湍流热对流中的若干问题

对流是自然界中的一种常见现象,与人们的日常生产、生活息息相关。作为湍流和非线性系统的一个简单模型,在20世纪90年代以后,人们对热对流进行了系统而深入的研究。然而,直到现在,人们对湍流热对流的规律和本质仍然所知有限。文章主要从湍流传热、相干结构、大尺度环流和湍流中脉动量的小尺度统计等四个方面,简要地介绍了近年来湍流热对流的一些新进展。     

湍流热对流中的若干问题

对流是自然界中的一种常见现象,与人们的日常生产、生活息息相关。作为湍流和非线性系统的一个简单模型,在20世纪90年代以后,人们对热对流进行了系统而深入的研究。然而,直到现在,人们对湍流热对流的规律和本质仍然所知有限。文章主要从湍流传热、相干结构、大尺度环流和湍流中脉动量的小尺度统计等四个方面,简要地介绍了近年来湍流热对流的一些新进展。     

棒-环电极大气压等离子体射流的光谱特性

通过设计新型的交流电压激励的氩气等离子体射流,在棒电极的上游与下游区域均产生了大气压非平衡态等离子体羽。该射流与平行场射流和交叉场射流不同,它的电场与气流方向的夹角可以在一定范围内变化。结果表明,随着外加电压或夹角的增加,上游羽的长度增加而下游羽的长度减小。利用光学和电学的方法,研究发现随着外加电压的增加,上下游放电脉冲的个数均增加。利用放电的光学发射谱,发现上游羽有Ar和OH的谱线,而下游羽除了Ar和OH的谱线外,还可以观察到N₂的谱线。并且下游羽的谱线强度比上游羽的略高。基于碰撞辐射模型,通过谱线强度比的方法研究了上下游羽的电子密度和电子激发温度。结果表明上下游羽的电子密度随着外加电压的增加而增加。上下游羽的电子激发温度也随着外加电压的增加而增加。并且,在同一外加电压时下游羽的电子密度和电子激发温度均比上游羽的高。此外,利用OH发射光谱研究了上下游羽的气体温度,发现下游羽的气体温度也比上游羽的略高。     

周期性边界条件下多孔介质方腔内自然对流换热数值研究

对充满多孔介质的倾斜方腔,在其上下壁面绝热、右侧壁面维持恒温To及左侧壁面温度基于To随时间按正弦规律变化的情况下,采用Brinkman扩展达西模型和SIMPLER算法对方腔内的自然对流与换热进行了非稳态数值模拟,方腔倾角α的范围为0°～90°,Pr数为1,Ra数为106.计算研究不同的振荡频率和方腔倾角对方腔内对流换热的影响.数值模拟结果表明:振荡频率f为60π,方腔倾角为43°时,方腔内的换热最强.     

Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Flux Solver for Natural Convection of Nanofluid in a Square Enclosure

In the present study, mathematical modeling was performed to simulate natural convection of a nanofluid in a square enclosure using the thermal lattice Boltzmann flux solver (TLBFS). Firstly, natural convection in a square enclosure, filled with pure fluid (air and water), was investigated to validate the accuracy and performance of the method. Then, influences of the Rayleigh number, of nanoparticle volume fraction on streamlines, isotherms and average Nusselt number were studied. The numerical results illustrated that heat transfer was enhanced with the augmentation of Rayleigh number and nanoparticle volume fraction. There was a linear relationship between the average Nusselt number and solid volume fraction. and there was an exponential relationship between the average Nusselt number and Ra. In view of the Cartesian grid used by the immersed boundary method and lattice model, the immersed boundary method was chosen to treat the no-slip boundary condition of the flow field, and the Dirichlet boundary condition of the temperature field, to facilitate natural convection around a bluff body in a square enclosure. The presented numerical algorithm and code implementation were validated by means of numerical examples of natural convection between a concentric circular cylinder and a square enclosure at different aspect ratios. Numerical simulations were conducted for natural convection around a cylinder and square in an enclosure. The results illustrated that nanoparticles enhance heat transfer in higher Rayleigh number, and the heat transfer of the inner cylinder is stronger than that of the square at the same perimeter.     

Thermal Management and Modeling of Forced Convection and Entropy Generation in a Vented Cavity by Simultaneous Use of a Curved Porous Layer and Magnetic Field

The effects of using a partly curved porous layer on the thermal management and entropy generation features are studied in a ventilated cavity filled with hybrid nanofluid under the effects of inclined magnetic field by using finite volume method. This study is performed for the range of pertinent parameters of Reynolds number (100≤Re≤1000), magnetic field strength (0≤Ha≤80), permeability of porous region (10−4≤Da≤5×10−2), porous layer height (0.15H≤tp≤0.45H), porous layer position (0.25H≤yp≤0.45H), and curvature size (0≤b≤0.3H). The magnetic field reduces the vortex size, while the average Nusselt number of hot walls increases for Ha number above 20 and highest enhancement is 47% for left vertical wall. The variation in the average Nu with permeability of the layer is about 12.5% and 21% for left and right vertical walls, respectively, while these amounts are 12.5% and 32.5% when the location of the porous layer changes. The entropy generation increases with Hartmann number above 20, while there is 22% increase in the entropy generation for the case at the highest magnetic field. The porous layer height reduced the entropy generation for domain above it and it give the highest contribution to the overall entropy generation. When location of the curved porous layer is varied, the highest variation of entropy generation is attained for the domain below it while the lowest value is obtained at yp=0.3H. When the size of elliptic curvature is varied, the overall entropy generation decreases from b = 0 to b=0.2H by about 10% and then increases by 5% from b=0.2H to b=0.3H.     

Entropy Analysis of the Thermal Convection of Nanosuspension within a Chamber with a Heat-Conducting Solid Fin

Heat transport augmentation in closed chambers can be achieved using nanofluids and extended heat transfer surfaces. This research is devoted to the computational analysis of natural convection energy transport and entropy emission within a closed region, with isothermal vertical borders and a heat-conducting solid fin placed on the hot border. Horizontal walls were assumed to be adiabatic. Control relations written using non-primitive variables with experimentally based correlations for nanofluid properties were computed by the finite difference technique. The impacts of the fin size, fin position, and nanoadditive concentration on energy transfer performance and entropy production were studied. It was found that location of the long fin near the bottom wall allowed for the intensification of convective heat transfer within the chamber. Moreover, this position was characterized by high entropy generation. Therefore, the minimization of the entropy generation can define the optimal location of the heat-conducting fin using the obtained results. An addition of nanoparticles reduced the heat transfer strength and minimized the entropy generation.     

Fractional Brownian Motions and Enhanced Diffusion in a Unidirectional Wave-Like Turbulence

We study transport in random undirectional wave-like velocity fields with nonlinear dispersion relations. For this simple model, we have several interesting findings: (1) In the absence of molecular diffusion the entire family of fractional Brownian motions (FBMs), persistent or anti-persistent, can arise in the scaling limit. (2) The infrared cutoff may alter the scaling limit depending on whether the cutoff exceeds certain critical value or not. (3) Small, but nonzero, molecular diffusion can drastically change the scaling limit. As a result, some regimes stay intact; some (persistent) FBM regimes become non-Gaussian and some other FBM regimes become Brownian motions with enhanced diffusion coefficients. Moreover, in the particular regime where the scaling limit is a Brownian motion in the absence of molecular diffusion, the vanishing molecular diffusion limit of the enhanced diffusion coefficient is strictly larger than the diffusion coefficient with zero molecular diffusion. This is the first such example that we are aware of to demonstrate rigorously a nonperturbative effect of vanishing molecular diffusion on turbulent diffusion coefficient.     

超临界流体Rayleigh-Bénard对流的数值模拟研究

物质气液临界点附近热物理性质发生剧烈变化,会出现一种对热力学平衡有显著加速作用的热声活塞效应。而在长时间尺度上,因重力作用而产生的Rayleigh-Bénard对流在活塞效应的影响下,其表现出来的物理特性与普通流体相比存在较大的差异。我们通过SIMPLE方法对超临界氮在不同临界距离下的自然对流发生过程进行数值模拟,结果显示当流体热力学状态接近临界点时,对流作用的发生取决于边界层内热羽流的形成,并且具有明显的湍流特征,而随着离开临界点的距离加大,流场的形成逐渐过渡到一般可压缩流体的情形。     

Thermal convection thresholds in a Oldroyd magnetic fluid

We report theoretical and numerical results on convection for a magnetic fluid in a viscoelastic carrier liquid. The viscoelastic properties is given by the Oldroyd model. We obtain explicit expressions for the convective thresholds in terms of the parameters of the system in the case of idealized boundary conditions. We also calculate numerically the convective thresholds for the case of realistic boundary conditions. The effect of the Kelvin force and of the rheology on instability thresholds for a diluted suspensions are emphasized.     

热电制冷LED自然对流散热的设计与优化

为提升高热流密度下LED灯具的自然对流散热性能,以一款基于热电制冷（TEC）的单颗LED小型灯具模组为研究对象,在采用实验测量和回归拟合准确获得TEC性能参数的基础上,建立了有无TEC参与散热的等效热路模型,并选择合理的数学公式对其进行性能描述,进而遵循本文设计的计算流程快速得到各种散热性能数据。LED模组的散热分析表明：在恒定的LED热功率下,施加最佳的TEC电流可获得最高的散热性能;LED热功率越低,安装TEC的散热性能越比常规方法优异。经遗传算法优化前后的性能对比分析表明：优化后结构中TEC的合理工作区明显增大,能满足LED更高功率的散热需求;当LED为0.493 W时,优化后结构的最佳结温仅为15.66℃,远低于30℃的环境温度。基于TEC实验数据建立的等效热路模型,能为装配TEC的LED模组提供快速完整的散热设计分析与结构优化的合理方案。     

On Thermomigration Velocity of Liquid Cylindrical Inclusions in a Crystal under Stationary Thermal Conditions

Physics of the Solid State - The dependences of the velocity and the cross section shape of the inclusion on the cross sectional area at the various interfacial energy density, degree of its...     

Laminar Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with a Partition on the Heated Vertical Wall

Abstract

The laminar natural convection in an air-filled square cavity with a partition on the heated vertical wall was experimentally investigated. Temperature measurements and flow visualizations were performed for cases with heated and cooled vertical walls (corresponding to a global Grashof number Gr _H of approximately 1.4 × 10⁸) and non dimensional top wall temperatures θ _T of 0.57 (insulated) to 2.3. Experiments were performed with an aluminum partition with non dimensional height H _P /H of 0.0625 and 0.125 attached to the heated vertical wall at y/H = 0.65 and 0.95. The blockage effect and/or the thermal effect of the partition resulted in changes to the temperature and flow fields but were mainly limited to the vicinity of the partition. For the cases with the heated top wall, the change in the height of the partition at y/H = 0.95 resulted in changes to the ambient temperature outside the boundary layer due to the reduction of the size of the recirculating flow in the corner region. The changes in the partition height and the top wall temperature affected the blockage effect of the partition, resulting in the local Nusselt number near the corner region to be affected. The local Nusselt number over most of the heated vertical wall of the partitioned cavity (y/H < 0.7) was correlated to the local Rayleigh number in the form Nu = C · Ra ⁿ .     

Numerical model of two-dimensional heterogeneous combustion in porous media under natural convection or forced filtration

A novel mathematical model and original numerical method for investigating the two-dimensional waves of heterogeneous combustion in porous media are proposed and described in detail. The mathematical model is constructed within the framework of the model of interacting interpenetrating continua and includes equations of state, continuity, momentum conservation and energy for solid and gas phases. Combustion, considered in the paper, is due to the exothermic reaction between fuel in the porous solid medium and oxidiser contained in the gas flowing through the porous object. The original numerical method is based on a combination of explicit and implicit finite-difference schemes. A distinctive feature of the proposed model is that the gas velocity at the open boundaries (inlet and outlet) of the porous object is unknown and has to be found from the solution of the problem, i.e. the flow rate of the gas regulates itself. This approach allows processes to be modelled not only under forced filtration, but also under free convection, when there is no forced gas input in porous objects, which is typical for many natural or anthropogenic disasters (burning of peatlands, coal dumps, landfills, grain elevators). Some two-dimensional time-dependent problems of heterogeneous combustion in porous objects have been solved using the proposed numerical method. It is shown that two-dimensional waves of heterogeneous combustion in porous media can propagate in two modes with different characteristics, as in the case of one-dimensional combustion, but the combustion front can move in a complex manner, and gas dynamics within the porous objects can be complicated. When natural convection takes place, self-sustaining combustion waves can go through the all parts of the object regardless of where an ignition zone was located, so the all combustible material in each part of the object is burned out, in contrast to forced filtration.     

复杂多孔介质腔体内自然对流换热的数值研究

采用曲线坐标系下压力与速度耦合的SIMPLEC算法,数值研究复杂多孔介质腔体内的自然对流换热问题.腔体的曲面温度分别保持恒定,上下表面绝热.在曲线坐标系中用有限容积法离散方程,并采用Brinkman扩展达西模型及局部非热平衡模型求解,综合研究Rayleigh数,Darcy数、孔隙率等参数对腔体内自然对流换热的影响.计算结果表明:Rayleigh数和Darcy数的影响最大而孔隙率的影响很小,同时存在使得腔体内换热达到最强的最佳纵横比.     

自然对流情形下激光辐照液体贮箱的尺度律

根据质量守恒、动量守恒及能量守恒原理,建立了自然对流情形下激光辐照液体贮箱的理论模型。通过方程分析法,导出了该问题的尺度律,在此基础上给出了激光辐照液体贮箱的缩比方法,并对一组实例进行了数值计算,得到了缩比模型与原型结果完全相似的结论,模拟结果证明了该问题尺度律的成立。为验证理论模型与数值求解的正确性,本文还针对小尺度模型进行了实验研究,数值模拟结果与实验测量结果符合较好,表明理论模型可靠有效。     

Stability analysis of a model equilibrium for a gravito-electrostatic sheath in a colloidal plasma under external gravity effect

The present contribution tries to find a scientific answer to the question of stability of an equilibrium plasma sheath in a colloidal plasma system under external gravity effect. A model equilibrium of hydrodynamical character has been discussed on the basis of quasi-hydrostatic approximation of levitational condition. It is found that such an equilibrium is highly unstable to a modified-ion acoustic wave with a conditional likelihood of linear driving of the so-called acoustic mode too. Thus, it is reported (within fluid treatment) that a plasma-sheath edge in a colloidal plasma under external gravity effect could be highly sensitive to the acoustic turbulence. Its consequential role on possible physical mechanism of Coulomb phase transition has been conjectured. However, more rigorous calculations as future course of work are required to corroborate our phenomenological suggestions.     

Investigation of a turbulent wall jet in forced convection issuing into a directed coflow stream

In the present paper, we have studied numerically the directed coflow stream effects on mean and turbulent flow properties of a turbulent plane wall jet in forced convection emerging into a directed coflow stream. The system of equations governing the studied configuration is solved with a finite difference scheme using a staggered grid for numerical stability, not uniform in the two directions of the flow. The modified version of the first-order low Reynolds number k–? turbulence model is used and compared to existing experimental findings. It is found that predicted results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data and that the wall jet fluid decays faster in presence of a directed coflow stream. Results show also that the increase of coflow deviation angles causes an increase of the growth rates of the dynamic and thermal half-width of the jet and enhances the turbulent mixing. It is found that the longitudinal development of normalised forms of the jet characteristics parameters at different directed coflow velocity ratios can be reasonably well collapsed onto universal trends through the use of momentum length scale.     

自然对流情形下激光辐照液体贮箱的机理

利用激光辐照靶目标时,被辐照部位可能是液体贮箱。通过实验测量与数值模拟的紧密结合,揭示了液体处于自然对流状态时激光辐照下贮箱侧壁温升及液体速度场的演化规律。结果表明：激光辐照初期,铝板中心温升率较高;随着壁面附近液体温度的升高,光斑附近速度边界层内的最大流速增大,传热强度亦增大,导致铝板温升率降低;当铝板吸收的激光能量能够基本被水的对流带走时,铝板中心的温升率趋于零。     

基于LBM的部分热活跃边界下多孔腔体内自然对流换热

采用Boltzmann方法模拟部分热活跃边界下的多孔腔体内自然对流,探讨不同热边界布置方案、孔隙度、Da数及Ra数对其流动传热的影响.数值计算表明：Da=10^-4时,腔体内中央出现一个循环流模式,只在Ra数很大时孔隙度才对传热有影响; Da=10^-2时,腔体内出现两个循环流,在Ra数很小时孔隙度对传热产生强烈的的影响.热活跃边界位置影响腔体内流体对流传热的强度,加热边界布置在底部、而冷却边界布置在顶部（Bottom-Top布置方式）,对多孔腔体内对流传热最有利,优于全热边界布置方式的传热效果.