EAST托卡马克装置外冷屏的热负荷分析

外真空杜瓦冷屏 (简称外冷屏 )是 EAST超导托卡马克核聚变装置的重要部件之一 ,它在处于室温下的外真空杜瓦与运行在 4 .5 K温度下的超导线圈之间形成了一道隔热的屏障 ,以保证装置能够稳定高效的运行。文中运用有限元分析软件 ANSYS对外冷屏封头、中筒、底座的传热情况做了计算与分析 ,以得到在氦气入口处压强为 5 .2 bar,温度为 80 K的情况下 ,外冷屏低温面板的详细设计方案     

EAST超导托卡马克冷屏结构与受力分析

EAST是一个全超导磁体系统的托卡马克实验装置,超导纵场和极向场磁体工作在4K温区下。在磁 体和其它发热部件之间布置有冷屏系统,以减少作用到所有低温冷质部件上的热载,将其保持在最低水平。该系 统包括真空室冷屏(内冷屏)和外真空杜瓦冷屏(外冷屏)两部分。在分析了冷屏低温运行时所受热应力以及等离 子体破裂时所受电磁载荷的基础上,运用大型有限元分析程序NASTRAN,对其不同载荷状况进行了数值计算,为其 结构设计与优化提供了理论依据。     

基于ANSYS的传导冷却超导磁体系统的热分析

在传导冷却超导磁体系统中,超导磁体与系统其它部分的温度平衡过程是依靠固体间的热传导来实现热量传递的。由于超导磁体和冷屏等低温部件冷却条件的差异,将导致磁体内部各处和冷屏不同部位的温度分布不均匀。分析研究超导磁体系统的低温温度分布状况,对于低温系统的热设计和磁体的温度裕度设计具有重要意义。文中借助于ANSYS有限元分析软件,建立了一个大口径传导冷却超导磁体低温系统的稳态三维热分析模型,仿真了超导磁体和冷屏的空间温度场,得到了传导冷却超导磁体低温系统的热分布规律。该分析结果对于大口径传导冷却超导磁体的低温系统设计具有重要的参考价值。     

7T大口径NbTi超导磁体降温通电实验

介绍了用于超导导体测试用超导磁体降温通电实验,降温采用500W@4.5K制冷机系统。300—10K直接采用冷He气循环冷却超导磁体,温度低于10K直接输入LHe。该磁体在4.2K温度下可通1000A的电流,其中心磁场为7T,储能为3M J。     

Study on Ultra-fast Cooling Behaviors of Water Spray Cooled Stainless Steel Plates

Spray cooling is an effective tool to dissipate high heat fluxes from hot surfaces. This article thoroughly investigates the effect of thickness of a hot stainless steel plate on the cooling time, cooling rate, heat flux, and heat transfer coefficient under constant mass flow rate maintained at 1 MPa using water as the coolant. Cylindrical samples of stainless steel with constant diameter (D = 25 mm) and thickness (δ = 7.5, 12, 16.5, and 21 mm) were used in the present study. Critical droplet diameter to achieve an ultra-fast cooling rate of 300°C/s was estimated by using an analytical model for samples of varying thicknesses. The analytical model (one side spray cooling) showed good agreement with experimental results with a relative error of 3.2% in the plate thickness range of 1–12 mm. An increasing trend in maximum heat flux was found with increasing thickness of the plate. Maximum heat flux as high as 1,800 kW/m² was achieved for a 21-mm-thick sample. Heat transfer coefficients in the range 0.092–96.24 kW/m²K, 0.111–98.9 kW/m²K, 0.074–63.4 kW/m²K, and 0.127–55.63 kW/m²K were reported for sample of varying thicknesses in the present study. Limited published work is available with reference to water spray cooling dynamics and thickness of stainless steel plate. Therefore, the present study focuses on the correlation between the thickness of the plate and spray dynamics of water spray cooling.     

Characterization of thermal transport across single-point contact between micro-wires

A contact transient electrothermal technique (CTET) is developed to characterize the thermal transport between one-dimensional conductive and nonconductive microscale wires that are in point contact. This technique is a significant advance from the transient electrothermal method that is used to characterize the thermophysical properties of individual one-dimensional micro-wires. A steady-state analytical solution and a transient numerical solution are used to independently determine the value for the thermal contact resistance between the wires at the contact point. The CTET technique is applied to measurement of the thermal contact resistance between crossed Pt wires (25.4 μm diameter) and the thermal contact resistance between a glass fiber (8.9 μm diameter) in contact with a Pt wire (25.4 μm diameter). For Pt wire contact, the thermal contact resistance increases from 8.94×10⁴ to 7.05×10⁵ K/W when the heating current changes from 20 to 50 mA. For the Pt/glass fiber contact, the thermal contact resistance is much larger (2.83×10⁶ K/W), mainly due to the smaller area at the contact point.     

低温超导磁体杜瓦装置的结构设计与传热分析

介绍了低温超导磁体杜瓦装置的结构设计和传热分析。为了获得有效的超导磁体运行的低温环境,研制了一套采用真空多层绝热、铜辐射冷屏、蛇形排气管结构形式的绝热系统,省去了传统的在内杜瓦外面添加液氮屏的结构,简化了工艺结构,操作方便,绝热效果良好。通过传热理论计算表明,液氦的损耗量小于技术要求的0.9 L/h指标,能够保证超导磁体系统能够在一定的低温环境下长时间的运行。     

Thermal performance analysis of vacuum variable-temperature blackbody system

In this paper, the design and structure of a vacuum variable-temperature blackbody system were described, and the steady-state thermal analysis of a 3-D blackbody model was presented. Also, the thermal performance of the blackbody was evaluated using an infrared camera system. The blackbody system was constructed to operate under vacuum conditions (2.67 × 10⁻² Pa) to reduce its temperature uncertainty, which can be caused by vapor condensation at low temperatures usually below 273.15 K. A heat sink and heat shield including a cold shield were embedded around the radiator to maintain the heat balance of the blackbody. A simplified 3-D model of the blackbody including a radiator, heat sink, heat shield, cold shield, and heat source was thermophysically evaluated by performing finite elements analysis using the extended Stefan–Boltzmann’s rule, and the infrared radiating performance of the developed system was analyzed using an infrared camera system. On the basis of the results of measurements and simulations, we expect that the suggested blackbody system can serve as a highly stable reference source for the calibration and measurement of infrared optical systems within operational temperature ranges.     

ITER����ĸ��ʧ��ʱCFT�����ĵ�ŷ���

采用了解析法和ANSYS软件对ITER超导母线稳态时在CFT冷屏上产生的磁场分布和失超时在CFT冷屏上产生的涡流分布做了对比分析,得到的结果相互吻合,这为后续的电磁-结构以及电磁-热耦合分析提供了参考数据。     

Enhancement in nucleate pool boiling heat transfer on nano-second laser processed copper surfaces

ABSTRACT

The present paper reports the experimental investigation of pool boiling heat transfer on multiscale functionalized copper surfaces. Multiscale functionalized surfaces are fabricated by employing the nano-second laser surface process (NLSP) technique. The heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of functionalized surfaces are estimated experimentally by using water and acetone as pool liquid. Tests are performed at atmospheric pressure, and saturated pool boiling condition with heat flux varyies between 0 and 330 kW/m². The maximum HTCs for functionalized surface and reference polished surface were found to be 41,500 W/m²K and 23,000 W/m²K, respectively, with water and 22,000 W/m²K and 14,000 W/m²K, respectively, with acetone.     

Superconductivity in α- and ω-Zirconium under high pressure

The pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperatureT _c (p) of α-Zr has been investigated in both solid and liquid pressure transmitting media. Up to about 45 kbardT _c /dp was measured to be + 3.5 × 10^?6 K/bar. Cold working at 4.2 K produced a strong irreversible effect onT _c . The superconductivity of the high pressure phase, ω-Zr, has been studied in its region of stability, i.e. above 60 kbar. For ω-Zr,dT _c /dp=+7.7 × 10^?6K/bar, andT _c (0)=0.72 K (by extrapolation).     

G-M制冷机辐射屏温度随动控制

该文提出低温与超导系统温度控制新方法 -基于泛逻辑代数的温度随动控制。这是一种以低温实验为基础 ,依据概念和专家知识的泛逻辑控制 ,控制特性用一组泛逻辑代数方程描述 ,从而可以有效解决 G- M制冷机辐射屏温度的随动控制问题。该系统可应用于低温界面热阻实验和超导材料热物性测试等。温度随动控温范围为 4 0 K- 15 0 K,精度优于3K。这对低温与超导技术等有重要意义     

Mössbauer Effect Study of Eu0.88Fe4Sb12 Skutterudite

The partly filled skutterudites Eu_0.88Fe₄Sb₁₂ were investigated by ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy in the temperature range 4.2 K ≤ T ≤ 295 K and in external fields up to 13.5 T. The results favour a statistical distribution of Eu and voids in the Fe near neighbour shell. Below 82 ± 1 K magnetic order is present. Debye temperatures Θ _D = 460 ± 20 K and 165 ± 30 K were obtained for Fe with completely occupied Eu sites and for Fe with vacancies in the R-neighbour shell, respectively. The temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting reflects the thermal expansion of the lattice. The induced hyperfine fields at 4.2 K are negative and differ by roughly a factor of two for the two Fe surroundings.     

High temperature multiple transitions in bismuth-based superconductors

We report observation of possible superconducting transitions at 133 K, 117K and 105 K in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O bulk samples which attain zero resistance state above the liquid nitrogen temperature (T_c(0)) = 80K). The transition at 105 K is prominent and shows a significant drop in the sample resistance. X-ray data depict characteristic superconducting peak at 20 = 5–6°. All the specimens show Meissner effect when cooled in liquid nitrogen.     

Cryogenics for the future accelerator complex NICA at JINR

The NICA cryogenics will be based on the modernized liquid helium plant that was b uilt in the early 90’s for the superconducting synchrotron known as the Nuclotron. The main goals of the modernization are: increasing of the total refrigerator capacity from 4000 W to 8000 W at 4.5 K, making a new distribution system of liquid helium, and ensuring the shortest possible cool down time. These goals will be achieved by means of an additional 1000 l/hour helium liquefier and “satellite” refrigerators located near the accelerator rings. This report describes the design choices of the NICA, demonstrates helium flow diagrams with major new components and briefly informs of the liquid nitrogen system that will be used for shield cooling at 77 K and at the first stage of cooling down of three accelerator rings with the total length of about 1 km and “cold” mass of 290 tons.     

Structural Evolution During and After Cessation of the Shear Flow for a Side-Chain-Type Liquid Crystalline Polysiloxane Above the Isotropic-Liquid Crystalline Phase Transition Temperature

Evolution of the anisotropic texture during and after cessation of shear flow for a side-chain-type liquid crystalline polysiloxane (LCS) was studied by shearing microscopy at temperatures above the isotropic to liquid crystalline phase transition temperature ( T_c=309.2 K if LCS is cooled from the isotropic phase in the quiescent state). The anisotropic texture of LCS during the shear flow was found at a temperature of 313 K and a shear rate of 50 s^?1. After cessation of the shear flow, the anisotropic texture disappeared. At a temperature of 311 K and a shear rate of 50 s^?1, LCS under shear flow also showed the anisotropic texture. It is noteworthy that the anisotropic texture was stable at this temperature, even after cessation of the shear flow. Furthermore, the evolution of the anisotropic texture was described quantitatively from the behavior of the birefringence as a function of time after cessation of the shear flow.     

Specific heat anomaly of single phase YBa2Cu3O7-δ at superconducting transition temperature

The specific heat of single phase YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ has been measured using non-adiabatic method between 4.2K and 120K. There is a specific heat anomaly Δc at 90K (about 3.2% of total specific heat) approximately, due to superconducting transition. From the measured value of ΔC and transition temperature T_c, the electronic density of state at Fermi level N(E_F) and Sommerfeld parameter γ calculated are 2.55±0.30states/eV.Cu-atom and 2.77±0.30 mJ/mole.K², respectively. The experimental result of N(E_F) is consistent with that of the band calculation by Mattheiss. The Debye temperature above T_c in this material deduced from Debye function is about 340K. Below 20K, the relation C=γ'T+βT³ is satisfied. But the value of γ' is smaller. That means, most of the electrons have formed superconducting Cooper pairs which give no contribution to specific heat below 20K.     

Mössbauer study of glasses in meteorites: the D'Orbigny angrite and Cachari eucrite

Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements at room temperature (RT) and at liquid helium temperature (4.2 K) were carried out on bulk and glass samples from the D'Orbigny (angrite) and Cachari (eucrite) meteorites. The RT Mössbauer spectrum of the bulk sample of D'Orbigny shows the presence of Fe²⁺ in olivine and pyroxene and that of bulk Cachari contains only pyroxene. Very small amounts of Fe³⁺ are also present in the bulk samples, but are attributed to surface contamination. The RT spectra of the D'Orbigny and Cachari glasses are fitted with three doublets, which are assigned to Fe²⁺ at three different octahedral positions. No Fe³⁺ was detected in the glass samples. The spectra of the glasses measured at 4.2 K show the presence of relaxation effects. The results suggest a certain degree of structural ordering in these glasses.     

35-110kV高温超导电缆终端低温恒温器热负荷分析

高温超导电缆终端是运行在低温的超导电缆芯向常温的高压母线过渡和制冷剂进出口的汇集组件,为了获得有效的超导电缆运行的低温环境,设计了一套电缆与终端可拆卸的恒温器,系统采用过冷液氮循环,液氮既是冷却介质,又是高电压绝缘介质。通过传热理论对恒温器的热负荷进行了计算,得到了用于35-110kV电压等级、额定电流交流2 000A的高温超导电缆低温恒温器主要漏热,尤其对终端交流电流引线进行了优化计算。计算结果表明,在现有设计结构下,恒温器的漏热量小于300W;从热负荷分布分析,电流引线漏热为主要漏热,支撑及传输管线的传导漏热占系统总漏热的22%左右。计算结果为该高温超导电缆终端低温系统的设计和进一步优化提供了依据。     

Determination of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by Raman Spectroscopy

We have examined the effect of high temperature on single-wall carbon nanotubes under air and nitrogen ambient by Raman spectroscopy. We observe the temperature dependence of the radial breathing mode and the G-band modes. The thermal expansion coefficient (β) of the bundled nanotubes is obtained experimentally using the estimated volume from Raman scattering. β behaves linearly with temperature from 0.33 × 10^?5 K^?1 to 0.28 × 10^?5 K^?1 in air and from 0.58 × 10^?5 K^?1 to 0.47 × 10^?5 K^?1 in nitrogen ambient, respectively. The temperature dependence of the radial breathing mode Raman frequencies is consistent with a pure temperature effect.