H_2O_2氧化N_2生成N_2O和H_2O机理的研究

采用量子化学计算方法研究了Ｈ２Ｏ２ 氧化Ｎ２ 生成Ｎ２Ｏ 和Ｈ２Ｏ 的机理．结果发现, Ｈ２Ｏ２ 氧化Ｎ２ 先通过１ 个四元环过渡态形成中间体Ｈ２Ｎ２Ｏ２ 分子,Ｈ２Ｎ２Ｏ２ 再通过一个五元环过渡态形成Ｎ２Ｏ和Ｈ２Ｏ．根据计算得到的每步反应的活化能,得知Ｈ２Ｏ２ 氧化Ｎ２ 生成中间体Ｈ２Ｎ２Ｏ２ 分子是整个反应的控制步骤．     

Drastic increase of selectivity for H2O2 formation in direct oxidation of H2 to H2O2 over supported Pd catalysts due to their bromination

Incorporation of bromide anions (1.0 wt%) in supported Pd catalysts (viz. Pd supported on Al2O3, ZrO2, SiO2, H-beta or Ga2O3) leads to a drastic increase in their selectivity for H2O2 formation in the direct oxidation of H2 to H2O2 by O2(at room temperature) in an aqueous acidic (0.03 M H3PO4) reaction medium; the selectivity increase is accompanied by a large decrease in the H2O2 decomposition activity of the catalysts.     

基于 H2/O2 等离子体和钛硅沸石的丙烯气相环氧化方法

 将 H₂/O₂ 非平衡等离子体现场产生的气态 H₂O₂和丙烯与耦合反应器中钛硅沸石 TS-1 直接接触, 实现了丙烯气相环氧化反应. 结果表明, 非平衡等离子体生成气态 H₂O₂ 的速率由介质阻挡放电的输入功率决定, 环氧丙烷的生成速率和选择性取决于钛硅沸石催化剂和反应条件. 在 H₂ 和 O₂ 进料流量分别为 170 和 8 ml/min, 介质阻挡放电输入功率为 3.5 W, 环氧化反应温度为 110 ^oC, 丙烯进料量为 18 ml/min, 催化剂用量为 0.8 g 的条件下, 生成环氧丙烷产率达 246.9 g/(kg•h)、环氧丙烷选择性和 H₂O₂ 有效利用率分别为 95.4% 和 36.1%, 反应 36 h 内未见催化剂失活.     

TS-1/过氧化氢催化体系中有机硫化物的选择氧化

 研究了TS-1/过氧化氢催化体系中几种典型有机硫化物的选择氧化脱除. 结果表明,噻吩和2-甲基噻吩仅在水或叔丁醇溶剂中才能被有效氧化脱除,且两者的反应历程不同. 噻吩分子中的硫原子先被氧化,2-甲基噻吩分子中的噻吩环先被氧化. 当过氧化氢与硫化物摩尔比为4时,噻吩和2-甲基噻吩均可被氧化为硫酸. 采用甲醇、乙腈和水作溶剂时,甲基硫醚和丁基硫醇均可被选择氧化脱除. 由于存在空间位阻,苯并噻吩、二苯并噻吩及4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩在TS-1/过氧化氢体系中均不能被有效脱除.     

TS-1/H2O2催化模拟汽油中噻吩的选择氧化研究

随着环境法规的日益严格,世界各国对于燃料中硫质量分数做了新的规定,要求车用燃料的硫控制在10×10-6~50×10-6,燃料电池硫的质量分数控制为(1×10-6。要达到这样高的脱硫深度,传统的脱硫方法面临着极大的挑战[1]。因此,其他非HDS脱硫方法受到研究者关注,其中氧化萃取深度脱硫     

A quantum chemical study of comparison of various propylene epoxidation mechanisms using H2O2 and TS-1 Catalyst

We present a comparison of the following prominent propylene epoxidation mechanisms using H2O2/TS-1 at a consistent density functional theory (DFT) method: (1) the Sinclair and Catlow mechanism on tripodal site through Ti-OOH species, (2) the Vayssilov and van Santen mechanism on tetrapodal site without Ti-OOH formation, (3) the Munakata et al. mechanism involving peroxy (Ti-O-O-Si) species, (4) the defect site mechanism with a partial silanol nest, and (5) the defect site mechanism with a full silanol nest. We have reproduced the previously published (ethylene epoxidation) pathways (1-3) for propylene epoxidation using larger and SiH3-terminated cluster models of the T-6 crystallographic site of TS-1. Mechanism 5 is a new mechanism reported here for the first time. The use of a consistent level of theory for all the pathways allows for the first time a meaningful comparison of the energetics representing the aforementioned pathways. We have rigorously identified the important reaction intermediates and transition states and carried out a detailed thermochemical analysis at 298.15 K and 1 atm. On the basis of the Gibbs free energy of activation, the Sinclair and Catlow mechanism (Delta G(act) = 7.9 kcal/mol) is the energetically most favorable mechanism, which is, however, likely to operate on the external surface of TS-1 due to the tripodal nature of the Ti site in their model. The newly reported defect site mechanism (with a full silanol nest) is a competitive propylene epoxidation mechanism. There are two main steps: (1) hydroperoxy formation (Delta G(act) = 8.9 kcal/mol) and (2) propylene epoxidation (Delta G(act) = 4.6 kcal/mol). This mechanism is likely to represent the chemistry occurring inside the TS-1 pores in the liquid-phase epoxidation (H2O2/TS-1) process and could operate in direct gas-phase epoxidation (H2/O2/Au/TS-1) as well. If only the propylene epoxidation step is considered, then the Munakata peroxo intermediate (Si-O-O-Ti) is the most reactive intermediate, which can epoxidize propylene with a negligible activation barrier. However, formation of the Munakata intermediate is a very activated step (Delta G(act) = 19.8 kcal/mol). We also explain the trends in the activation barriers in different mechanisms using geometric and electronic features such as orientation of adsorbed H2O2 and propylene, hydrogen bonding, O1-Ti bond distance in the Ti-O1-O2-H intermediate, and O1-O2 stretching in the transition state. Implications of different Ti site models are also discussed in light of the nature of external/internal and nondefect/defect sites of TS-1.     

功能化含磷钼酸介孔硅材料的制备及其在深度氧化脱硫中的应用

随着全球工业的快速发展,化石燃料的消耗量日益增加,从而导致有毒污染物的排放量随之增加.燃料油中的含硫化合物燃烧后会形成SOx.SOx排放到大气中会形成酸雨污染环境.因此,超清洁燃料的生产迫在眉睫.目前主要的脱硫工艺为加氢脱硫(HDS).HDS能够有效脱除燃油中的硫醚、硫醇和二硫化物等含硫化物,但对于芳香族硫化物及其衍生物(如苯并噻吩、二苯并噻吩和4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩等)的脱除效果较差,而且HDS需要在高温、高压且有合适催化剂存在的条件下进行反应.因此,开发操作简单、反应条件温和、能够高效脱除芳香族硫化物及其衍生物的脱硫工艺已成为目前研究的热点.催化氧化脱硫(CODS)能够在温和条件下高选择性脱除芳香族硫化物及其衍生物,作为HDS的有效补充,在深度脱硫领域的应用得到了广泛认可.目前适用于CODS的催化剂有分子筛、甲酸、过氧化物酶、氧化钼和杂多酸等.其中,含钼(VI)催化剂在CODS中表现出良好的性能,得到了广泛的研究和应用.在CODS中,催化剂载体同样起着重要作用.从实际应用角度出发,无定形二氧化硅在制备过程及经济性方面存在着不可替代的优势.到目前为止,无定形SiO2负载磷钼酸(HPMo)作为CODS催化剂的研究鲜有报道.本课题组以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为介孔模板剂,以正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,通过沉淀法直接合成了功能化含HPMo介孔复合材料HPMo-SiO2.采用XRD,FT-IR,31P-NMR和XPS等测试手段对所制备的材料进行了表征.结果表明,作为催化活性位点的钼以磷钼酸的形式存在,磷钼酸的Keggen结构在负载过程中没有遭到破坏,并且活性磷钼酸能够均匀分散在二氧化硅载体上.HPMo-SiO2的比表面积为365.0 m2/g,总孔容为1.237 cm3/g,平均孔径为12.91 nm.本文系统研究了模型油脱硫反应条件、催化剂循环使用次数及催化反应动力学.结果表明,HPMo-SiO2具有高效的脱硫活性,在反应温度为55oC,催化剂与模型油质量比为0.7%,反应时间为10 min的条件下,二苯并噻吩(DBT)脱除率可达100%;在反应温度为60oC,催化剂与模型油质量比为1.0%,反应时间为30 min的条件下,苯并噻吩(BT)脱除率可达100%.同等反应条件下,DBT的反应活性大于BT.DBT及BT的氧化脱除反应均符合表观一级动力学模型,且DBT脱除反应的表观活化能小于BT脱除反应.所制备的催化剂经过10次循环使用,DBT脱除率仍可以达到95.2%(BT为95.7%),说明所制备的HPMo-SiO2催化剂具有高活性和强稳定性.通过气质联用及微库仑仪对反应产物进行了分析,结果表明,BT和DBT的氧化产物分别为苯并噻吩砜(BTO2)和二苯并噻吩砜(DBTO2),且氧化产物全部被催化剂吸附,油品中没有含硫化合物的存在,因此不需要后续的氧化产物分离操作,提高了整个脱硫工艺的经济性,并且有效减少了分离操作带来的油品损失.     

Direct deposition of gold nanoparticles onto polymer beads and glucose oxidation with H2O2

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were deposited directly from aqueous solution of diethylenediaminegold(III) complex onto polymer beads commercially available, such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), and polyaniline (PANI) without surface modification. The dropwise addition of NaBH4 to reduce Au(III) was found to be very effective to obtain small Au0 NPs with a narrow size distribution except for PANI. The catalytic performance of Au NPs deposited on polymer beads for H2O2 decomposition and glucose oxidation with H2O2 were more significantly affected by the kinds of polymer supports than by the size of Au NPs. The equimolar oxidation of glucose with H2O2 could be operated by controlling the decomposition rate of H2O2 over Au/PMMA.     

硒催化CO/H2O还原1-硝基萘制1-萘胺

 以具有反应控制相转移特点和可回收再利用的硒为催化剂,以CO/H2O为还原剂,在常压条件下还原1-硝基萘制1-萘胺,考察了不同溶剂和碱对反应的影响. 结果表明,在极性非质子溶剂如二甲基甲酰胺中,以氢氧化钠为助催化剂时1-硝基萘可定量还原为1-萘胺.     

硅藻土负载H6PMo9V2Nb1O40催化剂上乙烷氧化制乙酸和乙醛的反应性能

采用浸渍法制备了硅藻土负载的杂多化合物催化剂PMo9V2Nb1/K,利用TPR、IR、TPD和微反技术研究了催化剂的表面酸性、乙烷化学吸附和氧化反应性能。结果表明,含铌的PMo9V2Nb1/K催化剂仍保持着Keggin形杂多酸的化学构造,晶格氧的活泼性明显提高,B酸强度和酸量均有所降低;乙烷分子主要通过H原子吸附在Lewis碱位V—O—Mo和Nb—O—Mo的桥氧上,吸附在Nb—O—Mo桥氧上的乙烷易发生解离吸附,并与邻近的表面氧发生反应生成乙酸或乙醛;在240 ℃,0.4 MPa和2 000 h-1下,乙烷的摩尔转化率为22.5%,产物乙酸和乙醛的总选择性达90.8%。     

Magnesium aminoethyl phosphonate (Mg(AEP)(H2O)): an inorganic-organic hybrid nanomaterial with high CO2:N2 sorption selectivity

The inorganic-organic hybrid magnesium aminoethyl phosphonate (Mg(AEP)(H(2)O), particle diameter: 20 nm; specific surface area: 322(10) m(2) g(-1); pore volume: 0.9(1) cm(3) g(-1)) shows reversible CO(2) sorption (152(5) mg g(-1)) at high pressure (≤110 bar). In contrast, N(2) uptake remains below 1.0(1) mg g(-1). Based on this selectivity (～100%) Mg(AEP)(H(2)O) expands the range of materials available for CO(2) capture.     

CO2氧化丙烷脱氢制丙烯用Pd-Cu/V2O5-SiO2催化剂的研究

 采用等体积浸渍法制备了V2O5-SiO2负载的Pd-Cu双金属催化剂,以程序升温还原/程序升温氧化、红外光谱、程序升温脱附和微反技术表征了Pd-Cu/V2O5-SiO2对CO2和丙烷的化学吸附性能及对CO2部分氧化丙烷脱氢反应的催化性能. 结果表明,在催化剂表面金属活性位(Pd,Cu)和邻近的Vn+协同下形成的CO2卧式吸附态可在172和284 ℃断裂形成CO和晶格氧,以甲基氢和亚甲基氢双位吸附在V=O上的丙烷分子吸附态可在238 ℃脱氢生成丙烯. 在600 ℃,CO2/C3H8体积比为1和空速为1?286 h-1的条件下,丙烷转化率为35.22%,丙烯选择性为85.44%. 催化剂V=O中的晶格氧参与了丙烷氧化脱氢过程.     

Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of chromotrope 2B with H2O2 and metal complexes supported on aluminum oxide hydroxide as catalyst

The heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of Chromotrope 2B (C2B) dye with H₂O₂ and the aluminum oxide hydroxide (AlOOH) modified with ammonia complexes of Cu^II, Co^II, Ni^II, and Cr^III (AlOOH/[Mⁿ⁺(amm)_m]) as catalysts were studied. The AlOOH/[Cu^II(amm)₄] is the most efficient catalyst and therefore it was chosen as the potential catalyst for the oxidative degradation of C2B in an aqueous solution. The AlOOH/[Cu^II(amm)₄] was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), techniques. The rate of reaction was dependent on the type of the metal complex supported on the AlOOH, initial concentration of the dye and H₂O₂, catalyst dose, pH, the concentration of NaCl, and temperature. The catalytic activity of the AlOOH/[Mⁿ⁺(amm)_m] according to the kind of metal ion decreased in the order: Cu^II > Co^II > Cr^III > Ni^II. Other catalysts consisting of the AlOOH supported with Cu^II complexed with ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, 1,3 propanediamine, and 1,4 butanediamine, (AlOOH/[Cu^II(amine)_m]), were also investigated. The activity of the (AlOOH/[Cu^II(amine)_m]) as catalyst according to the type of ligand followed the order: 1,4 butanediamine > 1,3 propanediamine > ethanolamine > ethylenediamine > ammonia. The reaction rate increased with increasing the catalyst dose, concentration of H₂O_2, C2B, and NaCl, pH, and temperature. Since the reusability results for the AlOOH/[Cu^II(amm)₄] revealed good stability over seven cycles, it can thus be considered a promising and cost-effective catalyst for the removal of harmful dyes from wastewater.     

Cyclization of 1,6-enynes catalyzed by gold nanoparticles supported on TiO2: significant changes in selectivity and mechanism, as compared to homogeneous Au-catalysis

Gold nanoparticles supported on TiO(2) (1.2 mol %) catalyze, for the first time under heterogeneous conditions, the cycloisomerization of a series of 1,6-enynes in high yields. In several cases, the product selectivity differs significantly as compared to homogeneous Au(I)-catalysis. Based on product analysis and stereoisotopic studies it is proposed that the major or exclusive pathway involves a 5-exo cyclization mode to form stereoselectively gold cyclopropyl carbenes that undergo a single cleavage pathway, in contrast to homogeneous Au-catalysis where the double cleavage pathway operates substantially.     

Generation of high O2 (a1Δg) concentrations in O2/H2 mixtures

The effect of hydrogen on the concentration of singlet oxygen in the a¹Δ_g and b¹Σ states, generated from a microwave discharge in O₂ and in an O₂/Ar mixture, was studied in flow reactors. The addition of hydrogen, in a range of 0.01–1 of concentration of the O₂, increased the yields of singlet oxygen by factor of 5–20. In addition to the higher O₂ (a and b) concentrations, the addition of hydrogen removed the usual NO₂ fluorescence, making observation of the O₂(b → X) transition at 762 nm much easier in the flow reactor. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 12–17, 2006     

A green and efficient deoximation using H_2O_2 catalyzed by montmorillonite-K10 supported CoCl_2

Oximes were oxidized to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in good to high yields by environmentally friendly and green oxidant,H_2O_2 catalyzed by montmorillonite K-10 supported cobalt(Ⅱ) chloride.     

Bromination of ketones with the systems H2O2-LiBr-CeIII and H2O2-LiBr-CeIV

A new method for the synthesis of α-bromoketones was suggested. The C₅-C₁₁ linear and branched ketones in the reaction with the systems H₂O₂-LiBr-Ce^III and H₂O₂-LiBr-Ce^IV in acetonitrile were brominated at α-position. The reaction is highly selective.     

高选择性和稳定性SnO2纳米催化剂上 CO2电化学还原为甲酸

作为最重要的还原产品,甲酸是 CO2还原中非常有价值的液体燃料.已有研究报道, Sn类金属电极对甲酸生成有很好的催化活性,所用电解液均为 KHCO3溶液(0.5 mol/L),但多数研究没有对其电解液条件的影响给出清晰解释.一般而言,电解液 pH值会影响 H2O和 CO2还原的电极电势,酸性环境有利于氢析出,碱性环境则不利于甲酸形成.在中性偏碱性环境, CO2电解可以提供维持氧化物稳定性的可能性.同时,电解质浓度也极大地影响甲酸形成.研究表明,当在固定床反应器中使用 Sn颗粒电极,在 KHCO3溶液(0.5 mol/L)中甲酸的法拉第效率比 K2CO3溶液(0.1 mol/L)的法拉第效率更大.我们研究组通过简单的水热自组装法成功制备了一种纳米结构 SnO2催化剂.其中 SnO2-50纳米催化剂由三维多级结构组成,为纳米颗粒和微米球的聚集体,其中含有直径为500 nm?1μm的高度多孔结构.该催化剂负载气体扩散电极用于 CO2电化学还原,表现出优异的 CO2还原催化活性和甲酸选择性.与其他文献报道相比,该电极具有明显的低过电位(?0.56 V vs. SHE).经研究发现,这与甲酸形成由传质和电荷传递过程控制有关,同时 CO2还原强烈依赖于电解液条件.此外,催化剂的电化学性能和甲酸选择性强烈依赖于电解液浓度.在0.5 mol/L KHCO3电解液中,当电解液浓度为0.1?0.5 mol/L时,催化性能随电解液浓度增加而提高,同时在电解液浓度为0.5 mol/L时催化性能达到最佳,获得56%的甲酸法拉第效率,这主要是由于 HCO3?直接参与反应的结果.在电解液浓度较低时,甲酸的形成由传质控制,而在电解液浓度较高时,甲酸的形成则由电荷传递控制.
　　同时我们发现在形成甲酸过程中,电解液 pH值对 CO2电化学还原过程有很大影响.为了研究电解液pH值影响,重点考察了pH值分别为6,7,8.3和9时的电位值,其原因是酸性过高有利于氢气形成,碱度过高不利于甲酸形成.结果表明,pH =8.3的电解液为 CO2还原的最佳电解液条件.此外,在最负的电势下,电解液pH=8.3时,阴极电流密度比其他电解液都大,几乎是pH=6的电解液的2倍.此时在中性偏碱性环境下, CO2还原可以提供维持氧化物稳定性的可能性.当电解液 pH增加到9.0时,甲酸产量及法拉第效率略有下降,可能是碱性环境不利于甲酸形成.
　　同时,对 SnO2-50纳米催化剂经28 h电解后的甲酸法拉第效率的衰减机制进行了深入研究.结果表明,随着电解时间延长,甲酸法拉第效率衰减.电解时间为1?28 h时,法拉第效率和甲酸产量均保持平稳下降趋势,28 h后法拉第效率由初始的56%降至24%.有文献报道,甲酸法拉第效率随电解时间的改变主要是由于阳极上甲酸的氧化或阴极上杂质的污染.为了证明阴极电解后的状态,我们对 SnO2-50/GDL阴极电解前后的 XPS谱进行了分析.结果发现,法拉第效率的下降是由于痕量氟离子沉积到 SnO2-50/GDL电极表面,这些痕量氟离子可能来自反应槽,阻碍电极表面 CO2电化学还原为甲酸.