聚苯胺修饰电极制备过程中几个问题的探讨

报道聚苯胺修饰电极制备中尚须引起人们重视的几个问题。主要包括：循环伏安法扫描电位上限对聚合的影响，恒电位法最佳的聚合电位，以及仅具２００ｍＶ和９００ｍＶ两峰聚苯胺膜的制备，聚合电量对不同制备方法影响的差异性等等。并对制备聚苯胺修饰电极的几种方法进行了比较，从而指出了最佳的聚合方法和条件。     

Anatomy of Long‐Lasting Love Affairs with Lithium Carbenoids: Past and Present Status and Future Prospects

After a long adolescence, the chemistry of lithium carbenoids has currently been entering its maturity bringing a dowry of a more in‐depth and less empirical knowledge of the structure and configurational stability of such double‐faced intermediates; this, thanks in particular to the synergistic and harmonic cooperation between calculations and the most modern NMR techniques now at our disposal. Such knowledge has stimulated the development of fruitful stereoselective applications in the field of organic synthesis, providing in addition a rationale to observed selectivities. Such aspects together with the role played by aggregation and solvation on the structure–reactivity relationship are highlighted throughout this Minireview with selected examples extracted from recent literature.     

郡县制国家现代化：中央政府如何扩大公共事务治理职能

郡县制国家的传统职能是“管人”,但是在当代,为了适应现代世界,需要加强和完善“管事”的职能。然而,加强“管事”的职能遇到的一大障碍,是“管事”与“管人”通常难以分开,带来管事与管人的冲突。在全国性公共事务上,面对管事与管人的冲突,郡县制国家的一种改革方向,即建立中央统一管理与地方属地管理相结合的体制,既扩大中央政府的治理职能,同时又发挥纵向约束机制的作用,从而能改善全国性公共事务治理。此种中央统一管理与地方属地管理相结合的体制,通常不是中央政府事先设计出来的,而是在改革过程中,经由中央政府与地方政府的策略性互动过程,逐渐建立起来的。因此,郡县制国家蕴含着一种潜力,即在公共事务治理上,包括地方公共事务和全国性公共事务,可以引入和发挥“纵向约束机制”的作用,使得国家既保持“管人”的基本体制不变,又能提高治理能力。     

Rapid,sensitive and simultaneous determination of fluorescence-labeled designated substances controlled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in Japan by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A simultaneous determination method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with fluorescence (FL) detection and electrospray-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) was developed for 16 “designated substances” (Shitei-Yakubutsu) controlled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in Japan. These substances were first labeled with 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole at 60 °C for 2 h in 0.1 M borax (pH 9.3). The resulting fluorophores were well separated by reversed-phase chromatography using an Acquity UPLC™ BEH C₁₈ column (1.7 μm, 100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d.) by isocratic elution with a mixture of water and acetonitrile–methanol (20:80) containing 0.1% formic acid. The separated derivatives were sensitively detected by both FL and TOF-MS. However, the determination of several designated substances by FL detection showed interference from endogenous substances in biological samples. Therefore, the determination in real samples was carried out by a combination of UPLC separation and ESI-TOF-MS detection. The structures of the designated substances were identified from the protonated-molecular ions [M+H]⁺ obtained from the TOF-MS measurement. The calibration curves obtained from the peak area ratios of the internal standard (I.S.), i.e., 3-phenyl-1-propylamine, and the designated substances versus the injection amounts showed good linearity. The limits of detection ( \textS/N = 3 ) \left( {{\text{S/N}} = 3} \right) and the limits of quantification ( \textS/N = 10 ) \left( {{\text{S/N}} = 10} \right) in 0.1 mL of human plasma and urine for the present method were 0.30–150 pmol and 1.0–500 pmol, respectively. Good accuracy and precision (according to intraday and interday assays) were also obtained with the present procedure. This method was applied to analyses of human plasma, urine and real products.