The second law of thermodynamics for high-energy channeled particles

In microscopic theory, the number of kinetic equations underlying the proof of the second law of thermodynamics is quite restricted. We explicitly prove that the second law of thermodynamics is satisfied for high-energy particles moving in a crystal in the channeling regime. The proof involves a local Boltzmann equation for the distribution function of the particles written in the Bogoliubov form. In this, we take one statistical mechanism into account: the scattering of channeled particles on lattice atoms randomly displaced from the crystal sites.     

The second law of thermodynamics and multifractal distribution functions: Bin counting,pair correlations,and the Kaplan–Yorke conjecture

We explore and compare numerical methods for the determination of multifractal dimensions for a doubly-thermostatted harmonic oscillator. The equations of motion are continuous and time-reversible. At equilibrium the distribution is a four-dimensional Gaussian, so that all the dimension calculations can be carried out analytically. Away from equilibrium the distribution is a surprisingly isotropic multifractal strange attractor, with the various fractal dimensionalities in the range 1 < D < 4. The attractor is relatively homogeneous, with projected two-dimensional information and correlation dimensions which are nearly independent of direction. Our data indicate that the Kaplan–Yorke conjecture (for the information dimension) fails in the full four-dimensional phase space. We also find no plausible extension of this conjecture to the projected fractal dimensions of the oscillator. The projected growth rate associated with the largest Lyapunov exponent is negative in the one-dimensional coordinate space.     

Continued fractions and the second Kepler law

In this paper we introduce a link between geometry of ordinary continued fractions and trajectories of points that moves according to the second Kepler law. We expand geometric interpretation of ordinary continued fractions to the case of continued fractions with arbitrary elements.     

The second factor in the reciprocity law

The explicit formula for the symbol of the normed residue in a local field depends on the coefficients of two series. The second series is given by the choice of a prime element and a primitive root of unity. Recurrence relations are established in the work for the coefficients of this series which uniquely determine the series up to a factor from the ring of p-adic integers.Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Maternaticheskogo Instituta im. V. A. Steklova. AN SSSR, Vol. 75, pp. 59–66, 1978.     

Newton's second law in field theory

In this article we present a natural generalization of Newton's Second Law valid in field theory, i.e., when the parameterized curves are replaced by parameterized submanifolds of higher dimension. For it we introduce what we have called the geodesic k-vector field, analogous to the ordinary geodesic field and which describes the inertial motions (i.e., evolution in the absence of forces). From this generalized Newton's law, the corresponding Hamilton's canonical equations of field theory (Hamilton-De Donder-Weyl equations) are obtained by a simple procedure. It is shown that solutions of generalized Newton's equation also hold the canonical equations. However, unlike the ordinary case, Newton equations determined by different forces can define equal Hamilton's equations.     

Critical indices as a consequence of Wiener quantization of thermodynamics

We construct a family of perfect gases depending on the critical value of the compressibility factor Z for pure gases. We show that the critical indices of actual simple liquids, like many other thermodynamic effects, easily and naturally follow from the concept of Wiener quantization of modern thermodynamics.     

Fluid dynamics and thermodynamics as a unified field theory

We study the problem of consistency of equations of continuum dynamics (using the Euler equations and the continuity equation as examples) and thermodynamic equations of state (for the specific free energy, entropy, and volume). We propose a variant of the Hamiltonian formulation of a model that combines the fluid dynamics of a potential flow of a compressible fluid or gas and local equilibrium thermodynamics into a unified field theory. Thermodynamic equations of state appear in this model as second-class constraint equations. As a consistency condition, there arises another second-class constraint requiring that the product of density and temperature should be independent of time. The model provides an in-principle possibility of finding the time dependence of the specific entropy of the arising dynamical system.     

Modern thermodynamics as a branch of mathematics (mathematical physics)

In the paper, it is proved that, if f(x₁,..., x_n)g(y₁,..., y_m) is a multilinear central polynomial for a verbally prime T-ideal Γ over a field of arbitrary characteristic, then both polynomials f(x₁,..., x_n) and g(y₁,..., y_m) are central for Γ.     

A second order limit law for occupation times of the Cauchy process

The purpose of this note is to extend a second order limit law for one dimensional Cauchy process obtained in Kasahara (Y. Kasahara, Limit theorems for occupation times of Markov processes, Publ. RIMS, Kyoto Univ. 12 (1977), pp. 801–818), using the method of moments and some kind of chaining argument.     

Clustering of a positive random field as a law of nature

In parametrically excited stochastic dynamical systems, spatial structures can form with probability one (clustering) in almost every realization because of rare events occurring with a probability that tends to zero. Such problems occur in hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, plasma physics, astrophysics, and radiophysics.     

Wiener quantization of economics as an analog of the quantization of thermodynamics

We show that G?del’s negative results concerning arithmetic, which date back to the 1930s, and the ancient “sand pile” paradox pose the questions of the use of fuzzy sets and of the effect of a measuring device on the experiment. The consideration of these facts led, in thermodynamics, to a new one-parameter family of ideal gases and, in economics, to the correction, based on Friedman’s rule, to Irving Fisher’s “Main Law of Economics.” We introduce the notion of viscosity (braking) in economics. By analogy toWiener quantization, we study the Wiener (tunnel) quantization of economics as well as the tunnel geometric quantization of economics. We also consider debt crises, the stratification of society, and Islamic revolutions from the point of view of Human Thermodynamics.     

On the instability of elastic shells as the manifestation of internal resonance

A large number of internal resonances, sensitivity to small imperfections and to a small external non-conservative action are characteristic for a number of elastic shells subjected to conservative forces. It is shown that, in combination, these three features result in dynamic instability of a system, that manifests itself in the existence of a solution of the explosive instability type when the deviation from the equilibrium state becomes infinitely large in a finite time. A simple method is proposed to calculate the ultimately allowable load by which one should be guided in designing structures containing thin shells. This load calculated by a linear model corresponds to the appearance of the first internal resonance in the system. The results are illustrated by well-known experimental facts.     

Strong law of large numbers for supercritical superprocesses under second moment condition

Consider a supercritical superprocess X = {X_t, t≥0} on a locally compact separable metric space (E,m). Suppose that the spatial motion of X is a Hunt process satisfying certain conditions and that the branching mechanism is of the form ψ(x,λ)=-a(x)λ+b(x)λ2+∫(0,+∞)(e-λy-1+λy)n(x,dy),?x∈E,λ>0, where a∈Bb(E),b∈Bb+(E), and n is a kernel from E to (0,+∞) satisfying sup?x∈E∫0+∞y2n(x,dy)<+∞. Put Ttf(x)=Pδx?f,Xt?. Suppose that the semigroup {T_t; t≥0}is compact. Let λ₀ be the eigenvalue of the (possibly non-symmetric) generator L of {T_t}that has the largest real part among all the eigenvalues of L, which is known to be real-valued. Let ?0 and ?^0 be the eigenfunctions of L and L^(the dual of L) associated with λ₀, respectively. Assume λ₀>0. Under some conditions on the spatial motion and the ?0-transform of the semigroup {T_t}, we prove that for a large class of suitable functions f, lim?t→+∞e-λ0t?f,Xt?=W∞∫E?^0(y)f(y)m(dy),?Pμ-a.s., for any finite initial measure μ on E with compact support, where W_∞ is the martingale limit defined by W∞:=lim?t→+∞e-λ0t??0,Xt?. Moreover, the exceptional set in the above limit does not depend on the initial measure μ and the function f.     

Couple stress fluid flow with variable properties: A second law analysis

The present work examines the combined influence of variable thermal conductivity and viscosity on the irreversibility rate in couple stress fluid flow in between asymmetrically heated parallel plates. The dimensionless fluid equations are solved by using homotopy analysis method (HAM) and validated with Runge‐Kutta shooting method (RKSM). The convergent series solution is then used for the irreversibility analysis in the flow domain. The effects of thermal conductivity and viscosity variation parameters, couple stress parameter, Reynolds number, Grashof number, Hartmann number on the velocity profile, temperature distribution, entropy production, and heat irreversibility ratio are presented through graphs, and salient features of the solutions are discussed. The computations show that the entropy production rate decreases with increased magnetic field and thermal conductivity parameters, whereas it rises with increasing values of couple stress parameter, Brinkman number, viscosity variation parameter, and Grashof number. The study is relevant to lubrication theory.