心肌细胞大变形黏弹性模型及在实验中的应用

在衡量单个细胞力学行为的研究中,越来越多地采用结合实验的数值模拟方法. 在连续介质力学框架下,发展了一种新的心肌细胞本构模型,并与微管吮吸实验结合,探讨了心肌细胞的力学特性. 本构模型是对普遍使用的仅能用于小变形分析的标准线性固体模型的一种扩展,它将超弹性性能引入到黏弹性模型中,用以描述细胞的大变形黏弹性效应. 基于改进的本构模型,对心肌细胞微管吮吸实验过程进行了有限元模拟,并将计算结果与实验结果以及经典理论解进行了对比. 结果显示发展的本构模型适合细胞大变形问题的有限元数值模拟.      

半弹簧接触模型及其在边坡破坏计算中的应用

提出了一种用于判断、描述三维离散块体的接触状态, 计算块体间接触力的半弹簧接触模型. 该模型将一对接触块体分为母块体及子块体, 半弹簧位于母块体上, 由母块体各节点缩进至各母面面内形成, 目标面位于子块体上. 该模型根据半弹簧与目标面的几何关系直接计算接触力, 无需耗费大量时间判断两个块体的接触类型及计算两个块体的接触面积. 该模型可以解决准三维条件下地质体渐进破坏的计算, 将该模型应用于边坡渐进破坏分析,计算结果与实际情况相符.      

连接结构接触界面非线性力学建模研究

连接界面上存在的跨尺度、多物理场和非线性行为是引起结构复杂非线性动力学的主要原因.由于连接界面的力学行为的复杂性,以及难以对连接界面进行直接试验观测,连接界面的力学建模一直是非常具有挑战性的科学问题.本文首先从分析结合面的跨尺度物理机理入手,将名义的光滑平面视作凹凸不平的粗糙面,考虑单个微凸体的黏滑摩擦行为,建立接触载荷与变形的非线性关系,然后采用GW(Greenwood and Williamson)模型数理统计方法建立整个粗糙界面的跨尺度力学模型,并与公开文献中试验结果进行对比.考虑连接界面具有典型非线性特征,提出一种改进的Iwan唯象模型,利用精细有限元方法获得非线性特征结果,采用系统辨识理论建立连接结构的降阶力学模型,并利用有限元结果进行模型验证.结果表明,本文提出的粗糙界面跨尺度模型在法向载荷较小时与试验结果吻合较好,改进的Iwan模型能够较好描述连接界面的非线性特征,并与有限元结果吻合较好.     

连接结构接触界面非线性力学建模研究

连接界面上存在的跨尺度、多物理场和非线性行为是引起结构复杂非线性动力学的主要原因。由于连接界面力学行为的复杂性,以及对连接界面进行直接试验观测的困难,连接界面的力学建模一直是非常具有挑战性的科学问题。本文首先从分析结合面的跨尺度物理机理入手,将名义的光滑平面视作凹凸不平的粗糙面,考虑单个微凸体的黏滑摩擦行为,建立接触载荷与变形的非线性关系,然后采用GW(Greenwood和Williamson, GW)模型数理统计方法建立整个粗糙界面的跨尺度力学模型,并与公开文献中试验结果进行对比。然后考虑连接界面典型非线性特征,提出一种改进的Iwan唯象模型,利用精细有限元方法获得非线性特征结果,采用系统辨识理论建立连接结构的降阶力学模型,并利用有限元结果进行模型验证。结果表明,本文提出的粗糙界面跨尺度模型在法向载荷较小时与试验结果吻合较好,改进的Iwan模型能够较好描述连接界面非线性特征,并与有限元结果吻合较好。      

岩体结构面非线性弹性-塑性软化本构模型研究

在总结评述现有岩体结构面本构模型的基础上,将非线性弹性模型和弹塑性模型结合起来,并采用起伏角磨损演化方程来定量描述结构面的磨损软化,建立了岩体结构面非线性弹性-塑性软化本构模型.利用新建立的模型对岩体结构面直剪试验进行了预测,模型预测结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了模型的有效性和模拟能力.该模型概念清晰,参数易于确定,能够合理描述岩体结构面的非线性变形、塑性软化、弹塑性耦合、剪胀和磨损等主要力学特性.     

机械结合面切向接触阻尼计算模型

针对两粗糙表面在法向力和切向力共同作用下相互接触时结合面切向阻尼的问题进行了研究.首先,根据KE模型对单个微凸体在弹性、弹塑性、塑性变形阶段的切向接触行为进行了分析,获得了微凸体在3个变形阶段的黏滑特性;然后,基于GW统计模型建立了一种在微凸体法向弹性、弹塑性和塑性变形机制基础上,考虑微凸体黏滑摩擦行为的机械结合面切向接触阻尼统计模型;最后,分别讨论了机械结合面的法向预载荷、切向激振频率和切向动态位移幅值对机械结合面切向阻尼的影响.研究表明:结合面切向接触阻尼系数随着结合面法向载荷的增大而增大,随着切向激振频率和切向动态位移幅值的增大而减小;在高频率、大幅值下,结合面切向接触阻尼系数几乎与动态位移幅值和激振频率无关.为了验证模型的准确性,构建了动态切向力作用下的结合面切向阻尼试验,其试验结果与理论仿真变化规律与量级基本一致,从而证明了所提出的切向阻尼模型的有效性.     

弹塑性微凸体侧向接触相互作用能耗

传统的结合面研究多基于光滑刚性平面与等效粗糙表面接触假设,忽略了结合面上微凸体侧向接触及相邻微凸体之间的相互作用,这导致理论模型与实际结合面存在较大出入.针对承受法向静、动态力的机械结合面,从微观上研究了微凸体侧向接触及相互作用的接触能耗.将法向静、动态力分解为法向分力和切向分力,获取弹性/弹塑性/塑性阶段考虑微凸体侧接触及相互作用的加、卸载法向分力-变形和切向分力-位移的关系.通过力的合成定理,从而获取加、卸载法向合力与总变形之间的关系,由于法向分力产生的塑性变形及切向分力产生的摩擦,导致加载、卸载法向合力-总变形曲线存在迟滞回线.通过对一个加、卸载周期内的法向合力-总变形曲线积分,获得一个周期的微凸体接触能耗,包括应变能耗及摩擦能耗.仿真分析表明:微凸体在3个阶段的能耗均随变形的增大而非线性增大.微凸体侧向接触角度越大,能耗越大,且在弹性阶段最为明显.在弹性阶段,仅存在侧向的摩擦能耗,故结合面在低载荷作用下必须采用双粗糙表面假设.在塑性阶段,由于微凸体接触能耗为应变能耗,且接触角对其能耗影响甚微,故结合面在大载荷作用下可采用单平面假设对其进行研究.相对于KE和Etsion模型,本文提出的模型与Bartier的实验结果更吻合.     

凸轮与平底从动件的接触变形与接触刚度计算

将凸轮与平底从动件接触视为二维线性接触,基于无限大半空间模型对从动件的变形量进行了分析,利用圆柱体二维线接触变形的计算方法对凸轮接触变形进行了计算,从而得到了凸轮与平底从动件的接触变形量与接触刚度理论计算公式。利用Palmgren公式和有限元方法对计算公式进行了验证,并分析了接触刚度与凸轮曲率半径、接触力之间的关系,结果表明:接触应力、接触半宽、凸轮接触变形量的理论计算值与有限元计算结果几乎相等,凸轮与从动件的接触变形量之和的理论计算值与有限元计算值相差小于5%;凸轮与平底从动件的接触变形之和、接触刚度都与接触处凸轮的曲率半径无关,而与凸轮与平底从动件间的接触力大小有关。     

机械结合面切向接触阻尼计算模型

针对两粗糙表面在法向力和切向力共同作用下相互接触时结合面切向阻尼的问题进行了研究。首先,根据KE模型对单个微凸体在弹性、弹塑性、塑性变形阶段的切向接触行为进行了分析,获得了微凸体在三个变形阶段的黏滑特性;然后,基于GW统计模型建立了一种在微凸体法向弹性、弹塑性和塑性变形机制基础上,考虑微凸体黏滑摩擦行为的机械结合面切向接触阻尼统计模型;最后,分别讨论了机械结合面的法向预载荷、切向激振频率和切向动态位移幅值对机械结合面切向阻尼的影响。研究表明:结合面切向接触阻尼系数随着结合面法向载荷的增大而增大,随着切向激振频率和切向动态位移幅值的增大而减小;在高频率、大幅值下,结合面切向接触阻尼系数几乎与动态位移幅值和激振频率无关。为了验证模型的准确性,构建了动态切向力作用下的结合面切向阻尼试验,其试验结果与理论仿真变化规律与量级基本一致,从而证明了本文所提出的切向阻尼模型的有效性。      

冲击载荷作用下颗粒材料动态力学响应的近场动力学模拟

颗粒材料在冲击载荷作用下的动态力学行为是学术界关注的热点问题. 新近问世的近场动力学(peridynamics)理论将材料视为由大量有限体积和有限质量的物质点组成,基于非连续性和非局部作用假定建模,建立空间积分形式的运动方程,自然适应于颗粒材料动态力学行为的描述与分析. 发展了描述颗粒间接触作用的物质点尺度的排斥力模型,考虑近场动力学方法中非局部长程力特征,改进了近场动力学中的初始微观弹脆性(prototype microelastic brittle, PMB) 模型的本构力函数,并消除了原PMB 模型中存在的“边界效应” 问题. 计算分析了冲击载荷作用下碳化钨陶瓷颗粒体系的动态力学响应,得到了不同冲击速度下颗粒体系的冲击波速,PD计算结果与试验结果高度一致;通过颗粒物质点尺度作用描述单颗粒尺度的接触作用,很好地再现了颗粒的转动与平动、颗粒挤压变形以及颗粒破碎等现象;刚性冲击板附近同时存在严重的颗粒破碎与轻微的颗粒损伤,远离冲击板的部分颗粒出现破损,且颗粒破碎主要是由颗粒间挤压、碰撞以及相对滑动剪切作用造成的. 研究结果表明,所发展的计算模型和分析方法能很好地反映颗粒材料动态力学行为,具有广泛的应用价值.      

A novel nonlinear contact stiffness model of concrete–steel joint based on the fractal contact theory

The heavy-duty machine tool is usually assumed in the concrete foundation, in which the machine tool-foundation joints have a critical effect on the working accuracy and life of heavy-duty machine tool. This paper proposed a novel contact stiffness model of concrete–steel joint based on the fractal theory. The topography of contact surface exist in concrete–steel joint has a fractal feature and can be described by fractal parameters. Asperities are considered as elastic, plastic deformation in micro-scale. However, the asperities of concrete surface will be crushed when the stress is larger than their yield limit. Then, the force balance of contact surfaces will be broken. Here, an iteration model is proposed to describe the contact state of concrete–steel joint. Because the contact asperities cover a very small proportion (less than 1%), the load on crushed asperities is assumed carried by other no contact asperities. This process will be repeated again and again until the crushed asperities are not being produced under external load. After that, the real contact area, contact stiffness of the concrete–steel joint can be calculated by integrating the asperities of contact surfaces. Nonlinear relationships between contact stiffness and load, fractal roughness parameter G, fractal dimension D can be revealed based on the presented model. An experimental setup with concrete–steel test-specimens is designed to validate the proposed model. Results indicate that the theoretical vibration mode shapes agree well with the experimental variation mode shapes. The errors between theoretical and experimental natural frequencies are less than 4.18%. The presented model can be used to predict the contact stiffness of concrete–steel joint, which will provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the connection characteristic of machine tool-concrete foundation.     

表面形貌含波纹度的节理的闭合模型

节理的闭合性质主要取决于节理的组合形貌特征，而并不单独地取决于节理面各自的形貌特征。本文分析了节理面及节理组合形貌的形貌特征，提出了含波纹度节理的闭合模型，模型中采用了节理组合形貌参数，可反映接触状态和初始开度对节理闭合性质的影响。实验验证了该模型比不考虑波纹度的闭合模型更接近于试验结果。     

基于泛形理论的粗糙表面法向接触刚度研究

基于泛形理论和赫兹接触理论,通过泛形海岛分布描述粗糙表面的形貌从而建立结合面弹性接触模型,求解结合面的法向接触刚度。假设粗糙接触表面微凸体的高度满足高斯分布,通过赫兹接触理论建立单个微凸体的微观接触模型,利用粗糙表面的泛形复杂度D与面积度量尺码的最小下确界as确定表面形貌。泛形复杂度反映微凸体在粗糙表面上占据的空间大小程度;度量尺码下确界是接触过程中的最小接触面积。通过泛形复杂度和面积最小下确界推导出粗糙表面法向接触刚度的解析表达式。数值算例结果表明：在相同的面积尺度区间内,粗糙表面的法向接触刚度随着泛形复杂度的增加而增加,反之减小。当接触表面的泛形复杂度不变时,粗糙表面的法向接触刚度随最小下确界的减小而增大。泛形复杂度的较大时,最小下确界的变化对于接触刚度的影响更加明显。通过与已发表的文献结果对比分析之后,发现采用泛形海岛模型所得到的结合面接触刚度与文献中实验结果吻合较好。     

固-液结合面法向动态接触刚度及阻尼的理论模型与实验分析

固-液接触状态广泛存在于机床核心单元关键零部件的接触运动副中,精确获得固-液结合面法向接触刚度及阻尼参数是高档数控机床产品在研发阶段就存在的一个关键理论与技术问题,并且仍然尚未根本解决。固-液结合面在介观层面上表现为两个粗糙表面的接触,在微观层面上表现为微凸体之间的接触,并在中/重载荷作用下微凸体可能会发生弹性/弹塑性/塑性变形。为了揭示静动态外载荷对固-液结合面接触刚度及阻尼的影响,分别基于GW模型、KKE模型和AF模型对接触微凸体弹性/弹塑性/塑性变形展开研究,并结合流体动力润滑REYNOLDS方程,建立了考虑接触微凸体弹性/弹塑性/塑性变形的固-液结合面接触刚度及阻尼模型。并对其进行实验验证,结果表明：随着预载荷的增大固-液结合面法向动态接触刚度表现出先减小后增大的规律,当接触载荷小于某阈值时动态接触刚度较大,反之静态接触刚度较大;法向动态接触刚度随着法向相对位移幅值的增大而增大,在低载荷时呈线性规律,而高载荷呈非线性规律;法向动态接触刚度随激振频率增大呈线性增大,且载荷越大线性斜率越小。对于法向接触阻尼,随着法向相对位移幅值和接触载荷增大呈非线性增大,随着激振频率增大几乎不变。精确获得固-液结合面法向接触刚度和阻尼及其关键因素的影响规律,对机械系统的分析、设计、优化以及静、动态性能控制都具有重要的理论意义。     

Compact model and identification process for friction induced damping in a rotational joint with flawed surfaces

It is well known that bolted joints have significant influence on the dynamical behavior of assembled structures due to formation of damping. This paper focuses on damping caused by dry friction in a rotational joint. Friction can be either induced by micro-slipping or macro-slipping. This paper describes the design of a new experimental device intended to measure damping caused by friction and partial slip in rotational joints. An original method for measuring dissipated energy in rotational joints with plan-plan contact is proposed. This method is based on Lagrange formalism and allows to measure accurately forces and torques only with accelerometers. These techniques are available for very small displacements that occur in micro-slip and partial slip of surfaces in contact and are still available for large displacements (macro-slip). An analytical compact model based on the Greenwood model is studied. The experimental results and simulations used to quantify the dissipated energy in order to compute the damping ratio are presented and discussed.     

Reducing adhesion of soil against loading shovel using bionic electro-osmosis method

Bionic electro-osmosis, a new method of reducing soil adhesion to soil-engaging components or parts of terrain machines, is presented. It is based on the anti-adhesion mechanism of the body surfaces of soil burrowing animals. The key feature of bionic electro-osmosis is to arrange a series of electric pole plates to create a non-smooth working surface. The static and dynamic effects of bionic electro-osmosis on the reduction of soil adhesion have been examined. The pole plates of the non-smooth surfaces with different dimensions used for bionic electro-osmosis have been designed and tested based on an experimental optimization method. The result showed that the adhesion of soil to a shovel was substantially reduced at a low electro-osmosis voltage. This technique shows promise for practical applications in reducing adhesion of soil against machine parts.     

磨石磨损分形预测研究

磨合是新机器投入正常运行前所必须经历的一个过程。合理的磨合可防止机器在早期发生咬合,从而极大地延长其使用寿命,基于磨损表面的分形表征,经典接触理论和磨损理论,建立了磨合磨损预测分形模型,以铜合金销和４５＃钢盘试样组成摩擦副,在销－盘摩擦磨损试验机上进行了磨合试验。研究结果表明,基于所建立的模型的磨损率预测结果与试验结果基本吻合。     

Analytical and experimental investigation on friction of non-conformal point contacts under starved lubrication

This paper presents an analytical and experimental study on the friction of non-conformal point contacts (ball-on-disk) under starved lubrication. Theoretical models were developed to simulate the behavior of friction and separation versus the degree of starvation while experimental measurements were conducted by using a Tribometer equipped with a torque sensor and a digital camera, which provided the possibility to use the optical interferometry technique simultaneously with measuring the friction. The effect of air-oil meniscus distance from the center of Hertzian contact on the friction between non-conformal surfaces was observed under starved conditions in sliding motion by capturing interferometric images. In addition, the reduction of friction by artificially-produced shallow micro-dents was investigated under severely starved and fully flooded conditions. Results show that the coefficient of friction increases dramatically when the air-oil meniscus starts to touch the circle of Hertzian contact and there is not such a significant difference in the friction between starved and fully flooded contacts since the air-oil meniscus is far away from the borders of Hertzian contact. In other words, the starvation of lubrication causes a high level of fatigue and wear of machine components when there is interference between the air-oil meniscus and the Hertzian contact. However, it was found that shallow micro-dents are helpful in reducing the friction under severe starvation conditions while the benefits of micro-dents are negligible for fully flooded conditions.     

模态分析和有限元法结合识别机械结构结合面动力学参数的研究

本文探讨了一种将实验模态分析和有限元法相结合，识别机械结构结合面动力学参数的新方法，以解决大型复杂机装拆不例，难于用实验方法识别部件间结合面动力学参数的问题。用些方法识别了一台遥臂钻床的接触度和接触阻尼。     

A nonlinear contact pressure distribution model for wear calculation of planar revolute joint with clearance

As various errors result from manufacture and assembly processes or wear effect, clearance joint widely exists in mechanical system as a base component. The coupling analysis of tribology and dynamics of clearance joint is important to the reliability of mechanical system. A nonlinear contact pressure distribution mode (NLCP) is proposed to combine dynamics analysis with wear calculation together in this paper. The discrete thought of Winkler model is adopted to deal with contact problem with a high conformal rate. The contact relationship in a local microcontact area can be regarded as the contact between cylinder and plane. And the local contact pressure is acquired based on Hertz contact theory. The NLCP model has not only described the nonlinear relationship between contact pressure and penetration depth, but also avoided the complexity in contact pressure computation. The performance of NLCP model is demonstrated in comparison with asymmetric Winkler model, revealing that NLCP model has enhanced the calculation accuracy with a good efficiency. A comprehensive experimental study on the wear calculation of a slider–crank mechanism with clearance joint is presented and discussed to provide an experimental verification for NLCP model. The paper’s work has solved the contact problem with a high conformal rate and has described the nonlinear relationship between contact pressure and penetration depth. It has great value to the wear analysis of clearance joint.