Automorphism group of Green ring of Sweedler Hopf algebra

Let H ₂ be Sweedler’s 4-dimensional Hopf algebra and r(H ₂) be the corresponding Green ring of H ₂. In this paper, we investigate the automorphism groups of Green ring r(H ₂) and Green algebra F(H ₂) = r(H ₂)?_? F, where F is a field, whose characteristics is not equal to 2. We prove that the automorphism group of r(H ₂) is isomorphic to K ₄, where K ₄ is the Klein group, and the automorphism group of F(H ₂) is the semidirect product of ?₂ and G, where G = F {1/2} with multiplication given by a · b = 1? a ? b + 2ab.     

RELATIONS AMONG SOME PARAMETERS OF HYPERGRAPHS

The relations among the dominating number, independence number and covering number of hypergraphs are investigated. Main results are as follows：Dv（H）≤min{α≤（H）, p（H）, p（H）, T（H）}; De（H）≤min{v（H）, T（H）, p（H）}; DT（H） ≤αT（H）; S（H）≤ Dv （H） ＋ α（H）≤n; 2≤ Dv （H） ＋ T（H） ≤n; 2 〈 Dv （H） ＋ v（H）≤n/2 ＋ [n/r]; Dv （H） ＋ p（H） 〈_n;2≤De（H） ＋ Dv（H）≤n/2 ＋ [n/r];α（H） ＋ De（H）≤n;2 ≤ De（H） ＋ v（H）≤2[n/r]; 2 De（H） ＋ p（H）≤n-r ＋ 2.     

On Defining Ideals or Subrings of Hall Algebras

Let A be a finitary algebra over a finite field k, and A- \textmod\text{mod} the category of finite dimensional left A-modules. Let H(A)\mathcal{H}(A) be the corresponding Hall algebra, and for a positive integer r let D _r (A) be the subspace of H(A)\mathcal{H}(A) which has a basis consisting of isomorphism classes of modules in A- \textmod\text{mod} with at least r + 1 indecomposable direct summands. If A is the path algebra of the quiver of type A _n with linear orientation, then D _r (A) is known to be the kernel of the map from the twisted Hall algebra to the quantized Schur algebra indexed by n + 1 and r. For any A, we determine necessary and sufficient conditions for D _r (A) to be an ideal and some conditions for D _r (A) to be a subring of H(A)\mathcal{H}(A). For A the path algebra of a quiver, we also determine necessary and sufficient conditions for D _r (A) to be a subring of H(A)\mathcal{H}(A).     

Syzygies and Diagonal Resolutions for Dihedral Groups

Let G be a finite group with integral group ring Λ =Z[G]. The syzygies Ω_r(Z) are the stable classes of the intermediate modules in a free Λ-resolution of the trivial module. They are of significance in the cohomology theory of G via the “co-represention theorem” H^r(G, N) = Hom_𝒟er(Ω_r(Z), N). We describe the Ω_r(Z) explicitly for the dihedral groups D_4n+2, so allowing the construction of free resolutions whose differentials are diagonal matrices over Λ.     

Integral Schur algebras forGL 2

The structure of Schur algebrasS(2,r) over the integral domainZ is intensively studied from the quasi-hereditary algebra point of view. We introduce certain new bases forS(2,r) and show that the Schur algebraS(2,r) modulo any ideal in the defining sequence is still such a Schur algebra of lower degree inr. A Wedderburn-Artin decomposition ofS _K (2,r) over a fieldK of characteristic 0 is described. Finally, we investigate the extension groups between two Weyl modules and classify the indecomposable Weyl-filtered modules for the Schur algebrasS _Zp(2,r) withr<p ² . Research supported by ARC Large Grant L20.24210     

Inner and outer radial density functions in singly-excited 1snl states of the He atom

The one-electron radial density function D(r) has recently been found to be separable into inner D_<(r) and outer D_>(r) radial density functions. The inner D_<(r) and outer D_>(r) densities are studied for 28 singly-excited 1snl singlet and triplet states (0≤l<n≤5) of the He atom at a correlated level. Theoretical structures of D_<(r) and D_>(r) are discussed within the Hartree-Fock framework. Comparison of correlated D_<(r) and D_>(r) with hydrogenic radial densities based on the modal characteristics and Carbó’s similarity index clarifies that D_<(r) represents the 1s density of the helium cation, while D_>(r) extracts the nl density of the hydrogen atom from D(r). The radial separation 〈|r₁−r₂|〉, which constitutes a lower bound to the standard deviation of D(r), is shown to be estimated from the location of the outermost maximum of D_>(r).     

Homomorphisms of matrix semigroups over division rings from dimension two to four

Let D be an arbitrary division ring and M_n(D) the multiplicative semigroup of all n×n matrices over D. We study non-degenerate, injective homomorphisms from M₂(D) to M₄(D). In particular, we present a structural result for the case when D is the ring of quaternions.     

Generic Modules Over a Class of Drinfeld's Quantum Doubles

Let k be a field and A _n (ω) be the Taft's n ²-dimensional Hopf algebras. When n is odd, the Drinfeld quantum double D(A _n (ω)) of A _n (ω) is a Ribbon Hopf algebra. In the previous articles, we constructed an n ⁴-dimensional Hopf algebra H _n (p, q) which is isomorphic to D(A _n (ω)) if p ≠ 0 and q = ω^?1, and studied the finite dimensional representations of H _n (1, q). We showed that the basic algebra of any nonsimple block of H _n (1, q) is independent of n. In this article, we examine the infinite representations of H ₂(1, ? 1), or equivalently of H _n (1, q)?D(A _n (ω)) for any n ≥ 2. We investigate the indecomposable and algebraically compact modules over H ₂(1, ? 1), describe the structures of these modules and classify them under the elementary equivalence.     

Domains with growth conditions for the quasihyperbolic metric

For a given growth functionH, we say that a domainD ?R ⁿ is anH-domain if δ_D x≤δ_D(x ₀)H(k _D(x,x ₀)),x ∈D, where δ_D(x)=d(x?D) andk _D denotes the quasihyperbolic distance. We show that ifH satisfiesH(0)=1, |H'|≤H, andH"≤H, then there exists an extremalH-domain. Using this fact, we investigate some fundamental properties ofH-domains.     

Bounds for indecomposable torsion-free modules

Let M be a finitely generated torsion-free module over a one-dimensional reduced Noetherian ring R with finitely generated normalization. The rank of M is the tuple of vector-space dimensions of M_P over each field R_P (R localized at P), where P ranges over the minimal prime ideals of R. We assume that there exists a bound N_R on the ranks of all indecomposable finitely generated torsion-free R-modules. For such rings, what bounds and ranks occur? Partial answers to this question have been given by a plethora of authors over the past forty years. In this article we provide a final answer by giving a concise list of the ranks of indecomposable modules for R a local ring with no condition on the characteristic. We conclude that if the rank of an indecomposable module M is (r,r,…,r), then r∈{1,2,3,4,6}, even when R is not local.     

The Beilinson equivalence for differential operators

Let D be the ring of differential operators on a smooth irreducible affine variety X over C, or, more generally, the enveloping algebra of any locally free Lie algebroid on X. The category of finitely generated graded modules of the Rees algebra has a natural quotient category P_D which imitates the category of modules on Proj of a graded commutative ring. We show that the derived category D^b(P_D) is equivalent to the derived category of finitely generated modules of a sheaf of algebras E on X which is coherent over X. This generalizes the usual Beilinson equivalence for projective space, and also the Beilinson equivalence for differential operators on a smooth curve used by Ben-Zvi and Nevins in [6] to describe the moduli space of left ideals in D.     

Minimum cost homomorphisms to semicomplete multipartite digraphs

For digraphs D and H, a mapping f:V(D)→V(H) is a homomorphism ofDtoH if uv∈A(D) implies f(u)f(v)∈A(H). For a fixed directed or undirected graph H and an input graph D, the problem of verifying whether there exists a homomorphism of D to H has been studied in a large number of papers. We study an optimization version of this decision problem. Our optimization problem is motivated by a real-world problem in defence logistics and was introduced recently by the authors and M. Tso.Suppose we are given a pair of digraphs D,H and a cost c_i(u) for each u∈V(D) and i∈V(H). The cost of a homomorphism f of D to H is ∑_u∈V(D)c_f(u)(u). Let H be a fixed digraph. The minimum cost homomorphism problem for H, MinHOMP(H), is stated as follows: For input digraph D and costs c_i(u) for each u∈V(D) and i∈V(H), verify whether there is a homomorphism of D to H and, if it does exist, find such a homomorphism of minimum cost. In our previous paper we obtained a dichotomy classification of the time complexity of when H is a semicomplete digraph. In this paper we extend the classification to semicomplete k-partite digraphs, k≥3, and obtain such a classification for bipartite tournaments.     

On Optimal Orientations of Cartesian Products of Trees

. Let d(D) (resp., d(G)) denote the diameter and r(D) (resp., r(G)) the radius of a digraph D (resp., graph G). Let G×H denote the cartesian product of two graphs G and H. An orientation D of G is said to be (r, d)-invariant if r(D)=r(G) and d(D)=d(G). Let {T _i }, i=1,…,n, where n≥2, be a family of trees. In this paper, we show that the graph ∏ _{i =1} ⁿ T _i admits an (r, d)-invariant orientation provided that d(T ₁)≥d(T ₂)≥4 for n=2, and d(T ₁)≥5 and d(T ₂)≥4 for n≥3. Received: July 30, 1997 Final version received: April 20, 1998     

Minimal polynomials of Young permutation modules and idempotents

Applying an epimorphism of the Solomon descent algebra onto the subring of the Green ring spanned by the isomorphism classes of Young permutation modules, we determine a basis of primitive orthogonal idempotents which diagonalise the multiplication maps of Young permutation modules. We determine direct sum decompositions of tensor products of hook Young permutation modules, the minimal polynomials of all Young permutation modules, and of the Young module Y^(r?1,1).     

The centralizer of a semi-linear transformation

Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over a division ring D, where D is finite-dimensional over its center F. Suppose T is a semi-linear transformation on V with associated automorphism σ of D. The centralizer of T is the ring C(T) of all linear transformations on V which commute with T. If σ^r is the identity on D for some r ? 1 and no smaller positive power of σ is an inner automorphism, then the center of C(T) is computed to be polynomials in T^r with coefficients from F₀, where F₀ is the subfield of F left elementwise fixed by σ. A matrix version of this theorem is also given.     

Shilov boundary and p-adic injective analytic functions

Let K be an algebraically closed field complete with respect to a dense ultrametric absolute value |.|. Let D be an infraconnected affinoid subset of K and let H(D) be the Banach algebra of analytic elements on D. Let f ∈ H(D) be injective in D and let f _* be the mapping defined on the multiplicative spectrum of H(D) that identifies with the set of circular filters on D. We show that f _* is injective and maps bijectively the Shilov boundary of H(D) onto this of H(f(D)). Thanks to this property we give a new proof of the equality $\left| {f(x) - f(y)} \right| = \left| {x - y} \right|\sqrt {\left| {f'(x)f'(y)} \right|} $ .     

Support varieties, AR-components, and good filtrations

Let G be a reductive group, defined over the Galois field ${\mathbb{F}_p}$ with p being good for G. Using support varieties and covering techniques based on G _r T-modules, we determine the position of simple modules and baby Verma modules within the stable Auslander?CReiten quiver ?? _s (G _r ) of the rth Frobenius kernel of G. In particular, we show that the almost split sequences terminating in these modules usually have an indecomposable middle term. Concerning support varieties, we introduce a reduction technique leading to isomorphisms $$\mathcal{V}_{G_r}(Z_r(\lambda)) \cong \mathcal{V}_{G_{r-d}}(Z_{r-d}(\mu))$$ for baby Verma modules of certain highest weights ${\lambda, \mu \in X(T)}$ , which are related by the notion of depth.     

The complexity of the minimum cost homomorphism problem for semicomplete digraphs with possible loops

For digraphs D and H, a mapping f:V(D)→V(H) is a homomorphism of D to H if uv∈A(D) implies f(u)f(v)∈A(H). For a fixed digraph H, the homomorphism problem is to decide whether an input digraph D admits a homomorphism to H or not, and is denoted as HOM(H).An optimization version of the homomorphism problem was motivated by a real-world problem in defence logistics and was introduced in Gutin, Rafiey, Yeo and Tso (2006) [13]. If each vertex u∈V(D) is associated with costs c_i(u),i∈V(H), then the cost of the homomorphism f is ∑_u∈V(D)c_f(u)(u). For each fixed digraph H, we have the minimum cost homomorphism problem forH and denote it as MinHOM(H). The problem is to decide, for an input graph D with costs c_i(u),u∈V(D),i∈V(H), whether there exists a homomorphism of D to H and, if one exists, to find one of minimum cost.Although a complete dichotomy classification of the complexity of MinHOM(H) for a digraph H remains an unsolved problem, complete dichotomy classifications for MinHOM(H) were proved when H is a semicomplete digraph Gutin, Rafiey and Yeo (2006) [10], and a semicomplete multipartite digraph Gutin, Rafiey and Yeo (2008) [12] and [11]. In these studies, it is assumed that the digraph H is loopless. In this paper, we present a full dichotomy classification for semicomplete digraphs with possible loops, which solves a problem in Gutin and Kim (2008) [9].     

Diagonal norm hermitian matrices

If v is a norm on $\text{C}$ⁿ, let H(v) denote the set of all norm-Hermitians in $\text{C}$ⁿⁿ. Let S be a subset of the set of real diagonal matrices D. Then there exists a norm v such that S=H(v) (or S = H(v)∩D) if and only if S contains the identity and S is a subspace of D with a basis consisting of rational vectors. As a corollary, it is shown that, for a diagonable matrix h with distinct eigenvalues λ₁,…, λ_r, r?n, there is a norm v such that h ∈ H(v), but h^s?H(v), for some integer s, if and only if λ₂–λ₁,…, λ_r–λ₁ are linearly dependent over the rationals. It is also shown that the set of all norms v, for which H(v) consists of all real multiples of the identity, is an open, dense subset, in a natural metric, of the set of all norms.