Arabinogalactan as effective inhibitor of calcium carbonate scaling

Arabinogalactan inhibits the crystallization of calcium carbonate on the surface of stainless steel in a supersaturated aqueous solution at 80ºC. In the presence of arabinogalactan, the size of calcium carbonate crystals decreases and their structure changes. Arabinogalactan is a “green” scaling inhibitor.     

Hydration of high-alumina calcium aluminate cements with carbonate and sulfate additives

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - This study investigated the influence of limestone (LS) and calcium sulfate (C$) mineral additives on the hydration kinetics of high-α-Al2O3...     

The inhibition of calcium carbonate crystal growth by the cysteine-rich Mdm2 peptide

The crystal growth of calcite, the most stable calcium carbonate polymorph, in the presence of the cysteine-rich Mdm2 peptide (containing 48 amino acids in the ring finger configuration), has been investigated by the constant composition technique. Crystallization took place exclusively on well-characterized calcite crystals in solutions supersaturated only with respect to this calcium carbonate salt. The kinetic results indicated a surface diffusion spiral growth mechanism. The presence of the Mdm2 peptide inhibited the crystal growth of calcite by 22-58% in the concentration range tested, through adsorption onto the active growth sites of the calcite crystal surface. The kinetic results favored a Langmuir-type adsorption model, and the value of the calculated affinity constant was k(aff)=147x10(4) dm(3)mol(-1), a(ads)=0.29.     

聚乙二醇/十二烷基硫酸钠对碳酸钙晶体形貌的调控作用

研究了水溶性聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)及PEG-6000/SDS复合物对CaCO3晶体形貌的调控作用;采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析了CaCO3微观形貌及晶体结构.研究表明,SDS和PEG-6000之间产生协同效应,有利于调控形成特定形貌的CaCO3晶体;利用这种复合体系制备CaCO3晶体,可以有效地模拟生物矿化过程中阳离子的摄取或富集.     

On inhibition of calcium sulfate crystallization with phosphonic complexes

IR spectra of propylene glycol solutions in water were measured in the region of the first overtone of water. The inhibition efficiency of calcium sulfate was determined as a function of the pH value and propylene glycol content of water. A concept is suggested for taking into account the water-complexone interaction in inhibition of calcium sulfate crystallization with phosphonic acids.     

聚天冬氨酸与木质素磺酸钠复配物对碳酸钙阻垢性能的研究

通过静态阻垢法研究了国产聚天冬氨酸(PASP)、木质素磺酸钠(SLS)添加量对碳酸钙的阻垢性能.结果表明:PASP在5.0mg/L时阻垢率接近100%,SLS达300mg/L以上时阻垢率趋于平缓,浓度为600mg/L时,其阻垢率仍不足70%.PASP与SLS复合配方及在不同影响因素条件下阻垢性能的研究表明:复合配方(PASP 2.0mg/L SLS 5.0mg/L)的阻垢率接近100%,且适用于高钙、高pH值、高温的水系统中,并可在水系统中长时间停留.     

Influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and static magnetic field on the properties of freshly precipitated calcium carbonate

Properties of calcium carbonate precipitated from aqueous solutions of CaCl(2) and Na(2)CO(3) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and S-S 0.1 T magnetic field (MF) were studied. The nucleation and precipitation processes of CaCO(3) were investigated by pH and zeta potential measurements at 20 +/- 1 degrees C up to 2 h after mixing the solutions. Also the amounts of calcium carbonate deposited on the glass surfaces and its structure were examined. It was found that SDS influences the kinetics of precipitation, crystallographic forms, and crystal size of CaCO(3). The SDS effects are more pronounced in MF presence. A small amount of SDS accelerates transformation of vaterite into calcite, whereas increasing surfactant concentration moderates such a transformation. On the other hand, in all the systems, MF in the presence of SDS causes a slower transformation of vaterite into calcite. These effects are reflected in pH and zeta potential changes, although there is no clear dependence between the SDS amount present during the precipitation and changes of the parameters investigated. It seems that MF effect is most significant at a defined optimal SDS concentration. The results, however, do not allow suggestion of any detailed mechanism of the field interaction.     

Effect of calcium and carbonate concentrations on anionic membrane fouling during electrodialysis

A previous study on electrodialysis of calcium and carbonate high concentration solutions demonstrated that calcium migrated through the cation-exchange membrane (CEM) was blocked by the anion-exchange membrane (AEM) where it formed another fouling. The aim of the present work was to complete the identification of the deposit formed on AEM during electrodialysis and to characterize its physical structure at the interface of the membrane. No fouling was found on the anionic membranes treated without calcium chloride in presence of sodium carbonate, while membranes used during ED process of solutions containing calcium chloride and sodium carbonate were slightly fouled. A thin layer of precipitates was observed on the anionic membrane surface. The appearance of precipitates was typical of a crystalline substance. The size and form of crystal increased in proportion to the concentration of calcium chloride in solution. Large and cubic crystals were the best defined on the membrane treated at 1600 mg/L of CaCl2. The precipitate was identified as calcium hydroxide. However, this fouling was not found to affect significantly the electrical conductivity and the thickness of the membranes. Furthermore, the fouling formed was reversible.     

Effect of calcium and carbonate concentrations on cationic membrane fouling during electrodialysis

Fouling, which is the accumulation of undesired solid materials at the phase interfaces of permselective membranes, is one of the major problems in electrodialysis. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect on the fouling of cation-exchange membranes of the composition in calcium and carbonate of a model solution to be treated by electrodialysis. No fouling was observed at 400 and 800 mg/L of CaCl(2) in the absence of carbonate, while at only 400 mg/L CaCl(2) with carbonate, a deposit was observed. This difference could be explained by the buffering capacity of the carbonate, which affects the treatment duration with and without sodium carbonate. Since the duration was longer with carbonate, more calcium ions were able to migrate across the CMX-S membrane, which explained the higher deposit on its surface. Furthermore, whether there was carbonate in the solution treated by electrodialysis or not, the deposit on the surface of the cationic membrane was calcium hydroxide. However, this fouling formed during conventional ED was easily cleaned by an acid procedure.     

Effect of electric fields on the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

The thermal decomposition of CaCO₃ powder and single crystal samples to CaO has been shown by X-ray diffraction and ESCA to be assisted by the application of external DC electric fields during the reaction. The effect is particularly marked at the positive electrode. The results are discussed in terms of both ionic migration effects and the field-induced electro-adsorption/electro-desorption of gaseous CO₂ at the surface of a semiconductor. Approximate calculations based on both theories show that ionic migration cannot account for the magnitude of the observed effects, but a reasonably satisfactory explanation is provided by the application of semi-conductor surface theory to the system.     

EIS characterization of the evolution of calcium carbonate scaling in cooling systems in presence of inhibitors

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to assess the relative effects of scaling and corrosion for steel electrodes in cooling water media and to obtain information on corrosion inhibition and scale inhibition properties of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid (HPA). Steel electrodes were preliminary scaled with CaCO₃ in simulated cooling water and then immersed in the characterization solution. Analysis of the impedance spectra with a simple model allowed following of the time evolution of physical parameters corresponding to the calcium carbonate islands and to the corrosion products accumulated in areas not covered by the scale. In uninhibited solutions, the main effect was the progressive deposit of corrosion products with no additional scaling and little restructuring of the initial carbonate islands. When the solution contained HEDP alone, part of the initial scale was detached from the surface, but the presence of HPA or the mixture HPA+HEDP only induced structural modifications of the initial scale. Moreover, the impedance analysis also showed that HPA exhibited better corrosion inhibition properties than HEDP.     

Effect of cationic Praestols on sedimentation of concentrated suspensions of calcium carbonate

Using photosedimentation procedure, the sedimentation stability of 60% suspension of calcium carbonate was studied in relation to the concentration, molecular weight, chemical composition, and conformation of macromolecules of cationic Praestol and to the concentration and nature of mineral coagulants (NaCl and CaCl₂).     

Study of composites based on polypropylene and calcium carbonate by experimental design

Calcium carbonate is without doubt the most widely used mineral filler. There are good reasons for this popularity, namely the combination of numerous deposits of that material and its suitability for a wide range of applications. In this paper results of rheological analysis based on melt index values of polypropylene composites (PP composites), prepared with different grades of calcium carbonate are reported. The study showed that the experimental design can be used as an important tool to evaluate the effect of CaCO₃ grade and its content in polypropylene (PP). It was observed that the addition of calcium carbonate of different particle sizes and contents provoked a significant change in the rheological behavior of the composites analysed.     

Investigation of scale inhibition mechanisms based on the effect of scale inhibitor on calcium carbonate crystal forms

To probe the scale inhibition mechanisms,calcium carbonate scale occurring before and after the ad- dition of scale inhibitors was collected.The results from scale SEM confirm that,without scale inhibitor, calcium carbonate scale shows rhombohedron and hexagon,which are the characteristic feathers of calcite.After addition of inhibitors,morphology of scale is changed,and the more efficient the scale inhibitor is,the more greatly the morphology is modified.To elucidate the scale constitute,they were further analyzed by FT-IR,XRD.Besides calcite,vaterite and aragonite occur in calcium carbonate scale after addition of inhibitors,and the higher scale inhibition efficiency is,the more vaterite presents in scale.It can be concluded that the alteration of morphology is ascribed to the change of crystal form. There are three stages in the crystallizing process including occurrence and disappearing of unstable phase,occurrence and disappearing of metastable phase,development of stable phase.Without scale inhibitors,metastable phases usually transform into stable phase,thus the main constitute of formed scale is calcite.When scale inhibitors are added,both formation and transformation of metastable phases are inhibited,which results in the occurrence of aragonite and vaterite.From the fact that more vaterite presents in scale with a more efficient scale inhibitor added,we can see that the function of scale inhibitor is realized mainly by controlling the crystallizing process at the second stage.     

Effect of agar hydrogel and magnesium ions on the biomimetic mineralization of calcium carbonate

Here, agar hydrogel was selected as diffusion medium and template to control the biomimetic mineralization of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Due to three dimensional network structures and abundant functional groups (such as, hydroxyl groups), Ca²⁺ ions were uniformly distributed in the network and electrostatically attracted. The diffusion speed and range of CO₃^2? ions were mediated by the concentration of hydrogel medium. Under the synergistic effect of Mg²⁺ ions, the crystal CaCO₃ was induced by gas phase diffusion method in the hydrogel system. The results showed that the concentrations of Mg²⁺ ions and agar hydrogel had no obvious effect on the calcite phase of CaCO₃, but the morphologies and sizes changed with concentrations of medium and Mg²⁺ ions. Attribute to template effect, the crystallization behavior and growth rate of CaCO₃ crystals were regulated. Since Mg²⁺ ions were easily adsorbed on the surfaces of unit cell, the unique structure of CaCO₃ was precisely controlled. This study provides a useful reference and inspiration for the understandings of the contributions of ion supply rate in bio-mineralization and hydrogel medium in biomimetic mineralization.     

Effects of microscale calcium carbonate and nanoscale calcium carbonate on the fusion,thermal, and mechanical characterizations of rigid poly(vinyl chloride)/calcium carbonate composites

A Haake torque rheometer equipped with an internal mixer has been used to study the influence of microscale calcium carbonate (micro‐CaCO₃) and nanoscale calcium carbonate (nano‐CaCO₃) on the fusion, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/micro‐CaCO₃ and PVC/nano‐CaCO₃ composites, respectively. The fusion characteristics discussed in this article include the fusion time, fusion temperature, fusion torque, and fusion percolation threshold (FPT). The fusion time, fusion temperature, and FPT of rigid PVC/calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) composites increase with an increase in the addition of micro‐CaCO₃ or nano‐CaCO₃. In contrast, the fusion torque of rigid PVC/CaCO₃ composites decreases with an increase in the addition of micro‐CaCO₃ or nano‐CaCO₃. The results of thermal analysis show that the first thermal degradation onset temperature (T_onset) of rigid PVC/micro‐CaCO₃ is 7.5 °C lower than that of PVC. Meanwhile, the glass‐transition temperature (T_g) of rigid PVC/micro‐CaCO₃ is similar to that of PVC. However, T_onset and T_g of PVC/nano‐CaCO₃ composites can be increased by up to 30 and 4.4%, respectively, via blending with 10 phr nano‐CaCO₃. Mechanical testing results for PVC/micro‐CaCO₃ composites with the addition of 5–15 phr micro‐CaCO₃ and PVC/nano‐CaCO₃ composites with the addition of 5–20 phr nano‐CaCO₃ are better than those of PVC. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 451–460, 2006     

Effect of cationic polyacrylamide adsorption kinetics and ionic strength on precipitated calcium carbonate flocculation

The effect of polymer adsorption kinetics and ionic strength on the dynamics of particle flocculation was quantified using a model system consisting of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) at a low shear rate. All early flocculations detectable by a photodispersion analyzer (PDA) happened in nonequilibrium polymer adsorption regimes. We observed discrepancies in flocculation rates with the surface coverage theory, which is based on a simple monolayer adsorption model, in both early and late flocculation stages. For instance, the same amount of adsorbed CPAM reached at different polymer doses demonstrated different flocculating capabilities. This highlighted the importance of polymer adsorption kinetics upon flocculation. The transient conformation of the adsorbed CPAM during the kinetic process sometimes even superceded the adsorbed amount in the determination of PCC flocculation. Both antagonistic and synergetic effects of increased ionic strength on the CPAM-induced PCC aggregation were observed during early flocculation. However, late-stage PCC flocculation shared some similarities, irrespective of polymer dose and ionic strength. Despite the decreased amount of adsorbed polymer from the increased ionic strength, the combination of CPAM and salt, at certain concentrations, demonstrated a synergy to promote PCC aggregation more efficiently than the same amount of the respective components.     

Clarification of a dilute suspension of calcium carbonate in the presence of Praestol flocculants and aluminum sulfate coagulant

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - Kinetic features of clarification of 1% suspension of calcium carbonate under the action of coagulants (aluminum sulfate, hydroxoaluminum chloride) and...