SMA短纤维增强复合材料在热载下的相交特性

在形状记忆合金（ＳＭＡ）复合材料研究中,相变特性的研究是一个主要的工作．基于Ｅｓｈｅｌｂｙ的等效夹杂模型和Ｍｏｒｉ和Ｔａｎａｋａ的场平均法,考虑到ＳＭＡ材料的强物理非线性,发展了增量型的等效夹杂模型（ＩｎｃｒｅｍｅｎｔａｌＥｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔＩｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎＭｏｄｅｌ）．考虑在某一温度循环条件下讨论形状记忆合金短纤维增强的铝基复合材料在热载下的相变行为．特别研究了ＳＭＡ短纤维复合材料在变温过程中纤维几何尺寸、体积分数等参数对ＳＭＡ复合材料的相变行为和ＳＭＡ内残余应力等的影响．这些工作对于指导材料设计和了解ＳＭＡ复合材料热机械特性是颇有意义的．     

短纤维金属基复合材料应力传递的有限元分析

基于短纤维增强金属基复合材料的单纤维轴对称和三维细观力学模型,利用弹塑性有限元分析方法对该复合材料中基体与纤维间的应力传递进行研究,研究中主要讨论了基体、纤维和界面的力学性能以及纤维位向的变化对应力传递和应力分布的影响。研究表明,复合材料微结构参数的变化将显著影响基体与纤维间的应力传递和复合材料中的应力分布,复合材料设计过程中必须考虑合理的微结构特征。     

含空心球涂层粒子复合材料界面的脱粘应力分析

在球对称拉伸载荷作用下针对空心球涂层复合材料分析了空心球涂层粒子增强复合材料的局部应力场，得到了界面临界脱粘应力的解析表达式．讨论了各相几何参数对非均匀涂层空心球粒子临界脱粘应力的影响，比较了均匀涂层和非均匀涂层的脱粘应力．结果表明：在球对称拉伸下界面脱粘更容易发生在涂层相与基体相界面间，空心球的壁厚和涂层厚度是影响界面临界脱粘应力的重要因素，因而选择适当的空心球、涂层厚度和提高界面粘结能将有利于提高界面的临界脱粘应力．     

圆柱基体热障涂层制备工艺中的残余应力分析

由于基体和热障涂层各层材料的热膨胀系数不同,在温度变化时各部分变形大小也不同,从而导致涂层内部产生残余应力。本文利用过盈配合模型求解圆柱形基体上热障涂层的残余应力,计算了涂层的厚度、弹性模量和热膨胀系数对残余应力的影响,并从应力角度探讨热障涂层的剥落失效。     

SMA短纤维增强复合材料在热载下的相变特性

在形状记忆合金（ＳＭＡ）复合材料研究中,相变特性的研究是一个主要的工作。基于Ｅｓｈｅｌｂｙ的等效要模型和Ｍｏｒｉ和Ｔａｎａｋａ的场平均法,考虑到ＳＭＡ材料的强物理非线性,发展了增量型的等效夹杂模型（ＩｎｃｒｅｍｅｎｔａＩＥｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔＩｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ Ｍｏｄｅｌ）。考虑在某一温度循环条件下讨论开关记忆合金短纤维增强的铝基复合材料在热载下的相变行为。特别研究了ＳＭＡ短纤维复合材料在变温过程     

极端环境下连续碳纤维增韧的陶瓷基复合材料的力学行为

连续纤维增韧的碳化硅复合材料(以下简称C/SiC),作为超高速飞行器热结构使用时,有可能在高温环境下受到高速撞击的作用,因此,掌握其在极端环境(高温、高应变率)下的力学性能是进行结构安全设计的基础。本文采用具有高温实验能力的分离式Hopkinson杆,在293~1273K温度范围内进行了动态压缩力学性能测试,研究了环境温度和加载速率对材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:C/SiC复合材料的高温压缩力学性能主要受应力氧化损伤和残余应力的共同影响。实验温度低于873K时,应力氧化损伤的影响很小,而由于增强纤维和基体界面残余应力的释放使界面结合强度增大,复合材料的压缩强度随温度的升高而增大;当实验温度高于873K时,应力氧化损伤加剧,其对压缩强度的削弱超过残余应力释放对强度的贡献,材料的压缩强度随温度的升高逐渐降低。由于应力氧化损伤受应变率的影响很大,当温度由873K升高至1273K时,高应变率下压缩强度降低的程度要比应变率为0.0001/s时低得多。     

含有多个涂层压电纤维复合材料的平面问题研究

压电纤维在未来的复合材料结构健康监测中具有重要作用．本文基于横观各向同性压电材料位移和应力连续条件以及经典的复势函数理论,讨论了同时受到平面内机械载荷和出平面电载荷作用时含有多个带涂层压电纤维的无限大线弹性基体的平面力学问题．首先将线弹性基体、涂层和压电纤维的应力场、位移场表示成复势函数,然后通过横观各向同性压电材料和线弹性材料的位移和应力连续条件确定复势函数表达式．将得到的复势函数表达式代入线弹性基体、涂层和压电纤维的的应力场、位移场公式可确定其应力场和位移场．最后,通过定量的案例讨论了涂层的材料属性对线弹性基体应力场的影响．案例分析表明涂层的材料属性对压电复合材料的应力场有重要的影响．     

用显微云纹干涉法研究SiC/Ti-15-3界面热残余应力场

SiC/Ti-15-3复合材料基体与增强体之间的热膨胀系数存在显著差异。在复合材料制造过程中经高温冷却后,在基体与增强体的界面会产生热残余应力场。此残余应力场对复合材料的力学性能会产生重要的影响。本文运用纤维推出法推出部分SiC纤维后,采用显微云纹干涉法在细观尺度研究了上述界面处的热残余应力,得到了分辨率较高的云纹图,并由此计算出了孔边处的残余应力。用有限元软件对界面热残余应力进行了数值模拟分析。实验结果表明,显微云纹干涉法可以用来测量直径为0.1 mm左右的纤维界面附近的残余应力场,在此尺度下,使用显微云纹干涉法比用电子束云纹法更方便。     

含界面相复合材料热残余应力分析

本文分析了含有界面相纤维增强复合材料热残余应力的空间分布。针对材料实际微结构几何特点,建立含有界面相的三维三相单丝模型,用均匀和梯度函数描述界面相模量随空间变化规律,由轴对称体弹性力学理论得到单丝热残余应力分布,结果表明梯度界面降低了残余应力。通过碳纤维电阻法测出T300/环氧树脂单丝体系固化后的纤维轴向应变,与梯度界面的分析结果基本一致。用叠加方法得到密排六方结构代表性体积元(RVE)中纤维间相互偶合的应力场,同时应用有限元法分析RVE中纤维间的残余应力分布,两者结果相互验证。     

热障涂层界面微区域热蠕变应力演化分析

热障涂层热循环载荷下不同界面层蠕变特性是影响界面微区域残余应力变化的关键因素,探究热障涂层蠕变与残余应力的关系有助于提高热障涂层的稳定性。以热弹塑蠕变理论为依据,采用Norton蠕变模型,建立陶瓷层、氧化层、粘接层和基体四层几何分析模型,考虑不同层蠕变和蠕变程度因素,研究热循环载荷作用下涂层界面微区域应力演化规律。结果表明,蠕变参数和蠕变层数的变化影响热障涂层界面残余应力的大小和分布,这对预测热障涂层失效具有指导意义。     

Local displacements and load transfer in shape memory alloy composites

Although there has been a significant amount of research dedicated to characterizing and modeling the response of shape memory alloys (SMAs) alone, little experimental work has been done to understand the behavior of SMAs embedded in a host material. The interaction between SMA wires and a host polymer matrix was investigated by correlating local displacements and stress fields induced by the embedded wires with SMA/polymer adhesion. Most SMA composite applications require transfer of strain from the wire to the matrix. In these applications, maximum interfacial adhesion between the SMA wire and the polymer matrix is most desirable. The adhesion was varied by considering four different surface treatments: untreated, acid etched, hand sanded and sandblasted. The average interfacial bond strength of the SMA wires embedded in an epoxy matrix was measured by standard pull out tests. Sandblasting significantly increased the bond strength, whereas hand sanding and acid cleaning actually reduced interface strength. In situ displacements of embedded, surface-treated SMA wires were measured using heterodyne interferometry, whereas the resulting stresses induced in the polymer matrix were investigated using photoelasticity. Increased wire adhesion resulted in lower axial wire displacement and higher interfacial stresses due to the restraining effect of the matrix on the actuated wire. A simplified theoretical analysis was carried out to estimate the shear stress induced in the matrix due to wire actuation. The maximum shear stress predicted for the case of a perfect interfacial bond was about 7 percent larger than the value measured experimentally for the sand-blasted wire.     

Effects of matrix inelasticity on the overall hysteretic behavior of TiNi-SMA fiber composites

The effects of the inelastic deformation of the matrix on the overall hysteretic behavior of a unidirectional titanium–nickel shape-memory alloy (TiNi-SMA) fiber composite and on the local pseudoelastic response of the embedded SMA fibers are studied under the isothermal loading and unloading condition. The multiaxial phase transformation of the SMA fibers is predicted using the phenomenological constitutive equations which can describe the two-step deformation due to the rhombohedral and martensitic transformations, and the inelastic behavior of the matrix material using the standard nonlinear viscoplastic model. The average behavior of the SMA composite is evaluated with the micromechanical method of cells. It is observed that the inelastic deformation of the matrix due to prior tension results in a compressive stress in the matrix after unloading of the SMA composite and this residual stress impedes the complete recovery of the pseudoelastic strain of the SMA fibers. This explains that a closed hysteresis behavior of the SMA composite is no longer observed in contrast with the case that an elastic behavior of matrix is assumed. The predicted local stress–strain behavior indicates that the cyclic response of matrix is crucial to the design of the hysteretic performance of the SMA composite under the repeated loading conditions.     

各向同性材料中微裂纹的最大屏蔽效应

通过对微裂纹屏蔽不同来源的分析及计算,发现在各向同性脆性材料中,残余应力释放引起的微裂纹对主裂尖产生最大屏蔽效应时该微裂纹的倾角与最大张应力的方向没有明显的对应关系．在Hutchinson[1]所指出的屏蔽效应的第二个来源中,还应计及微裂纹形成引起的远场应力在微裂纹处产生的应力场的释放从而导致应力场的再分布．     

Measurements of Deflection and Residual Stress in Thin Films Utilizing Coherent Light Reflection/Projection Moiré Interferometry

Thin film technology is an area of great importance in current applications of opto-electronics, electronics, MEMS and computer technology. A critical issue in thin film technology is residual stresses that arise when the coating is deposited onto a substrate. Residual stresses can be very large in magnitude and have detrimental effects on the role that the thin film must play. To save development time on coating deposition processes it is important to perform accurate residual stresses measurements in situ in real time where the deposition is made. A novel optical set up is developed in this study to measure deflections and residual stresses generated in coated specimens that can be applied directly in the reactor utilized in the deposition process. Experimental results are in good agreement with other measurements carried out independently and other data reported in literature for thin films like those tested in the experiments.     

Non-axisymmetric thermal stress of a functionally graded coated circular inclusion in an infinite matrix

This paper is to study the non-axisymmetric two-dimensional problem of thermal stresses in an infinite matrix with a functionally graded coated circular inclusion based on complex variable method. With using the method of piece-wise homogeneous layers, the general solution for the functionally graded coating having radial arbitrary elastic properties is derived when the matrix is subjected to uniform heat flux at infinity, and then numerical results are presented for several special examples. It is found that the existence of the functionally graded coating can change interfacial thermal stresses, and choosing proper change ways of the radial elastic properties in the coating can obviously reduce the thermal stresses.     

含界面效应纳米尺度圆环形涂层中螺型位错分析

研究了纳米尺度圆环形涂层(界面层)中螺型位错与圆形夹杂以及无限大基体材料的干涉效应.涂层与夹杂的界面和涂层与基体的界面均考虑界面应力效应.运用复势方法,获得了三个区域复势函数的解析解答.利用求得的应力场和Peach-Koehler公式,得到了作用在螺型位错上位错力的精确表达式.主要讨论了界面应力对涂层(界面层)中螺型位错运动和平衡稳定的影响规律.结果表明,界面应力对界面附近位错的运动有大的影响,由于界面应力的存在,可以改变涂层内位错与夹杂/基体干涉的引斥规律,并使位错在涂层内部产生三个稳定或非稳定的平衡点.考虑界面效应后,有一个额外的排斥力或吸引力作用在位错上,使原有的位错力增加或减小.     

Shakedown analysis of shape memory alloy structures

Phase transformational shakedown of a structure refers to a status that plastic strains cease developing after a finite number of loading cycles, and subsequently the structure undergoes only elastic deformation and alternating phase transformations with limited magnitudes. Due to the intrinsic complexity in the constitutive relations of shape memory alloys (SMA), there is as yet a lack of effective methods for modeling the mechanical responses of SMA structures, especially when they develop both phase transformation and plastic deformation. This paper is devoted to present an algorithm for analyzing shakedown of SMA structures subjected to cyclic or varying loads within specified domains. Based on the phase transformation and plastic yield criteria of von Mises-type and their associated flow rules, a simplified three-dimensional phenomenological constitutive model is first formulated accounting for different regimes of elastic–plastic deformation and phase transformation. Different responses possible for SMA bodies exposed to varying loads are discussed. The classical Melan shakedown theorem is extended to determine a lower bound of loads for transformational shakedown of SMA bodies without necessity of a step-by-step analysis along the loading history. Finally, a simple example is given to illustrate the application of the present theory as well as some basic features of shakedown of SMA structures. It is interesting to find that phase transformation may either increase or decrease the load-bearing capacity of a structure, depending upon its constitutive relations, geometries and the loading mode.     

A thermodynamical constitutive model for shape memory materials. Part II. The SMA composite material

The phenomenological SMA equations developed in Part I are used in this second paper to derive the free energy and dissipation of a SMA composite material. The derivation consists of solving a boundary value problem formulated over a mesoscale representative volume element, followed by an averaging procedure to obtain the macroscopic composite constitutive equations. Explicit equations are derived for the transformation tensors that relate the composite transformation strain rate to the phase transformation rate in the fiber and matrix. Some key findings for the two-way SME in a SMA fiber/elastomer matrix composite are that processing-induced residual stresses alter the composite austenite start and martensite start temperatures, as well as the amount of composite strain recovered during a complete cycle of temperature and fiber martensite volume fraction. Relative to the two-way SME response of stiff-matrix composites, it was found that compliant-matrix composites: (1) complete the phase transformation over a narrower temperature range; (2) exhibit greater transformation strain during the reverse transformation; and (3) undergo an incomplete strain cycle during a complete cycle of temperature and fiber martensite volume fraction. Due to the interaction of the fiber and matrix during transformation, macroscopic proportional stressing of the composite results in non-proportional fiber stressing, which in turn causes a small amount of martensitic reorientation to occur simultaneously with the transformation.     

热障涂层弹性模量和残余应力测试研究

采用数字图像相关法实验研究了热喷涂制作的热障涂层的弹性模量和残余应力。首先,采用三点弯测试方法对热障涂层试件进行加载,并利用二维数字图像相关方法对热障涂层试件加装过程中的弯曲变形进行了精确的测量,进而获得了热障涂层在受拉和受压两种状态下的弹性模量,结果表明,受拉时热障涂层试件陶瓷层的弹性模量为31GPa,而受压时其弹性模量为34GPa。其次,基于内力平衡,推导了考虑曲率变化的涂层残余应力计算公式;利用三维数字图像相关法测量了喷涂前后基体曲率的变化,进而获得了涂层残余应力的大小,结果表明,热喷涂后的热障涂层残余应力为压应力,大小为-86^-70MPa。