Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Composition Analysis of Using Iron Oxide as an Oxygen Carrier in Nonflame Combustion Technology

1. Introduction The utilization of fossil fuels causes serious neg- ative impacts on the environment and human life. There are many pollutants such as SOx, NOx and CO2 emission produced from the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas. It has been known for more than 100 years that CO2 is a greenhouse gas and that the release of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion may affect the climate of the earth. In the last years the concern over the aspects of an increased release of greenhouse gases has…     

Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Investigation into Nonflame Combustion Technology（NFCT） with Thermal Cyclic Carrier

The utilization of fossil fuels causes serious negative impacts on the environment and human life. To mitigate greenhouse gases and other pollutants, a novel combustion process-the nonflame combustion technology with a thermal cyclic carrier of molten salt is introduced. In this technology, a whole combustion is divided into two steps, i.e. , the section of producing oxide and the section of combustion. In the first step, oxygen is separated from air, and pure N2 is simultaneously formed which is easily recovered. In the other step, the fuels react with lattice oxygen in the oxides formed in the first step, and at the same time, thermal energy, CO2 and H2O vapor are produced. It is noted that the CO2 is easily separated from water vapor and ultimately captured. Theoretically, there are no environmental-unfriendly gases such as CO2, NOx and SO2 discharged in the whole combustion process. Some metal oxides scattered into molten salts play the roles of oxygen carriers in the combustion system, and they can constantly charge and discharge oxygen element from air to fuels during the combustion process. A nonflame combustion system with Li2CO3 K2CO3 Na2SO4 as the molten salt system, CH4 as the fuel and CuO as the catalyst was experimentally investigated. The experimental resuits show that the combustion process proceeded as it was theoretically analyzed, and CO2 with a high volume fraction of 77.0M--95.0M and N2 with a high volume fraction of 91.9%-99.3% were obtained. The high concentration of CO2 is favorable for capturing and storing subsequently. Therefore, the potential of reducing CO2 emissions of this nonflame combustion technology is huge.     

CeO2 as the Oxygen Carrier for Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas in Molten Salts： Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Investigation

A new technique -- the direct partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas using lattice oxygen in molten salts medium has been introduced. Using CeO2 as the oxygen carrier, thermodynamic data were calculated in the reaction process, and the results indicated that direct partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas using lattice oxygen of cerium oxide is feasible in theory. In a stainless steel reactor, the effects of temperature and varying amounts of γ-Al2O3 supported CeO2 on cn4 conversion, H2 and CO selectivity, were investigated, respectively. The results show that 10% CeO2/γ-Al2O3 has the maximal reaction activity at a temperature of 865 ℃ and above, the H2/CO ratio in the gas that has been produced reaches 2 and the CH4 conversion, H2 and CO selectivity reached the following percentages： i.e. 61%, 89%, and 91% at 870 ℃, respectively. In addition, increase of reaction temperature is favorable for the partial oxidation of methane.     

热力学模拟LiNO_3-NaNO_3-KNO_3和KCl-LiCl-CaCl_2体系的三元共晶点（英文）

热力学建模可以作为有力的工具预测熔盐混合体系的共晶点,进而获得低熔点的熔盐混合物.本文作者分别采用Kohler模型和Toop模型预测了三元体系LiNO3-NaNO3-KNO3和KCl-LiCl-CaCl2的三元共晶点,预测值与实验文献报道值吻合,这证明了模型与模型参数预测相图的可靠性.基于预测的LiNO3-NaNO3-KNO3和KCl-LiCl-CaCl2体系的完整相图,找到了空位的三元共晶点.     

Adsorptive Removal of Thorium(IV) from Aqueous Solutions Using Synthesized Polyamidoxime Chelating Resin: Equilibrium,Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

In this study, an amidoximated chelating ion exchange resin was prepared by poly-acrylonitrile (PAN) grafted potato starch. The adsorbent characterizations such as specific surface area, pore volume, average pore radius, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the resin were measured. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration of thorium ion, and temperature on adsorption of thorium ion from aqueous solutions were investigated. Four isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin were applied to analyze the equilibrium isotherm data. The results showed that Langmuir and Temkin models had a good agreement with experimental data. The maximum capacity of the adsorbent using the Langmuir isotherm model was 227.27 mg · g^?1. The kinetic models like pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle were examined to describe the adsorption process. The kinetics of the adsorption process was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°) were also calculated using equilibrium constant values at various temperatures (25, 35, 45, 55°C) and the positive value for ΔH° showed an endothermic adsorption process. The study suggests that the prepared adsorbent has promising potential for the removal of thorium from wastewaters.      

Quantitative Analysis of Carbon-14 Labelled Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Hexachlorobenzene in Biological Samples Using an Oxidative Combustion Method

Abstract

Carbon-14 labelled glucose, polychlorinated biphenyls, and hexachlorobenzene at concentrations of 0.01-1200 nanograms were oxidized in a combustion chamber at 900C. The ¹⁴CO₂ emitted was trapped in an organic base. and its radioactivity measured. Recovery rates of 95-104% were obtained from samples oxidized with mannitol, while recoveries of samples oxidized with dried fish ranged from 93—101%. This method provides an alternate technique of sample preparation for materials that may yield a highly quenched solution following conventional sample preparation procedures for liquid scintillation measurements.     

微波氧燃烧样品前处理法在元素分析中的应用

微波氧燃烧法是近年来兴起的一种微波辅助绿色样品前处理方法。微波氧燃烧反应器结构和应用程序有助于燃烧完全和提高元素回收率。在引燃剂存在的条件下,样品与氧气在微波辐射下迅速发生燃烧反应,反应完毕后待测元素被吸收液回流吸收。吸收液可通过各种元素分析仪器(如AAS,ICP-OES,ICPMS,IC等)很好地检测出元素的种类、含量和价态等。该法适用样品范围广泛、绿色环保、反应时间短、反应后样品残留碳极低且元素的回收率高,可在很大程度上降低挥发性元素的损失。文中介绍了微波氧燃烧的基本原理、反应装置、引燃剂和吸收液、样品制备以及其在食品、生物、聚合物、地质、煤、原油以及碳材料等样品前处理的应用进展及前景,旨在对今后的研究提供更加有效的参考价值和意义。     

The reason of the collapse of an ancient kiln in Egnazia from mineralogical and thermal analysis of ceramic finds

Two kilns, one of which collapsed during firing cycle together with its entire pottery load, have been excavated at the Egnazia site in Southern Italy. To understand the reason for the collapse, ‘Broad Line’ typology pottery finds were analysed by complementary analytical techniques. Analytical results not only suggest as cause of collapse sudden overheating in kiln due to uncontrolled increases in temperature, but also indicate a good technological cycle from the recovery of raw materials to the manufacturing and firing process, which tends to disprove the common assumption of non-professional production.     

Disposable Screen‐Printed Edge Band Ultramicroelectrodes for Use as Nitric Oxide Gas Sensor in Designing an Easily Applicable Method for Real Sample Analysis of Nitrite with Superior Selectivity and Sensitivity

We report here an easily applicable method for the quantification of nitrite (NO₂^?) in real samples. This approach simplified the two steps of sample preparation and detection into a 2‐in‐1 single step process. Samples were digested in sulfuric acid and the as‐generated nitric oxide (NO) was detected by an electrochemical sensor in the gas phase. It eliminated almost all of the interferents in the solution phase and hence resulted in a highly selective determination of nitrite suitable for food samples with complicated matrix. We successfully demonstrated the determination of nitrite in sausage and vegetables and further validated the results with an AOAC official reference method.