天鹅绒与碳纳米管阴极强流脉冲发射特性

在2 MeV直线感应加速器注入器平台上开展了天鹅绒阴极与碳纳米管阴极的强流脉冲发射特性综合实验。研究结果表明:天鹅绒阴极与碳纳米管阴极均具有强流脉冲发射性能,在1.61 MV的二极管电压下,天鹅绒阴极与碳纳米管的发射电流密度分别为84,108 A/cm2;启动时间分别为21,40 ns;放气量分别为0.29,0.91 PaL;放出气体分子数目与发射电子数目之比分别为64,225;两种冷阴极强流脉冲发射时的放气质谱相似。     

天鹅绒阴极产生的强流双脉冲电子束特性

 通过一台2 MeV直线感应型强流电子注入器建立的双脉冲功率源系统,实验研究了天鹅绒阴极产生的相对论性猝发双脉冲强流电子束基本特性,给出了双脉冲电子束的积分发射度、亮度和双脉冲电子束时间分辨包络变化情况。研究结果表明：天鹅绒阴极产生的双脉冲的亮度达到108 A·(m·rad)^-2;实验得到的两个脉冲电子束包络半径不完全一致,这是由于天鹅绒阴极在发射电子束过程中产生的阴极等离子体对真空二极管的影响程度不同所导致的。     

多脉冲电子束发射度测量

采用多孔板并结合电子束在石英片相互作用产生的契仑柯夫辐射,对以天鹅绒为阴极发射的强流多脉冲电子束发射度和亮度进行了实验研究和测量。实验观测到了有外加磁场条件下的电子束发生旋转现象。对于电子能量为600 kV左右的电子束,多孔板处的磁场小于2.7 mT时,电子束元的偏离已经小于2°。分别测量了天鹅绒阴极发射的强流四脉冲电子束和双脉冲电子束的积分亮度,分别为7.5×107A/(m.rad)2和4.14×108A/(m.rad)2。结果表明,双脉冲电子束的积分亮度明显优于四脉冲电子束的积分亮度,进而验证了阴极等离子体对多脉冲电子束亮度具有重要影响,降低了电子束的品质。     

碳纳米管和天鹅绒阴极强流发射特性的对比研究

采用电泳沉积法、碳纳米管纸和化学气相沉积直接生长法制备了三种碳纳米管阴极. 从强流发射性能、阴极等离子体膨胀、阴极起动、发射均匀性、工作稳定性以及脉冲放气特性等多个方面, 对比研究了碳纳米管阴极和化纤天鹅绒阴极的强流发射特性, 研究表明碳纳米管阵列和碳纳米管纸阴极发射性能明显优于普通化纤天鹅绒, 碳纳米管阴极发射性能与碳纳米管取向无关, 管壁的缺陷发射对无序碳纳米管阴极强流发射具有重要贡献. 碳纳米管阴极的起动场强约为普通化纤天鹅绒的2/3, 电场上升率相同时碳纳米管阴极比化纤天鹅绒阴极起动时间短12–17 ns. 碳纳米管阴极发射均匀性优于化纤天鹅绒, 尤其是碳纳米管阵列, 整个阴极表面等离子体光斑致密且均匀. 在二极管本底气压为6×10^-3 Pa时, 碳纳米管纸阴极对应的二极管峰值气压不到0.3 Pa, 约为普通化纤天鹅绒阴极的1/5, 碳纳米管阵列阴极放气量在三种阴极中最少, 仅为0.042 Pa. 结果表明, 碳纳米管阴极在强流电子束源和相关高功率微波器件领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

常见场致发射阴极材料的发射特性

利用三阴极加速器平台,对不锈钢、黄铜、铝、天鹅绒和石墨等几种常见场致发射材料的电流发射能力、相对启动延迟时间及其抖动进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:在二极管电压近似恒定时,不锈钢阴极启动时间延迟抖动小于8 ns,天鹅绒阴极及石墨阴极启动时间延迟抖动小于4 ns;且材料在阴极频繁工作时启动时间加快;常见金属材料中不锈钢阴极的综合性能较好;非金属材料中,天鹅绒阴极的发射能力最强,且发射延迟时间最短,但考虑到天鹅绒材料严重的出气问题,非金属材料中以石墨阴极的性能为优。     

阴极强流多脉冲发射特性研究

实验研究了几种阴极的强流猝发多脉冲发射特性. 研究结果表明, 天鹅绒阴极产生的猝发强流双脉冲电子束亮度优于1×10⁸A/(m.rad)², 而直立碳纤阴极产生的强流三脉冲电子束的亮度也优于3×10⁷A/(m.rad)², 并有进一步提高的可能. 新型的冷场致发射阴极如纳米金刚石膜阴极和纳米碳管阴极也具有强流发射能力, 实验得到的发射电流密度大于50A/cm².文中还给出的大发射面储备式热阴极的实验结果, 并对相关阴极实现稳定强流多脉冲发射的研究方向和应用前景进行了分析.     

平面二极管爆炸发射阴极特性实验研究

 在电压0.6~1.0 MV,脉冲重复频率为100 Hz条件下,实验研究了爆炸发射阴极的有效发射面积、平均发射电流密度、二极管阻抗、电子束能量损耗机制等特性。结果表明：阴极有效发射面积随时间呈方波变化,在脉冲开始后5 ns内有效发射面积基本达到稳定。在碳纤维、天鹅绒、石墨、不锈钢4种阴极材料中,碳纤维阴极有效发射面积最大且变化相对稳定,并且碳纤维阴极具有最大的平均发射电流密度。二极管阻抗随着阴阳极间隙的增加并非呈平方关系增加,而是呈线性增长,阻抗失配是降低电子束能量传输效率的主要机制。     

脉冲强流电子束的发射度测量

本文描述了利用多孔板测量脉冲强流电子束发射度的原理和方法。考虑了空间电荷和轴向磁场对测量的影响。实验参量是阴极形状、阳极网孔、二极管距离和电压、电流幅值。在直线感应加速器上、用天鹅绒平面阴极和腐蚀的钨网阳极,当束能为1.32MeV、束流为2kA时,测得均方根发射度ε_(rm)=79cm.mrad,相应规一化亮度B_n=4.8×10~3A/(cm.rad)~2。     

强流四脉冲电子束源实验研究

 为了进行强流多电子束源研究，对现有2MeV LIA 注入器进行了四脉冲改造，二极管脉冲电压约500kV。实验研究了天鹅绒阴极在四脉冲条件下的发射能力、传导电流负载效应以及阴极等离子体运动对阴极电子发射和束能量的影响。利用空间电荷限制流模型推算出阴极等离子体膨胀速率在1 ~4cm/μs之间。     

碳化硅纳米线的电子发射特性

 以聚碳硅烷为原料,通过1 200 ℃高温裂解工艺制备了碳化硅纳米线,并采用碳化硅纳米线作为高功率微波源用阴极材料,进行了电子发射实验。结果表明：与天鹅绒阴极材料相比,碳化硅纳米线具有更高的电子发射电流密度,在115 kV外加激励脉冲高压下,电子发射密度为23.7 kA/cm²,而天鹅绒材料为14.0 kA/cm²,并具有更好的电子发射品质及更长的使用寿命。因此碳化硅纳米线作为高功率微波源用阴极,具有很好的应用潜力。     

猝发强流多脉冲电子束源物理设计

给出一台脉冲间隔100～1 000 ns、脉冲数2~5个、二极管电压3 MV、引出束流强度2.5 kA的猝发多脉冲电子束源的物理设计及初步调试结果。在设计中,采用感应叠加和阻抗匹配方案获得二极管高电压脉冲;试验中分别采用天鹅绒和大发射面储备式热阴极获得猝发多脉冲电子束。调试结果表明:采用大发射面热阴极可避免阴极等离子体产生,确保二极管在猝发多脉冲状态下稳定运行。初步调试获得大于2.7 MV猝发三脉冲二极管高压,并获得1.6 kA的三脉冲电子束流。     

碳纳米管阴极的强流脉冲发射性能研究

采用丝网印刷和涂敷方法制备了两种碳纳米管阴极，并研究了两种阴极的强流脉冲发射特性，表征了阴极表面碳纳米管的形貌及分布.研究结果表明在脉冲宽度为100 ns、电压为1.64×10⁶ V的脉冲电场下，涂敷法制备阴极的场发射电流最高达5.11 kA，最高发射电流密度达260 A/cm².丝网印刷法制备阴极的场发射稳定性优于涂敷法制备阴极，但其发射电流低.阴极表面发射体的形貌与分布影响了阴极的脉冲发射性能.碳纳米管阴极的脉冲发射机理为爆炸电子发射.碳纳米管阴极可以作为强 关键词： 碳纳米管 阴极 脉冲发射 强电流     

Effect of cathode end caps and a cathode emissive surface onrelativistic magnetron operation

Cathode plasma expansion into a vacuum gap is one of the major physical mechanisms affecting the relativistic magnetron (RM) performance and causing so-called RF pulse shortening. This paper will show how the development of new cathode technologies has led to a significant enhancement of the RM efficiency and power. We have conducted a series of experiments with various cathodes intended for use in RM's. A primary objective in this research was to determine how the cathode geometry and type of emission surface would influence major characteristics of the L-band high-power RM in a rising-sun configuration. In these experiments, the magnetron operated at a fixed frequency of 1.3 GHz, voltage of 100-500 kV, total electron current of 2-8 kA, and total microwave peak power of 100-700 MW depending on operating conditions and type of cathode used. It was found that the geometry (smooth cylindrical, series of disks, pins) and the type of cathode emission surface (stainless steel, velvet, carbon fibers) affected the magnetron performance. This process resulted in a variation of the maximum microwave power of ~30%. The cathode end caps, which have been mostly abandoned after transition from classic to RM's, were shown to be able to increase the microwave power and RM efficiency by ~80% without facilitating the pulse shortening effect. This result was achieved through the implementation of cathode design principles that are compatible with the operation of RM's. A maximum total efficiency of 24% was achieved with a velvet cathode with end caps, determined as the ratio of peak power to input electrical power     

Multi-pulsed intense electron beam emission from velvet,carbon fibers,carbon nano-tubes and dispenser cathodes

The experimental results of studies of four kinds of cathode emitting intense electron beams are demonstrated under multi-pulsed mode based on an experimental setup including two multi-pulse high voltage sources.The tested cathodes include velvet,carbon fibers,carbon nano-tubes(CNTs)and dispenser cathodes.The results indicate that all four are able to emit multi-pulsed beams.For velvet,carbon fiber and CNTs,the electron induced cathode plasma emission may be the main process and this means that there are differences in beam parameters from pulse to pulse.For dispenser cathodes tested in the experiment,although there is a little difference from pulse to pulse for some reason,thermal-electric field emission may be the main process.     

Comparison of velvet- and cesium iodide-coated carbon fibercathodes

Presents results of an experimental comparison of a velvet cathode- and a carbon fiber cathode-coated with cesium iodide (CsI) salt. Each cathode had a planar geometry, with similar emission areas. The cathodes were tested at electric field strengths of 50 kV/cm at anode-cathode (A-K) gaps of 4.0 cm. The applied voltage had a 1-μs duration and the pulser was operated at up to a 1-Hz repetition rate. The system had a low base pressure (<1.0×10^-7 torr). This paper reports the results and comparisons of experiments on each cathode. We address the current and voltage characteristics, the shot-to-shot reproducibility, the pressure evolution of the diode under 1-Hz operation, and the lifetime of the cathodes     

Study of field-induced explosive electron emission mechanisms ofpseudospark superemission cathodes

Various mechanisms of electron emission, including the field, field-enhanced thermionic, and explosive electron emissions from pseudospark cathodes, are discussed and compared. The mechanism of the field-induced explosive electron emission due to microstructure on the cathode surface is considered to be more likely the pseudospark superemissive mechanism. A high-mean electric field up to 3-5 MV/cm on the cathode surface in the end of hollow cathode phase is enough to initiate the mechanism. The cathode spot initiation delay time (<10 ns) and explosive emission threshold current (~10⁸ A/cm² ) prior to the high current conducting phase are given by solving the initial value problem of the one-dimensional heat conduction equation, thus explaining the existing experimental data of the pseudospark cathode superemission. In the case of multigap discharge, the above mechanism occurs on nearly all cathode and interelectrode surfaces. Experimental evidence in single- and multigap pseudospark discharges supports the suggested explanation