New accessory for studies of isotopic 1H/2H exchange and biomolecular interactions using transmission infrared spectroscopy

We present here a new accessory for IR transmission measurements of ¹H/²H exchange, as an ancillary tool for monitoring structural features of biomolecules in aqueous solution. This new accessory results from the combination of two dialysis membranes and a conventional liquid cell having two cylinders containing ²H₂O buffer. When compared with conventional transmission measurements, carried out either after dissolving lyophilized biomolecules in ²H₂O or after dialyzing the aqueous solution considered against ²H₂O buffer, this accessory shows the following advantages: (1) controlled measurements over the initial steps of this isotopic exchange and absence of molecular aggregation, and (2) smaller sample amounts. This new Fourier transform IR cell can also be used to analyze ligand–biomolecule and drug–cell interactions.      

铂纳米颗粒的可见光化学制备及其对p-硝基苯酚催化还原反应

在可见光照射下,以乙二醇（EG）作为还原剂和稳定剂,在多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）上一步合成了铂纳米颗粒,成功制备Pt/MWCNTs复合材料,并通过p-硝基苯酚（p-NP）的催化还原反应研究了Pt/MWCNTs的催化性能。用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对所制备材料的形貌和晶体结构进行了表征。实验结果显示,可见光照射促进了EG水溶液中[PtCl₄]^2-前驱体的水解。通过金属界面的电子效应,铂前驱体被还原成了均匀分散的平均直径2.1 nm的超小颗粒Pt（Pt ultra-small particles,Pt UPs）。所制备的Pt/MWCNTs能有效地催化p-NP还原为p-氨基苯酚（p-AP）,表现出较高的催化性能,其表观速率常数为0.25 min^-1。Pt/MWCNTs多次使用后没有显著的活性损失,显示出了良好的稳定性。上述实验结果证明,除了传统的紫外光照射等手段以外,可见光照射也同样是制备铂金属催化剂非常有效的方法。而且,催化剂的形貌控制也完全可以通过简单而非复杂的实验条件加以实现。     

对H2O2催化分解反应实验的改进

对H2O2催化分解反应催化剂加入方法进行了分析,提出改进建议.实践证明所提出的方法操作方便,计量准确,可提高实验精度.     

以双氧水或氧气为氧化剂的苯羟基化制苯酚的催化反应机理

C—H键的活化是有机合成中最重要的科学问题之一。以环境友好的双氧水或者氧气为氧化剂的苯羟基化制备苯酚的反应,不仅涉及苯环的$\text C_{\text s \text p^{2}}— \text H $活化这一基础问题,还涉及双氧水或氧气的活化,以及双氧水的分解、苯酚的深度氧化等副反应,几十年来一直是有机合成领域的一大挑战。更重要的是,在大力倡导绿色化工的背景之下,该反应愈加受到工业界的青睐,期望它能够取代异丙苯法成为苯酚生产的绿色新工艺。本文以苯羟基化制备苯酚的催化反应机理为线索,综述近年来金属基催化剂以及处于起步阶段的非金属催化剂的最新研究进展,着重从自由基机理和非自由基机理两个方面详细归纳分析催化剂的组成结构与其反应的活性和选择性之间的构效关系,并就该领域未来的发展动向及需要关注的问题给出了展望和建议,期望有助于深化对催化机理的认识,并为进一步研发更高活性和稳定性的苯羟基化催化剂提供有益借鉴。      

Catalytic degradation of gaseous benzene by using TiO2/goethite immobilized on palygorskite: Preparation,characterization and mechanism

The nano-TiO₂/goethite/palygorskite catalysts were prepared by sol–gel method. The morphology and structure of the catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis reflection spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N₂ adsorption-desorption measurement. The results indicated that the self-made catalysts had excellent catalytic performance on gaseous benzene degradation. In the case of benzene concentration at 30 mg/m³, the degradation efficiency, over TiO₂/goethite/palygorskite composite with mass ratio of 10:5:5, reached 70.4% after 180 min 254 nm UV irradiation. The reaction mechanism and kinetics study showed that palygorskite/goethite/TiO₂ composites photocatalytic degradation benzene was mainly caused by oxidizing property of electron–holes and oxygen synergy effect.     

Synthesis of Pyrrolidine Derivatives by a Platinum/Brønsted Acid Relay Catalytic Cascade Reaction

A new catalytic reaction for the synthesis of pyrrolidine derivatives is presented. The method implies the coupling of N‐Boc‐protected alkynamine derivatives and appropriate alkenes or alkynes in a process catalysed by a platinum/triflic acid catalytic binary system. This reaction is believed to proceed through a cascade process implying an initial platinum‐catalysed cycloisomerization of the alkynamine derivative followed by a triflic acid promoted nucleophilic addition of the alkene or alkyne and trapping of the cationic species formed by the Boc group. Not only simple alkenes and alkynes were used in this reaction but also allyltrimethylsilane and propargyltrimethylsilane. Particularly, when allyltrimethylsilane is used as the alkene counterpart interesting bicyclic compounds containing a trimethylsilane group are obtained. However, when propargyltrimethylsilane is used in the presence of water we observed the formation of a related bicyclic compound lacking the trimethylsilane group and containing an exocyclic carbon?carbon bond.     

Hydrogen/chlorine exchange reactions of gaseous carbanions

Gas-phase reactions of three typical carbanions CH(2)NO(2)(-), CH(2)CN(-), and CH(2)S(O)CH(3)(-) with the chloromethanes CH(2)Cl(2), CHCl(3), and CCl(4), examined by tandem mass spectrometry, show a novel hydrogen/chlorine exchange reaction. For example, reaction between the nitromethyl anion CH(2)NO(2)(-) and carbon tetrachloride CCl(4) forms the ion CHClNO(2)(-). The suggested reaction mechanism involves nucleophilic attack by CH(2)NO(2)(-) at the chlorine of CCl(4) followed by proton transfer within the resulting complex [CH(2)ClNO(2) + CCl(3)(-)] to form CHClNO(2)(-) and CHCl(3). Two other carbanions CH(2)CN(-) and CH(2)S(O)CH(3)(-) also undergo the novel hydrogen/chlorine exchange reactions with CCl(4) but to a much smaller extent, their higher nucleophilicities favoring competitive nucleophilic attack reactions. Proton abstraction is the exclusive pathway in the reactions of these carbanions with CHCl(3). While CH(2)CN(-) and CH(2)S(O)CH(3)(-) promote mainly proton abstraction and nucleophilic displacement in reactions with CH(2)Cl(2), CH(2)NO(2)(-) does not react.     

High-resolution H/D exchange studies on the HET-s218-295 prion protein

In a search for improved resolution of hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange experiments analyzed by mass spectrometry (HXMS), we evaluated two methodologies for a detailed structural study of solvent accessibility in the case of the HET-s(218-295) prion protein. For the first approach, after incubation in the deuterated solvent, aggregated HET-s(218-295) was digested with pepsin and the generated peptides were analyzed by nanospray mass spectrometry in an ion trap, with and without collision-induced dissociation (CID). We compared deuterium incorporation in peptides as determined on peptide pseudomolecular ions and on b and y fragments produced by longer peptides under CID conditions. For both b and y fragment ions, an extensive H/D scrambling phenomenon was observed, in contrast with previous studies comparing CID-MS experiments and (1)H NMR data. Thus, the spatial resolution of HXMS experiments could not be improved by means of MS/MS data generated by an ion trap mass spectrometer. In a second approach, the incorporation of deuterium was analyzed by MS for 76 peptides of the HET-s(218-289) peptide mass fingerprint, and the use of shared boundaries among peptic peptides allowed us to determine deuteration levels of small regions ranging from one to four amino acids. This methodology led to evidence of highly protected regions along the HET-s(218-295) sequence.     

氢钼青铜对铂催化氧还原反应的促进作用

采用循环伏安法在玻碳电极上和硫酸溶液中电沉积制备出铂催化剂(Pt)及铂-氢钼青铜复合催化剂(Pt-HxMoO3), 用旋转圆盘电极研究并比较了它们对硫酸溶液中氧还原反应的催化活性. 研究结果表明, HxMoO3能明显地提高Pt对氧还原反应的电催化活性. 通过对静态电极上氧还原的峰电流与扫描速度的关系以及旋转圆盘电极上氧还原电流与旋转速度的关系的分析发现, HxMoO3提高了铂电极氧还原反应电荷传递步骤的传递系数, 因此加快了氧还原的动力学过程.     

High-resolution IR spectroscopy of dimers of HDO with H2O in helium nanodroplets

We report on rotationally resolved IR spectra of dimers of HDO as a deuterium (d) donor with H(2)O, HDO, and D(2)O embedded in superfluid Helium nanodroplets in the 2650-2660 and 2725-2740 cm(-1) regions of the O-D donor stretch and symmetric acceptor stretch vibrations, respectively. By comparing spectra at different levels of deuteration we were able to unambiguously assign the donor stretch signals of H(2)O···DOH, HDO···DOH, and D(2)O···DOH. For H(2)O···DOH, three ΔK(a) = 0 sub-bands were found that were assigned to transitions from the lower and upper acceptor switching states of K(a) = 0 and the lower acceptor switching state of K(a) = 1. In addition, b- and c-type transitions in the acceptor stretch region of HDO···DOH were observed that allowed us to determine the acceptor switching splitting of Δv? = 5.68 cm(-1) in the HDO···DOH vibrational ground state. We suggest that the dominating broadening mechanism is intervibrational relaxation due to coupling of the rovibrational levels of the chromophore via internal droplet excitations.     

Elaborated Reaction Pathway of Photothermal Catalytic CO2 Conversion with H2O on Gallium Oxide-Decorated and -Defective Surfaces

Ga₂O₃-decorated and -defective surface models based on anatase TiO₂ have been established. The thermodynamic reaction pathways, including protonation, deoxygenation and hydroxylation steps, during CO₂ conversion with H₂O to C₁ products were calculated. The calculation results demonstrate that a Ga₂O₃ cocatalyst enhances the selective adsorption of CO₂ and slightly weakens the competitive adsorption of H₂O. The promotion effect of Ga₂O₃ on the subsequent reaction depends on the availability of protons and electrons. Free-energy calculations revealed that the basic functional site generated by Ga₂O₃ not only suppresses the back reaction of the OH group after H₂O directly provides protons but also maintains the surface defect oxygen vacancy (V_O), which promotes the reaction thermodynamics but tends to be consumed in the process. Additionally, Ga₂O₃ decoration promotes V_O formation, and the coexistence of Ga₂O₃ and V_O further decreases the reaction rate-determining step energy barrier, promoting C₁ production.     

Complete replacement of H2 by D2 via Pd/C-catalyzed H/D exchange reaction

[reaction: see text] A general and in situ D2 gas generation method using 10% Pd/C-catalyzed H2-D2 exchange reaction in a H2-D2O system has been developed. H2 gas sealed in a reaction flask was efficiently converted into nearly pure D2 gas, which can be used for the reductive deuteration of substrates possessing reducible functionalities within the molecule.     

2-羟基-5-磺酸苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯与铂显色反应

氮烯类试剂因其具有较大共轭体系,在光度分析中具有很高的灵敏度和较好的选择性而广泛应用于锌[1]、镉[2]、汞[3]和镍[4]等过渡金属元素的分析。近年来通过对该类试剂结构的改造,使其在铂族金属的分析[5-7]方面受到关注。2-羟基-5-磺酸苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯(HSDAA)是一类具一定水     

Criegee中间体CH3CHOO与H2O反应机理及酸催化效应

采用CCSD（T）//B3LYP/6-311+G（d,p）方法研究了H₂O及甲酸等6种有机酸对CH₃CHOO与H₂O加成反应的催化作用。结果表明,非催化反应存在双质子迁移和加成反应2条通道,其中加成反应为优势通道。其加成机理为H₂O中OH加到CH₃CHOO的α-C上,同时H₂O中另一个H迁移到CH₃CHOO的端O上。催化剂H₂O及有机酸以氢键复合物的形式参与反应促进了H质子转移,可降低基元反应能垒和表观活化能,且催化效应与有机酸的强度成正比。例如,当分别用H₂O（pK_a=15.7）、甲酸（pK_a=3.75）和草酸（pK_a=1.23）催化时,生成syn-HAHP的基元反应能垒由非催化的69.12 kJ·mol^-1分别降至40.78、18.88和10.61 kJ·mol^-1。非催化反应具有正的表观活化能,而所有催化反应则均具有负的表观活化能。     

铈助剂对Co/SiO2催化剂费托合成反应性能的影响

 考察了铈助剂对钴基催化剂上费托合成反应性能的影响,并进行了TPR和XRD等表征及瞬变应答研究．结果表明,加入铈助剂后,催化剂的活性和C5＋烃类的选择性有显著提高,且C5＋烃类分布有明显改变,有利于中间馏分油的生成．CODEX软件优化表明,当n（Ce）／n（Co）＝0．2～0．3,w（Co）＝10％,焙烧温度为740K时,在GHSV＝500h－1,p＝1．2MPa,T＝483K的反应条件下,C5＋烃类收率可达83％左右．根据实验结果,可以推测在钴基催化剂表面存在弱、中、强三种化学吸附的CO物种;－CH2－基团可能通过强度适中的化学吸附CO直接加氢生成;强化学吸附的CO是指离解吸附的CO,可发生歧化反应生成CO2和积炭,并覆盖部分活性位;加入铈助剂能抑制强化学吸附的CO生成,从而显著地提高了催化剂的活性．     

BH2+与H2O反应机理的量子拓扑研究

采用密度泛函方法B3LYP/6-311+G(d, p)和耦合簇方法CCSD/6-311+G(d, p)研究了BH2+与H2O的气相离子-分子反应机理. 优化得到了反应途径中各驻点的几何构型, 并采用内禀反应坐标法进行追踪. 从量子拓扑学的角度, 讨论了在反应过程中各化学键的变化. 反应(I)经历了一个四元环过渡态, 找到了这个反应的能量过渡态和两个结构过渡态.     

Catalytic activity of Pt and Pd in gaseous reactions of H2 and CH4 oxidation at low pressures

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新显色剂2—羧基—4—溴苯重氮氨基—4—苯基—2—噻唑与铂显色反应的研究

研究了新显色剂２－羧基－４－溴苯重氮氨基－４－苯基－２－噻唑与铂显色反应。在混合表面活性剂ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００和ＳＤＳ存在下，于ｐＨ７．０的磷酸盐缓冲介质中，铂（Ⅳ）与该试剂形成１∶２的红色配合物，其最大吸收波长位于５１０ｎｍ处，表观摩尔吸光系数ε＝５．９×１０５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，铂量在０．０１～２．０ｍｇ／２５Ｌ范围内符合比尔定律，用于催化剂中铂的测定，结果满意。