an interaction between the divalent framework substituted metal ion and the template conformation, while for AlPO-5 the structure formation was determined by the template conformation alone. Understanding such interactions therefore appears to be important for the rationalization of microporous material formation.     

Ab initio study on the kinetics and mechanisms of the formation of Agn (n = 2–6) clusters

The CCSD(T)/11e-RECP//MP2/11e-RECP method was used to explore the potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the formation of Ag_n (n = 2–6) clusters. Two kinds of reaction mechanisms were revealed in the formation of Ag_n clusters, the association mechanism for the formation of Ag₂, Ag₅, and Ag₆ clusters and the association–isomerization mechanism for the formation of Ag₃ and Ag₄ clusters. Based on the canonical transition state theory, the calculated rate constants of the formation of Ag_n clusters displayed an odd–even effect: the rate constants of formation of Ag_n clusters with odd number were larger than those with even number. The rate constant of formation of Ag₄ was the lowest, whereas that of Ag₅ was the highest among Ag_n (n = 2–6) clusters. The formation of Ag₄ was the most difficult step in the aggregation process of the silver clusters. The formation of Ag₄ may be related with the critical point in the silver aggregation process.     

Thermochemical properties of dinitramidic acid salts

Enthalpies of formation and solution of hydrazinium, guanidinium, aminoguanidinium, and triaminoguanidinium salts of nitric and dinitramidic (HN(NO₂)₂, DN) acids were determined by combustion and solution calorimetry methods. Enthalpies of formation of respective cations in infinitely dilute aqueous solution were calculated using the enthalpy of formation of the nitrate ion. The enthalpy of formation of the DN acid anion was determined based on the enthalpy of formation and solution of the acid salts. The weight-average enthalpy of formation of the DN acid anion equal to 8.40±0.13 kcal mol⁻¹ was obtained. The enthalpy of solution of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) was measured (8.71±0.01 kcal mol⁻¹). From these data, the enthalpy of formation of ADN was calculated (−32.14±0.14 kcal mol⁻¹). The energy of combustion of ADN was measured by the calorimetry method, and the enthalpy of formation of ADN was calculated for a sample with purity above 99.9% (−32.20±0.19 kcal mol⁻¹). The weight-average enthalpy of formation of ADN equal to −32.16±0.11 kcal mol⁻¹ is recommended for use. Enthalpies of formation of sodium, potassium, and cesium salts of DN acid were determined.     

The mechanism of phenol methylation on acid and basic zeolite catalysts

The alkylation of phenol with methanol on HY and CsY/CsOH catalysts was studied in situ under static conditions by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Attention was largely given to the identification of intermediate compounds and mechanisms of anisole, cresol, and xylenol formation. The mechanisms of phenol methylation were found to be different on acid and basic catalysts. The primary process on acid catalysts was the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether and methoxy groups. This resulted in the formation of anisole and dimethyl ether, the ratio between which depended on the reagent ratio, which was evidence of similar mechanisms of their formation. Subsequent reactions with phenol gave cresols and anisoles. Cresols formed at higher temperatures both in the direct alkylation of phenol and in the rearrangement of anisole. The main alkylation product on basic catalysts was anisole formed in the interaction of phenolate anions with methanol; no cresol formation was observed. The deactivation of acid catalysts was caused by the formation of condensed aromatic hydrocarbons that blocked zeolite pores. The deactivation of basic catalysts resulted from the condensation of phenol and formaldehyde with the formation of phenol-formaldehyde resins.     

烷烃电离能和生成焓的相关性

根据化合物形成过程中价电子能量变化与生成焓之间的关系, 推导出烷烃的生成焓和电离能之间的关系. 以21个烷烃化合物为模型将实验测定的电离能与标准生成焓进行直接关联, 证实了模型方程的适用性, 所得回归方程的相关系数达到0.9999, 估算值与实验值之间的标准偏差仅为0.03 eV. 同时还利用实验测定的标准生成焓对一系列烷烃的电离能作了预测.     

A computational study of lithium methoxide mixed aggregates with alkyllithiums

The formation of alkyllithium-lithium methoxide mixed aggregates was modeled with the B3LYP density functional method. In the gas phase there was little tendency to form mixed dimers or trimers. Mixed tetramer formation was more energetically favorable, particularly for tert-butyllithium. THF solvation favored the formation of methyllithium and ethyllithium mixed tetramers, but not those of sec-butyllithium and tert-butyllithium. The potential for resolution of chiral alkyllithiums by mixed aggregate formation with enantiomerically pure lithium alkoxides was examined.     

The Role of Iron–Carbon Galvanic Contact in the Formation of Dispersed Iron Hydr(oxides) in Water and Electrolyte Solutions

The comparative analysis of phase formation on the iron surface in aqueous medium in the presence and absence of iron–carbon (coke) galvanic contact was carried out. The role of galvanic contact in phase formation processes was determined. It was shown that, in the presence of galvanic contact almost complete oxidation of iron ions on the surface of an iron half-element and a rather efficient stationary formation of dispersed phases serving as sorbents of heavy metals from solutions take place. The effect of anionic composition of solution on the parameters of phase formation was studied. It was established that maximal amount of iron–oxygen-containing phases is formed in zinc chloride solution. The presence of sulfate and nitrate ions in solution decreased significantly the rate of phase formation in iron–carbon galvanic contact.     

γ-radiation-induced crosslinking of polystyrene

The γ-radiation-induced crosslinking of polystyrene was studied at 30–100°C in vacuo with a dose rate of 6.35 × 10⁵ rad/hr. The amount of hydrogen formation increased with increasing irradiation time, and the rate of the formation decreased with the time. The results were well described by the zero-order formation kinetics with respect to the hydrogen concentration combined with the first-order disappearance. The apparent rate constant for the formation of hydrogen increased somewhat with rising irradiation temperature, and the one for the disappearance was little affected by the temperature. The gel fraction increased with the time by the irradiation beyond the critical time for incipient gel formation, and the rate of gel formation decreased with the time. The gel formation was retarded by rising irradiation temperature, and only a little gel fraction was observed at 100°C. The G values for the crosslinking and main-chain scission were obtained from the gel data by using the Charlesby–Pinner equation. On the basis of these results, the mechanism of the γ-radiation-induced crosslinking of polystyrene was discussed.     

Complex formation thermodynamics of some metal(II) phenyl-2-pyridylketoximates

The formation of phenyl-2-pyridylketoximates of nickel(II), zinc(II), cadmium-(II), mercury(II) and lead(II) was studied potentiometrically in a medium of 40% (w/w) acetone and 60% (w/w) water. The values of step formation constants, free energy, entropy and enthalpy of complex formation were calculated. The formation of the mercury chelate was found to be entropy driven. The formation of phenyl-2-pyridylketoximates of other metals of the first transitional series could not be studied owing to experimental difficulties.     

过渡金属修饰对铜箔电催化还原CO2的性能影响

CO2还原是一种解决温室效应以及能源短缺问题的有效方式.目前对于水溶液体系中的CO2还原,主要有光催化、电催化以及光电催化等方法,其中还原CO2法可在室温下进行,并较易实现大规模应用.由于金属电极在CO2电催化还原过程中表现较高电流密度和催化性能,使得目前研究的热点集中于金属电极的修饰改性.金属Cu与H2, CO结合能力适中,并且对生成碳氢化合物具有较好的催化性能,因此其在催化CO2还原中具有较大潜力.以往对于Cu的研究主要集中在表面修饰、调控表面结构以及制备合金等方向,其中对金属进行氧化后再还原的处理也是提高其催化活性的一种有效手段.氧化后还原得到的铜具有较大的粗糙度,且暴露的活性位点更多,对CO2还原具有较好的催化活性.我们对铜箔在空气氛围下、300oC焙烧5 h,然后恒电位还原,再进行过渡金属Ni、Zn、Au的修饰,研究所得样品电催化还原CO2性能.电极的表面形貌用扫描电镜表征, CO2还原的液相和气相产物分别用核磁和在线气相色谱进行检测.
　　修饰后电极的形貌没有发生太大变化,仍具有十分粗糙的表面结构.通过线性扫描伏安曲线可以看出,修饰Zn、Au后电流密度较未修饰前有明显增加,但是由于CO2还原过程中不可避免地伴随析氢副反应,因此,我们通过计算产物的法拉第效率来表征修饰后的电极对产物选择性的改变：未修饰时,在?1.2至?1.6 V均可检测到甲酸的生成,电位负于?1.4 V时可以检测到乙醇和正丙醇. Ni的修饰明显提高了甲酸的法拉第效率,也促进了正丙醇的生成.?1.3 V时甲酸的法拉第效率为26.0%,?1.5 V时液相产物的法拉第效率为34.3%.在线气相色谱结果发现, Ni的修饰也明显提高了CO的法拉第效率,在?1.4 V下, CO的法拉第效率为44.6%.这可能是由于Ni (r =0.1246 nm)的原子半径比Cu (r =0.1278 nm)更小,因此Ni的修饰会使Cu发生晶格收缩、导致d带中心下移而降低了CO的结合能,从而更易生成CO和HCOOH;而修饰Ni后对CO2还原产物正丙醇的提高可能是由于Ni的引入促进了C–C键的形成.修饰Zn后,甲酸的产率明显下降,在?1.6 V下甲酸的法拉第效率只有14.8%,但是乙醇与正丙醇的法拉第效率分别为1.6%与2.0%,相较于未修饰的电极略有提高.修饰Au后,液相产物甲酸及醇类的法拉第效率明显下降,在?1.5 V下,甲酸的法拉第效率只有7.9%,且只检测到少量的乙醇,未检测到正丙醇的生成,这可能与Au修饰后的电极对CO2还原中间体CO的吸附较弱有关,生成的CO中间体更易从表面脱附,而难以被进一步还原.     

Novel Thermo‐Responsive Formation of a Hydrogel by Stereo‐Complexation between PLLA‐PEG‐PLLA and PDLA‐PEG‐PDLA Block Copolymers

Gel formation was discovered in an aqueous mixture of enantiomeric triblock copolymers, PLLA‐PEG‐PLLA and PDLA‐PEG‐PDLA. This system is characteristic in that an interesting sol–gel transition was induced by the stereo‐complexation of the PLLA and PDLA segments of the block copolymers around 37°C. The process of gel formation was clearly monitored by the rheological change, and the responsibility of the stereo‐complex formation for the gelation was confirmed by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. The mechanism of this gel formation is discussed in relation to its potential applications.     

Experimental and modeling study on hydrate formation in wet activated carbon

The formation of methane hydrate in wet activated carbon was studied. The experimental results demonstrated that the formation of methane hydrate could be enhanced by immersing activated carbon in water. A maximum actual storage capacity of 212 standard volumes of gas per volume of water was achieved. The apparent storage capacity of the activated carbon + hydrate bed increased with the increasing of mass ratio of water to carbon until reaching a maximum, then decreased drastically as the bulk water phase emerged above the wet carbon bed. The highest apparent storage capacity achieved was 140 v/v. A hydrate formation mechanism in the wet activated carbon was proposed and a mathematical model was developed. It has been shown that the proposed model is adequate for describing the hydrate formation kinetics in wet activated carbon. The kinetic model and the measured kinetic data were used to determine the formation conditions of methane hydrate in wet carbon, which are in good agreement with literature values and demonstrate that hydrate formation in wet carbon requires lower temperature or higher pressure than in the free water system.