Heat transfer from a cylinder in pulsating cross-flow

The paper presents results on heat transfer from a cylinder in pulsating flow. The results are local heat transfer distributions that match four different flow modes identified previously by the authors. A new kind of dimensionless number was introduced for pulsating flows: this is a ratio of flow acceleration during unsteady movement to the centrifugal acceleration due to streamlines bending over the cylinder. The experimental data were generalized as a dependency of the average heat transfer on the new dimensionless criterion. The generalization offered a correction factor to a traditional relation for heat transfer between a cylinder and air flow past the cylinder; this correction takes into account the effect of parameters of forced flow pulsations on the average heat transfer.     

HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP FROM LOUVERED SURFACES IN AUTOMOTIVE HEAT EXCHANGERS

An investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop from some louvered surfaces is presented. The test rig and the measuring as well as the data evaluating procedures are described. The measured data are transferred and presented in a nondimenswnal form. The heal transfer data are provided mainly as Stanton numbers versus Reynolds number, and the pressure drop is given as Darcy friction factors versus Reynolds number. For comparing the performance of the various louvered surfaces, the flow area goodness factors and the so-called volume goodness factors are presented. All the louvered surfaces have been found to be more efficient than the corresponding smooth surface. The standard multilouvered fin surfaces were found to be most efficient, but one of the new surfaces also performed very well.     

基于康托尔分形微通道流动与传热的模拟

高密度、 小体积和高集成的电子元器件散热困难, 易造成过早失效, 采用微通道换热器可以实现小体积内高热流的散热, 但流动阻力很大. 为了保证传热效果, 降低流动阻力, 本文提出了一种新型的微通道结构并对其流动与传热特性进行了数值模拟. 首先研究了微通道形状和结构, 模拟结果表明: 进出口截面宽高比为0.8 的矩形微通道的换热效果最好; 并在此基础上提出一种康托尔分型凹槽结构, 研究了有无康托尔分形以及不同分形级数对流动与传热性能的影响, 综合对比发现: 第二级康托尔分形模型 N2 既能保证热阻显著降低, 又能相比阵列结构降低压降, 具有明显的换热优势; 最后对这种康托尔分形结构的凹槽形状, 尺寸及不同方向上的分形进行研究, 结果表明梯形凹槽的下上表面长度比b/a 为0.6 、 流动方向分形比fx 为1 .25 和通道高度方向分形比fy 为1 .5 时换热流动性能最佳.     

Turbulent periodic flow and heat transfer in a rectangular channel with detached V-baffles

This paper presents a numerical analysis of turbulent periodic flow and heat transfer in a rectangular channel with detached V-baffles. The computations are based on the finite volume method with the SIMPLE algorithm for handling the pressure–velocity coupling and using the QUICK scheme for the convection terms. Air is used as the test fluid with the air flow rate in terms of Reynolds numbers ranging from 3000 to 20,000. The effects of different detached-clearance ratios (c/H, CR) of 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2, baffles-pitch to square channel-diameter ratio (pitch ratio (p/H), PR) is 1.0, baffles-height to square channel-diameter ratio (blockage ratio (b/H), BR) is 0.10, and attack angle (α) is 45? on heat transfer, friction factor and thermal enhancement factor are investigated numerically. It is found that a pair of counter-rotating vortices (P-vortex) caused by the baffles can induce impingement/attachment flows repeatedly on the rectangular channel walls leading to a greater increase in the heat transfer over the test channel. The maximum thermal performance and heat transfer are found to be about 1.5 and 3.3, respectively for CR = 0.05 and Re = 3000, while the highest pressure loss is about 21.5 in the case of CR = 0.2 and Re = 20,000.     

FRICTION AND CONVECTION STUDIES OF R-134a IN MICROCHANNELS WITHIN THE TRANSITION AND TURBULENT FLOW REGIMES

Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of single-phase flows in microchannels for refrigerant R-134a were experimentally investigated. Experiments were conducted using rectangular channels micromilled in aluminum with hydraulic diameters ranging from approximately 112 to 210 w m and aspect ratios that varied from 1.0 to 1.5. Using overall temperature, flow rate, and pressure drop measurements, friction factors and convective heat transfer coefficients were experimentally determined for steady flow conditions. Effects of Reynolds number, relative roughness, and channel aspect ratio are examined in predicting friction factor and Nusselt number for the experiments. Experiment results indicated that transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurred between a Reynolds number of 2,000 and 4,000. Friction factor results were consistently lower than values predicted by macroscale correlations but exhibited the same trends with Reynolds numbers of macroscale correlations. Nusselt number results also exhibited a similar pattern of lower values obtained in the experiments than those predicted by commonly used macroscale correlations. Nusselt number results also indicated that channel size may suppress turbulent convective heat transfer and surface roughness may affect heat transfer characteristics in the turbulent regime.     

三维微肋螺旋管内流动沸腾流型与传热性能

采用三维微肋螺旋管进行了制冷剂R134a在管内的流动沸腾传热与流型可视化实验。随着流量和干度的变化,流型可划分为泡状流、塞状流、分层波状流、间歇流以及环状流。在Taitel-Dukler流型图上给出了流型的分区及其转变曲线,讨论了螺旋管内两相流动流型转变的特性。传热实验揭示了质量流量、热流密度及蒸汽干度对传热性能的影响,三维微肋螺旋管的强化因子为1.5-2.1。     

环路型脉动热管的稳态运行机制

建立了环路型脉动热管稳态自激循环流动运行机制的物理模型和数学模型。潜热传递决定了运行的驱动力和循环流动的速度;显热传递和循环流动速度决定了净换热量的大小。通过关联加热段和冷却段的传热、进出口汽液容积流率、密度、运行驱动力和阻力,对传热和流动进行了耦合求解。结果表明,潜热传热量占总传热量的比例在30％以内;工质循环流动的速度决定了壁面温度波动,温度波动取决于显热传热和循环流动速度。     

Saturated flow boiling characteristics in single rectangular minichannels: effect of aspect ratio

In this study, saturated flow boiling characteristics of deionized water in single rectangular minichannels are investigated experimentally. A special attention is paid to the effect of aspect ratio (channel width to depth, W_ch/H_ch) on the heat transfer and total pressure drop. Experiments are conducted for various values of the mass flux and the wall heat flux. Flow visualization is used as a complementary technique for a deeper physical understanding of flow phenomena. The results show that the channel aspect ratio has a significant effect on both the local two-phase heat transfer coefficient and the total pressure drop. In general manner, the aspect ratio of 1 presents the highest heat transfer coefficients, while the aspect ratio of 0.25 demonstrates the lowest ones. On the other hand, the lowest values of the pressure drop are obtained at the extreme values of the aspect ratio (0.25 and 4).     

Flow boiling heat transfer enhancement under ultrasound field in minichannel heat sinks

The enhancement of the heat transfer assisted by ultrasound is considered to be an interesting and highly efficient cooling technology, but the investigation and application of ultrasound in minichannel heat sinks to strengthen the flow boiling heat transfer are very limited. Herein, a novel installation of ultrasound transducers in the flow direction of a minichannel heat sink is designed to experimentally study the characteristics of heat transfer in flow boiling and the influence of operation parameters (e.g., heat flux, mass flux rate) and ultrasound parameters (e.g., frequency, power) on the flow boiling heat transfer in a minichannel heat sink with and without ultrasound field. Bubble motion and flow pattern in the minichannel are analyzed by high-speed flow visualization, revealing that the ultrasound field induces more bubbles at the same observation position and a forward shift of the onset of nucleation boiling along the flow direction, as ultrasonic cavitation produces a large number of bubbles. Moreover, bubbles hitting the channel wall on the left and right sides are found, and the motion speed of the bubbles is increased by 31.9% under the ultrasound field. Our results demonstrate that the heat transfer coefficient obtained under the ultrasound field is 53.9% higher than in the absence of the ultrasound field under the same conditions, and the enhancement ratio is decreased in the high heat flux region due to the change of the flow regime with increasing heat flux. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of an ultrasound field in minichannel heat sinks for the enhancement of flow boiling heat transfer.     

耦合传热和冷却流通道流动对气膜冷却的影响

本文通过数值模拟的方法同时考虑了耦合传热和冷却流通道流动对气膜冷却的影响.计算结果表明,在考虑耦合传热的情况下,冷却流通道流动的影响仍然存在,但随着壁面导热系数的增大,这种影响减弱;同时在考虑耦合传热的情况下,受保护壁面温度场分布更加均匀,冷却效果更好.计算结果还表明吹风比为0.5时的冷却效果优于吹风比为1.0的情况.     

光滑矩形微通道液体单相流动和传热的数值研究

采用CFD方法对水在矩形光滑微通道内的流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明微通道的长径比、当量直径、高宽比和孔隙率都对其流动和传热有着不同程度的影响.在保持长径比大于70而使流动的入口效应可忽略的前提下,分别模拟了当量直径,高宽比和孔隙率对微通道流动和传热的影响,得到了各种工况下的流动和传热规律.     

Heat transfer and fluid flow of benard-cell convection in rectangular container with free surface sensed by infrared thermography

The natural convection flow phenomena that occur inside an enclosed space are very interesting examples of complex fluid systems that may yield to analytical, empirical and numerical solutions, and many reports have looked into this basic problem. In the present study, heat transfer and fluid flow for natural convection in a horizontal rectangular container with a free surface are investigated using infrared thermography. The temperature field was measured and visualized at a gas-liquid (air — silicon oil) interface using infrared thermography. The heat transfer phenomena were also investigated by statistically analyzing the temperature data. The applicability of the infrared thermography to quantitative heat transfer measurement at the gas-liquid interface was evaluated. It is revealed that infrared thermography is effective not only in visualization of a gas-liquid interface but also in heat transfer measurement. A new heat transfer correlation is proposed for the gas-liquid interface of this flow system. The coefficient of heat transfer can be summarized by a specific heat transfer correlation formula regardless of several conditions, including container aspect ratio, fluid viscosity and fluid layer depth.     

Thermal performance enhancement in tubes using helically twisted tape with alternate axis inserts

This article presents an investigation on heat transfer enhancement in a round tube inserted with a helically twisted tape. The effects of a helically twisted tape with alternate axis (HTT-A) on heat transfer, friction factor, and thermal performance factor behaviours are reported for the turbulent regime. HTT-A geometries are tape pitch to tube diameter, P/D = 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0; alternate length to pitch length, l/P = 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0; twisted length to tape width, y/W = 3.0; and tape width to tube diameter, w/D = 0.2. The experiment has been performed by varying the volumetric air flow rate in order to adjust Reynolds number ranging from 6 000 to 20 000. The wall of the testing tube is uniformly heated as a constant heat flux while the tests are covered with thermal insulations to reduce heat loss to surroundings. Thermal performance is evaluated by comparing the present experimental results with the results of the modified HTT-A and also those obtained from previous study (conventional helically twisted tape, HTT). The thermal performance of tested tube with HTT-A is evaluated to obtain the degree of heat transfer enhancement and friction factor induced by HTT-A with respect to the plain tube under the same test conditions. Evenly, it is interesting to observe that the tube with HTT-A consistently possesses higher heat transfer and thermal performance factor than those with the HTT around 14.1% and 1.9%, respectively. The HTT-A with the smaller pitch ratio and adjacent twist length provides higher heat transfer rate and friction factor than the one with larger pitch ratio and alternate length as a result of a larger contact surface area, stronger swirl intensity and, thus, better fluid mixing near the tube wall. In the range determined, the tubes with the largest pitch ratio (P/D = 2.0) and smallest alternate length (l/P = 1.0) give the highest thermal performance factor at around 1.35. In addition, the empirical correlations of the Nusselt number, friction factor, and thermal performance factor are also described.     

微结构表面封闭式喷雾冷却传热特性

以蒸馏水为工质,在闭式循环喷雾冷却系统上,变化喷雾流量,研究了表面几何结构对喷雾传热性能的影响。从对流换热和相变换热比例关系的角度,对喷雾换热机理进行了实验研究。结果表明:与光滑表面相比,微结构表面可明显增强喷雾换热强度,这主要归因于相变换热的增强。表面温度较低时,直肋面换热效果最好 ;增大流量,光面换热增强,而直肋面变化不明显。表面温度较高时,方肋面换热效果最好;随着流量增大,所有面换热均增强。对于微结构表面,相变换热份额均大于50%,故而以相变换热为主;而光滑表面,即使在温度较低时,相变换热份额也大于20%。临界热流密度与三相接触线长度正相关,流量为15.9 mL/min时,方肋面、直肋面和光面的临界热流密度依次为159.1,120.2,109.8 W/cm2,蒸发效率分别为96.0%,72.5%,67.1%。     

Investigation on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Copper–Water Nanofluid Flow in Plain and Perforated Channels

This article reports an experimental study on copper–water nanofluid flow inside plain and perforated channels. The effects of flow rate and nanoparticle concentration on the heat transfer and pressure drop are studied. It is found that the perforated channel has a remarkable heat transfer enhancement of 24.6%. Furthermore, by using the copper–water nanofluid instead of the base fluid, the heat transfer coefficient as well as pressure drop are increased for both plain and perforated channels. A noticeable thermal performance factor of 1.34 is obtained for the simultaneous utilization of both the heat transfer enhancement techniques considered in this article.     

Numerical study of flow and heat transfer from a torus placed in a uniform flow

Forced convection heat transfer characteristics of a torus (maintained at a constant temperature) immersed in a streaming fluid normal to the plane of the torus are studied numerically. The governing equations, namely, continuity, momentum and thermal energy in toroidal coordinate system, are solved using a finite difference method over ranges of parameters (aspect ratio of torus, 1.4 ≤ Ar ≤ 20; Reynolds number, 20 ≤ Re ≤ 40; Prandtl number, 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 10). Over the ranges of parameters considered herein, the nature of flow is assumed to be steady. In particular, numerical results elucidating the influence of Reynolds number, Prandtl number and aspect ratio on the isotherm patterns, local and average Nusselt numbers for the constant temperature (on the surface of the torus) boundary condition. As expected, at large aspect ratio the flow pattern and heat transfer are similar to the case of flow and heat transfer over a single circular cylinder.     

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in Rectangular Microchannel

Numerical simulation of heat transfer in a high aspect ratio rectangular microchannel with heat sinks has been conducted, similar to an experimental study. Three channel heights measuring 0.3 mm, 0.6 mm and 1 mm are considered and the Reynolds number varies from 300 to 2360, based on the hydraulic diameter. Simulation starts with the validation study on the Nusselt number and the Poiseuille number variations along the channel streamwise direction. It is found that the predicted Nusselt number has shown very good agreement with the theoretical estimation, but some discrepancies are noted in the Poiseuille number comparison. This observation however is in consistent with conclusions made by other researchers for the same flow problem. Simulation continues on the evaluation of heat transfer characteristics, namely the friction factor and the thermal resistance. It is found that noticeable scaling effect happens at small channel height of 0.3 mm and the predicted friction factor agrees fairly well with an experimental based correlation. Present simulation further reveals that the thermal resistance is low at small channel height, indicating that the heat transfer performance can be enhanced with the decrease of the channel height.     

Novel multi-tubular fixed-bed reactors’ shell structural analysis based on numerical simulation method

In the present contribution, a numerical study of fluid flow and heat transfer performance in a pilot-scale multi-tubular fixed-bed reactor with a novel configuration for propylene-to-acrolein oxidation reaction is presented using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics method (CFD) to ensure the uniformity condition using molten salt as a heat carrier medium on shell side. The effects of multiscale structural parameters including the number of baffles, baffles cut, central nontube region and the number of flow channels on pressure drop and heat transfer are considered. The simulations suggest that heat transfer coefficient per pressure drop is reduced with increasing number of baffles. By the single factor sensitivity analysis it was shown that the central region is the key factor in the structural design of a multi-tubular fixed-bed reactor.     

泡沫铝翅片传热和流动特性的实验研究

对泡沫铝翅片传热和流动特性进行了实验研究,泡沫铝的空隙率为0.90,孔密度(PPI)分别为10,20,40。实验结果表明,孔密度较大时,传热系数也较大,但流动阻力系数也明显升高。通过引入无因次变量Dα,得到了泡沫铝翅片的流动阻力系数和传热的初步准则关联式。     

EHD效应强化管内油的强制对流换热实验

本文以高粘性流体为实验工质,对水平光滑管内油的层流流动换热进行了直流高压电场强化（ＥＨＤ效应）实验研究。以实验方法调查了其换热系数强化率与外加电场强度、热流密度及流动速度,油温等因素的相关性。实验证实了外加直流高压电场能对管内层流强制对流换热起着很好的强化作用。验证了高粘性流体在ＥＨＤ效应下,综合换热性能同样有大幅度增加。