Bounded sets in topological groups and embeddings

We show that the existence of a non-metrizable compact subspace of a topological group G often implies that G contains an uncountable supersequence (a copy of the one-point compactification of an uncountable discrete space). The existence of uncountable supersequences in a topological group has a strong impact on bounded subsets of the group. For example, if a topological group G contains an uncountable supersequence and K is a closed bounded subset of G which does not contain uncountable supersequences, then any subset A of K is bounded in G?(K?A). We also show that every precompact Abelian topological group H can be embedded as a closed subgroup into a precompact Abelian topological group G such that H is bounded in G and all bounded subsets of the quotient group G/H are finite. This complements Ursul's result on closed embeddings of precompact groups to pseudocompact groups.     

Vertex pancyclicity and new sufficient conditions

For a graph G, ??(G) denotes the minimum degree of G. In 1971, Bondy proved that, if G is a 2-connected graph of order n and d(x)?+?d(y)????n for each pair of non-adjacent vertices x,y in G, then G is pancyclic or G?=?K _n/2,n/2. In 2001, Xu proved that, if G is a 2-connected graph of order n????6 and |N(x)????N(y)|?+???(G)????n for each pair of non-adjacent vertices x,y in G, then G is pancyclic or G?=?K _n/2,n/2. In this paper, we introduce a new sufficient condition of generalizing degree sum and neighborhood union and prove that, if G is a 2-connected graph of order n????6 and |N(x)????N(y)|?+?d(w)????n for any three vertices x,y,w of d(x,y)?=?2 and wx or $wy\not\in E(G)$ in G, then G is 4-vertex pancyclic or G belongs to two classes of well-structured exceptional graphs. This result also generalizes the above results.     

The three space problem in topological groups

We study compact, countably compact, pseudocompact, and functionally bounded sets in extensions of topological groups. A property P is said to be a three space property if, for every topological group G and a closed invariant subgroup N of G, the fact that both groups N and G/N have P implies that G also has P. It is shown that if all compact (countably compact) subsets of the groups N and G/N are metrizable, then G has the same property. However, the result cannot be extended to pseudocompact subsets, a counterexample exists under p=c. Another example shows that extensions of groups do not preserve the classes of realcompact, Dieudonné complete and μ-spaces: one can find a pseudocompact, non-compact Abelian topological group G and an infinite, closed, realcompact subgroup N of G such that G/N is compact and all functionally bounded subsets of N are finite. Several examples given in the article destroy a number of tempting conjectures about extensions of topological groups.     

Some new characterizations of solvable PST-groups

A subgroup H of a finite group G is said to be ??-semipermutable in G if it permutes with all the Sylow subgroups Q of G such that (|H|, |Q|) = 1 and (|H|, |Q ^G |) ?? 1. A rather remarkable result of Lukyanenko and Skiba (Rend Semin Mat Univ Padova, 124:231?C246, 2010) is: a finite solvable group G is a PST-group if and only if every subgroup of Fit(G) is ??-semipermutable. A local version of this result is established in this paper. A subgroup H of G is said to be ??-seminormal provided that it is normalized by all Sylow subgroups Q such that (|H|, |Q|) =?1 and (|H|, |Q ^G |) ???1. It is shown that a finite solvable group is a PST-group if and only if every subgroup of Fit(G) is ??-seminormal in G.     

Conjugacy class sizes and solvability of finite groups

Let G be a finite group and G?? be the set of primary, biprimary and triprimary elements of G. We prove that if the conjugacy class sizes of G?? are {1,m,n,mn} with positive coprime integers m and n, then G is solvable. This extends a recent result of Kong (Manatsh. Math. 168(2) (2012) 267–271).     

Shadows of ordered graphs

Isoperimetric inequalities have been studied since antiquity, and in recent decades they have been studied extensively on discrete objects, such as the hypercube. An important special case of this problem involves bounding the size of the shadow of a set system, and the basic question was solved by Kruskal (in 1963) and Katona (in 1968). In this paper we introduce the concept of the shadow ∂G of a collection G of ordered graphs, and prove the following, simple-sounding statement: if n∈N is sufficiently large, |V(G)|=n for each G∈G, and |G|<n, then |∂G|?|G|. As a consequence, we substantially strengthen a result of Balogh, Bollobás and Morris on hereditary properties of ordered graphs: we show that if P is such a property, and |Pk|<k for some sufficiently large k∈N, then |Pn| is decreasing for k?n<∞.     

Infinite-dimensional super Lie groups

A super Lie group is a group whose operations are G^∞ mappings in the sense of Rogers. Thus the underlying supermanifold possesses an atlas whose transition functions are G^∞ functions. Moreover the images of our charts are open subsets of a graded infinite-dimensional Banach space since our space of supernumbers is a Banach Grassmann algebra with a countably infinite set of generators.In this context, we prove that if h is a closed, split sub-super Lie algebra of the super Lie algebra of a super Lie group G, then h is the super Lie algebra of a sub-super Lie group of G. Additionally, we show that if g is a Banach super Lie algebra satisfying certain natural conditions, then there is a super Lie group G such that the super Lie algebra g is in fact the super Lie algebra of G. We also show that if H is a closed sub-super Lie group of a super Lie group G, then G→G/H is a principal fiber bundle.We emphasize that some of these theorems are known when one works in the super-analytic category and also when the space of supernumbers is finitely generated in which case, one can use finite-dimensional techniques. The issues dealt with here are that our supermanifolds are modeled on graded Banach spaces and that all mappings must be morphisms in the G^∞ category.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">X</Emphasis>-decomposable finite groups for <Emphasis Type="Italic">X</Emphasis>={1, <Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis> + 1, <Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis> + 2}

A normal subgroup N of a finite group G is called n-decomposable in G if N is the union of n distinct G-conjugacy classes. We study the structure of nonperfect groups in which every proper nontrivial normal subgroup is m-decomposable, m+1-decomposable, or m+2-decomposable for some positive integer m. Furthermore, we give classification for the soluble case.     

On decomposability of finite groups

Let G be a finite group. A normal subgroup N of G is a union of several G-conjugacy classes, and it is called n-decomposable in G if it is a union of n distinct G-conjugacy classes. In this paper, we first classify finite non-perfect groups satisfying the condition that the numbers of conjugacy classes contained in its non-trivial normal subgroups are two consecutive positive integers, and we later prove that there is no non-perfect group such that the numbers of conjugacy classes contained in its non-trivial normal subgroups are 2, 3, 4 and 5.     

Caractérisation spectrale des algèbres de Banach de dimension finie

Let f be an analytic function mapping a domain in $\text{C}$ into a complex Banach algebra. Using potential theory and a new result on almost continuity of the spectrum, which extends the theorem of Newburgh, we prove that either the set of λ such that the spectrum of f(λ) is finite is of outer capacity zero, or there exists an integer n such that the spectrum of f(λ) has at most n elements for every λ. From this we get extensions of a theorem given, in the complex case, by Kaplansky in 1954 and Hirschfeld and Johnson in 1972. More precisely we show that, if the spectrum is finite for every element of an open set of a real algebra or of the set of Hermitian elements of an algebra with an involution, then the quotient of this algebra by its radical is finite-dimensional.     

Reduced 2-to-1 maps and decompositions of graphs with no 2-to-1 cut sets

A graph has an increasing ear decomposition if it can be constructed from a simple closed curve by attaching arcs in stages with the endpoints of each arc attached to different points so that at least one new branch point is formed at each stage. A reduced 2-to-1 map is a 2-to-1 map that does not have a restriction that is 2-to-1. A 2-to-1 cut set of a graph G is a finite subset B such that G⧹B has at least 2|B| components. A graph has an increasing ear decomposition if and only if it does not have a 2-to-1 cut set, and a graph is the image of a reduced 2-to-1 map if and only if it does not have a 2-to-1 cut set.     

On a conjecture of E. Rapaport Strasser about knot-like groups and its pro-p version

A group G is knot-like if it is finitely presented of deficiency 1 and has abelianization G/G^′?Z. We prove the conjecture of E. Rapaport Strasser that if a knot-like group G has a finitely generated commutator subgroup G^′ then G^′ should be free in the special case when the commutator G^′ is residually finite. It is a corollary of a much more general result : if G is a discrete group of geometric dimension n with a finite K(G,1)-complex Y of dimension n, Y has Euler characteristics 0, N is a normal residually finite subgroup of G, N is of homological type FP_n-1 and G/N?Z then N is of homological type FP_n and hence G/N has finite virtual cohomological dimension vcd(G/N)=cd(G)-cd(N). In particular either N has finite index in G or cd(N)?cd(G)-1.Furthermore we show a pro-p version of the above result with the weaker assumption that G/N is a pro-p group of finite rank. Consequently a pro-p version of Rapaport's conjecture holds.     

On finite x-decomposable groups for X = {1, 2, 4}

A normal subgroup N of a finite group G is called an n-decomposable subgroup if N is a union of n distinct conjugacy classes of G. Each finite nonabelian nonperfect group is proved to be isomorphic to Q ₁₂, or Z ₂ × A ₄, or G = ??a, b, c | a ¹¹ = b ⁵ = c ² = 1, b ^?1 ab = a ⁴, c ^?1 ac = a ^?1, c ^?1 bc = b ^?1?? if every nontrivial normal subgroup is 2- or 4-decomposable.     

On the composition factors of a group with the same prime graph as B n (5)

Let G be a finite group. The prime graph of G is a graph whose vertex set is the set of prime divisors of |G| and two distinct primes p and q are joined by an edge, whenever G contains an element of order pq. The prime graph of G is denoted by Γ(G). It is proved that some finite groups are uniquely determined by their prime graph. In this paper, we show that if G is a finite group such that Γ(G) = Γ(B _n (5)), where n ? 6, then G has a unique nonabelian composition factor isomorphic to B _n (5) or C _n (5).     

Minimizing Irregular Convex Functions: Ulam Stability for Approximate Minima

The main concern of this article is to study Ulam stability of the set of ε-approximate minima of a proper lower semicontinuous convex function bounded below on a real normed space X, when the objective function is subjected to small perturbations (in the sense of Attouch & Wets). More precisely, we characterize the class all proper lower semicontinuous convex functions bounded below such that the set-valued application which assigns to each function the set of its ε-approximate minima is Hausdorff upper semi-continuous for the Attouch–Wets topology when the set $\mathcal{C}(X)$ of all the closed and nonempty convex subsets of X is equipped with the Hausdorff topology. We prove that a proper lower semicontinuous convex function bounded below has Ulam-stable ε-approximate minima if and only if the boundary of any of its sublevel sets is bounded.     

On element-centralizers in finite groups

For any group G, let |Cent(G)| denote the number of centralizers of its elements. A group G is called n-centralizer if |Cent(G)| = n. In this paper, we find |Cent(G)| for all minimal simple groups. Using these results we prove that there exist finite simple groups G and H with the property that |Cent(G)| = |Cent(H)| but ${G\not\cong H}$ . This result gives a negative answer to a question raised by A. Ashrafi and B. Taeri. We also characterize all finite semi-simple groups G with |Cent(G)| ≤  73.     

The Hopfian property of n-periodic products of groups

LetH be a subgroup of a groupG. A normal subgroupN _H ofH is said to be inheritably normal if there is a normal subgroup N _G of G such that N _H = N _G ∩ H. It is proved in the paper that a subgroup $N_{G_i }$ of a factor G _i of the n-periodic product Π _i∈I ⁿ G _i with nontrivial factors G _i is an inheritably normal subgroup if and only if $N_{G_i }$ contains the subgroup G _i ⁿ . It is also proved that for odd n ≥ 665 every nontrivial normal subgroup in a given n-periodic product G = Π _i∈I ⁿ G _i contains the subgroup G ⁿ . It follows that almost all n-periodic products G = G _{1 *} ⁿ G ₂ are Hopfian, i.e., they are not isomorphic to any of their proper quotient groups. This allows one to construct nonsimple and not residually finite Hopfian groups of bounded exponents.     

Orbit-equivalent infinite permutation groups

Let G,H be closed permutation groups on an infinite set X, with H a subgroup of G. It is shown that if G and H are orbit-equivalent, that is, have the same orbits on the collection of finite subsets of X, and G is primitive but not 2-transitive, then G=H.