Eddy currents from moving point sources of magnetic field in the Gravity Probe B experiment

Two boundary-value problems in plane geometry, modeling the field and current distribution produced by moving sources of magnetic field (fluxons) in surrounding normal metals, are solved analytically. In the first case a fluxon moves with a constant velocity in a superconducting plane separated by a vacuum gap from a half space filled with a metal having a low electrical conductivity. In the second case the half space is replaced by a thin metal layer of high conductivity. The problems are solved by perturbation techniques, the Fourier integral transform, and the Parseval identity. The latter is used to calculate the power dissipated in the metal. An estimate of the power dissipation is needed in order to calculate certain torques of magnetic origin in the Gravity Probe B project. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 1–8 (February 1998)     

Semiconductor-metal transition in FeSi in an ultrahigh magnetic field

We study the conductivity and magnetic susceptibility of single-crystal iron monosilicide in ultrahigh magnetic fields (up to 500 T) at low temperatures. The experimental methods used in measuring the conductivity and magnetic susceptibility are discussed. At 77K we detect a gradual increase in the conductivity of iron monosilicide by more than a factor of 100 as the magnetic field gets stronger. At 4.2K we detect a first-order phase transition in a field of 355 T accompanied by a sudden change in the value of the magnetic moment by 0.95 μ _B per iron atom and a transition to a phase with high conductivity. The results are discussed within the scope of the spin-fluctuation theory. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 116, 1770–1780 (November 1999)     

The Study on the Arc Plasma Temperature Measurement by Optical Emission Spectroscopy with Fiber Optical Transmission

Abstract

A method for transmitting radiation of the arc plasma with multimode fused quartz fiber onto the spectrograph has been studied. The plot of the Boltzmann function in emission spectral analysis is used for measuring temperature of the arc plasma. The measured temperature of the arc plasma is 5946.6K from least square linear regression of ln[λI/(gA)] and E_i for a number of the emission line intensities of the excited copper atom. Its regression coefficient and measured precision are ?0.97% and 1.7%, respectively. The advantages of the method of the diagnostic temperature for the arc plasma are absolute measurements of the temperature, remote sensing, precision and suitable for mal-environment, such as high temperature, toxic, explosion, strong magnetic or/and electrical fields.

In addition, we have discussed the effect of the spectroscopic constants, such as transition probability, A , the statistical weight of the upper level, g , and the energy of the upper level, E_i , of copper lines on calculating temperature with a plot of the Boltzmann function in detail. The results show that the accurate measurement of the temperature for the arc plasma is obtained only when the spectroscopic constants are selected correctly.     

Thermophoretic transport of moderately large spherical and cylindrical particles in two-component gases

The problem of the thermophoretic motion of moderately large solid spherical and cylindrical particles in a two-component gas is solved for Re≪1. The formulas obtained permit direct estimation of the rate of thermophoretic motion of both single-layer and multilayer particles. Corrections which depend directly on the Knudsen number are taken into account in the derivation of these formulas. The thermal conductivity of the particles is assumed to be a function which depends on the radial coordinate. It is shown that thermal diffusion and the dependence of the thermal conductivity on the radial coordinate can have a significant influence on the rate of thermophoretic transport of particles. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 21–27 (August 1999)     

A robust electrical conductivity imaging method with total variation and wavelet regularization

PurposeThis study aims to develop and evaluate a robust conductivity imaging method that combines total variation and wavelet regularization to enhance the accuracy of conductivity maps.Theory and methodsThe proposed approach is based on a gradient-based method. The central equation is derived from Maxwell's equation and describes the relationship between conductivity and the transceive phase. A linear system equation is obtained via a finite-difference method and solved using a least-squares method. Total variation and wavelet transform regularization terms are added to the minimization problem and solved using the Split Bregman method to improve reconstruction stability. The proposed approach is compared with conventional and gradient-based methods. Numerical simulations are performed to validate the accuracy of the developed method, and the effects of noise are determined. Phantom and in vivo experiments are conducted at 3 T to verify the clinical applicability of the proposed method.ResultsNumerical simulations show that the proposed method is more robust than other methods and can suppress the effects of noise. The quantitative conductivity value of the phantom experiment agrees with the measured value. The in vivo experiment results present a clear structure, and the conductivity value of the tumor region is significantly higher than that around healthy tissues.ConclusionThe proposed electrical conductivity imaging method can improve the quality of conductivity reconstruction, and thus, has future clinical applications.     

Change of radiation pattern in a plasma monopole antenna

Abstract

In the present work, we have numerically solved the dispersion equation of the surface wave propagating on a uniform collisional plasma column. The electric field and surface current distributions have been computed in different situations. We have investigated the effect of plasma frequency variation on the spatial distribution of the surface current. Results show that varying the electron density of the plasma column enables the plasma column to work as a plasma monopole antenna with a fixed geometrical structure and excited frequency which is able to create different radiation patterns. Our numerical analysis also shows that a little change in the radius of the plasma column has a strong influence on the current distribution at the excited frequency in RF region. This effect can be ignored in the usual (metallic) antenna while it is very important in designing of the plasma monopole antenna.     

Penetration depth measurement in high quality thin films

The parallel plate resonator method has been used for measuring high quality (YBCO) thin films, which have low temperature residual losses comparable to those previously obtained in single crystals. The surface resistance and the real part of the conductivity show a non-monotonic behaviour with a broad peak around 45 K. The penetration depth and the real part of the conductivity vary linearly at low temperatures. The lowest penetration depth linear fitting has a slope value of to up to 20 K which is lower than previous measurements on YBCO single crystals. An interpretation of this smaller slope in terms of the generally accepted d-wave order parameter symmetry presents difficulties. Received: 22 July 1997 / Revised: 11 March 1998 / Accepted: 23 June 1998     

Thermo-and photostimulated depolarization in self-compensated CdF2:Ga and CdF2:In crystals

A study is reported of the conductivity of CdF₂ semiconductor crystals doped by indium and gallium donor impurities and residing in a semi-isolated state. The latter results from self-compensation of the impurities, in the course of which one half of them creates two-electron DX centers, and the second is ionized. Photo-and thermostimulated depolarization of these crystals has been studied. It was shown that the observed polarization/depolarization phenomena have a nonlocal nature and are due to the charges present in these crystals changing their positions. These changes may be formally considered as charge displacement to macroscopic distances considerably in excess of the interatomic ones. The mechanisms responsible for these phenomena are discussed. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 41, 1575–1581 (September 1999)     

Electrical conductivity and equations of states of β-rhombohedral boron in the megabar dynamic pressure range

The pressure dependence of the conductivity of boron under conditions of a stepwise shock compression of megabaric range is studied. With this purpose, the following problems have been solved. The conductivity of boron has been measured in the range of dynamic pressures, where boron has different high-pressure phases. The equations of state of β-rhombohedral and amorphous boron have been constructed in a megabaric pressure range. The thermodynamic states of boron in the conditions of these experiments are calculated, which, in combination with the measurement data, made it possible to determine the change in the boron conductivity in the conditions of strong stepwise shock compression at dynamic pressures to 110 GPa. The increase in the conductivity of polycrystalline boron at megabar pressures is interpreted as a result of a nonmetal–metal transition.

     

Stability-transport modeling of the SINP tokamak discharges

A one-dimensional stability transport code has been developed to simulate the evolution of tokamak plasma discharges. Explicit finite-difference methods have been used to follow the temporal evolution of the electron temperature equation. The poloidal field diffusion equation has been solved at every time step. The effects of MHD instabilities have been incorporated by solving equations for MHD mixing and tearing modes as and when required. The code has been applied to follow the evolution of tokamak plasma discharges obtained in the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) tokamak. From these simulations, we have been able to identify the possible models of thermal conductivity, diffusion and impurity contents in these discharges. Effects of different MHD modes have been estimated. It has been found that in low q ₀ discharge m=1, n=1 and m=2, n=1 modes play major role in discharge evolution. These modes are found to result in the positive jump in the loop voltage which was also observed in the experiments. Hollow current density profile j _φ and negative shear in the q profile have also been found in the rising phase of a discharge.     

压力对聚苯胺导电性的影响

 导电高聚物聚苯胺薄膜经过定向拉伸后，其有序度、电导及跃迁势垒都发生了很大变化。本文研究了准静水压力对定向拉伸前后，聚苯胺薄膜电学性质的影响。发现未定向拉伸的聚苯胺薄膜的电导随压力单调增加，跃迁势垒T₀随压力单调减少，而定向拉伸后的聚苯胺薄膜则在0.47 GPa出现电导的极大值，在0.35~0.71 GPa之间出现T₀的极小值，这个异常行为与聚乙炔、聚噻吩等导电高聚物均不相同。     

A method for calculating active feedback system to provide vertical position control of plasma in a tokamak

In designing tokamaks, the maintenance of vertical stability of plasma is one of the most important problems. Systems of the passive and active feedbacks are applied for this purpose. Role of the passive system consisting of a vacuum vessel and passive coils is to suppress fast MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) instabilities. The active feedback system is applied to control slow motions of plasma. The objective of the paper is to investigate two successive problems, solution of which allows to determine the possibility of controlling plasm a motions. One of these is the problem of vertical stability under the assumption of ideal conductivity of plasma and passive stabilizing elements. The problem is solved analytically and on the basis of the obtained solution a criterion of MHD-stability is formulated. The other problem is connected with the control of plasma vertical position with active feedback system. Calculation of feedback control parameters is formulated as an optimization problem and an approximate method to solve the problem is suggested. Numerical simulations are performed with parameters of the T-15M tokamak in order to justify the suggested method.      

Electrical conductivity of a fully ionized plasma at high frequencies

When the frequency of the electric field is of the order of, or larger than, the electron plasma frequency, kinetic equations are no longer valid. The Klimontovich equation linearized in the applied electric field is solved systematically by means of an expansion into powers of the square root of the plasma parameter. A general expression up to second order is obtained for the conductivity σ(ω, k). There exists a large overlap with the results of an earlier paper on the conductivity at low frequencies. This overlap is used to determine a cut-off parameter. The expression for the conductivity serves as a basis for the calculation of the influence of collisions on the dispersion relation for plasma waves. It appears that for small wavenumbers the influence of electron-ion collisions is dominant compared to electron-electron collisions.     

Surface waves of the potential type at the interface between a metal and an inhomogeneous medium

A study is made of surface waves of the potential type propagating along the interface between a metal and a plasma of nonuniform density, with the thermal motion of the electrons taken into account. Dispersion relation for these waves are derived and solved for a linear plasma density profile. The influence of the nonuniformity of the plasma density on the dispersion properties of the waves is studied. Cases of negative and positive gradients are considered. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 80–83 (July 1999)     

Hopping conductivity and activated transport in InxGa1-xAs quantum wells

We present measurements of the diagonal R_xx and off-diagonal R_xy magnetoresistance under quantum Hall conditions on several high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) based on In_xGa_1-xAs quantum wells. From the magnetoresistance tensor we obtain the longitudinal conductivity σ _xx . We study the transport mechanisms near the σ _xx minima at temperatures ranging between 2 K and 35 K; activated transport is the dominant mechanism for temperatures above 7 K while variable range hopping conductivity is significant for lower temperatures. We show that electron-electron correlations should be taken into account to explain the conductivity vs temperature behaviour below 5 K. Finally, we study the behaviour of the localization length as a function of Landau level filling and obtain a critical exponent γ = 3.45±0.15. Received 6 June 2001 and Received in final form 16 October 2001     

Simultaneous dielectric spectroscopy and calorimetry of the dynamics during a macromolecules growth

Summary A method and an instrument has been developed for measuring almost simultaneously and continuously in time three different quantities: i) the heat evolved during the course of exothermic reactions, ii) the heat capacity and iii) the dielectric spectra of a liquid or solid sample. By using this instrument, we have studied the decrease in the d.c. conductivity and the increase in the relaxation time as molecules in an isothermally kept liquid chemically react to produce, irreversibly, a macromolecular structure until the liquid vitrifies and becomes rigid. The number of covalent bonds formed in the structure,n, has been calculated and the dielectric relaxation time, τ, is related ton. This τ increases progressively more rapidly withn, and decreases, of course, on increasing the temperature. A compensation between these two effects determines the dynamic behaviour observed during rate heating. The effect of temperature is found to predominate. Such observations have been made possible by means of the new instrument.     

Observations on Arsenic and Selenium Determinations Using Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption and/or Plasma Emission Spectrometry

Abstract

Regulatory and environmental concerns have made the determination of trace amounts of arsenic and selenium extremely important. Selenium is an essential trace nutrient while arsenic is a cumulative poison. Unlike synthetic organic chemicals, these “heavy metals,” of course, are not man-made. Environmental pollution problems associated with these elements, therefore, are the result of redistribution of naturally occurring elements by agricultural and industrial processes.     

What is required for the commercialization of metal hydride refrigerators and heat pumps: Surface engineering can solve the application problems

Metal hydride devices such as refrigerators, air-conditioners, and steam regenerators have been developing for more than 15 years since the principles of thermal energy conversion were demonstrated by Phillips Research Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratories (BNL), and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). Engineering approaches to improve hydriding properties such as sloped plateau and hysteresis, to control pressure-temperature-composition relations and to improve the effective thermal conductivity have been conducted by many people. As yet we have not yet reached the commecial levels for practical applications.In this paper, the reasons why we could have succeeded in bringing our R&D efforts into commercial levels are pointed out. The aim of this paper is to describe the scientific and technical problems to be solved for realizing metal hydride applications as thermal conversion devices in commercial scales.