Laser Raman and ac impedance spectroscopic studies of PVA: NH4NO3 polymer electrolyte

Ion conducting polymer electrolyte PVA:NH₄NO₃ has been prepared by solution casting technique and characterized using XRD, Raman and ac impedance spectroscopic analyses. The amorphous nature of the polymer films has been confirmed by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. An insight into the deconvoluted Raman peaks of υ₁ vibration of NO₃^? anion for the polymer electrolyte reveals the dominancy of ion aggregates at higher NH₄NO₃ concentration. From the ac impedance studies, the highest ion conductivity at 303 K has been found to be 7.5 × 10^?3 S cm^?1 for 80PVA:20NH₄NO₃. The conductivity of the polymer electrolytes has been found to depend on the degree of dissociation of the salt in the host polymer matrix. The combination of the above-mentioned analyses has proven worth while and in fact necessary in order to achieve better understanding of these complex systems.     

Spectroscopic and Discharge Studies on Graphene Oxide Doped PVA/PVP Blend Nanocomposite Polymer Films

Graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were synthesized by modified Hummers method. The synthesized GO nanoparticles were incorporated in polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVA/PVP) blend polymers for the preparation of nanocomposite polymer films by solution cast technique. Different characterizations such as XRD, UV–Vis and FTIR were carried-out on to the prepared nanocomposite polymer films. The thermal analysis of the films was studied by DSC. The morphology of PVA/PVP:GO polymer films confirms GO was exfoliated within the PVA/PVP matrix and also reveals the heterogeneous phase of nanocomposite polymer electrolyte systems. From the conductivity studies the highest conductivity of PVA/PVP: GO (0.45: 0.3) was found to be 8.05 × 10^–4 S/cm at room temperature. Solid state battery has been fabricated with the configuration of Mg⁺/(PVA/PVP:GO)/(I₂ + C + electrolyte) and its cell parameters were calculated for a constant load of 100 kΩ.     

Structural and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA):Methyl cellulose (MC) based solid polymer blend electrolytes inserted with sodium iodide (NaI) salt

This paper studies the structural and electrical properties of solid polymer blend electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and methylcellulose (MC) incorporated with sodium iodide (NaI). The polymer electrolyte films were assembled through a solution casting technique. The host matrix, which is doped with different NaI salt concentrations between 10 and 50 wt%, utilizes the most amorphous blend compositions (60 wt% Polyvinyl alcohol and 40 wt% methylcellulose). The structural behaviour of the electrolyte films was examined utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) techniques. The semi crystalline nature of PVA:MC with inserted NaI was derived from the X-ray diffraction studies, while the XRD analysis suggests that the highest ion conductive sample displays the minimum crystalline nature. The interaction between polymer blends and inserted salt was conceived from the FTIR investigation. Shifting of peaks and variation in the intensity of FTIR bands was detected. To investigate the structural properties and calculate the degree of crystallinity of the films, the (XRD) technique was employed, while electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was utilized for studying the conductivity of the samples. In order to comprehend all of the electrical properties of the ion-conducting systems, the EIS outcome of each electrolyte was matched with Equivalent Electrical Circuits (EEC) s. Ion transport parameters including mobility, carrier density and diffusion are well assessed for the samples and the dielectric properties were compared with the conductivity measurement. At lower frequencies, the dielectric constant was elevated and dielectric loss was detected. Loss tangent and electric modulus plots were used to study the relaxation nature of the samples. The highest ambient temperature conductivity of PVA loaded 50 wt% of NaI was determined to be 1.53 × 10⁻⁵ S/cm. The loss tangent relaxation peak shifts towards high-frequency side which indicates the decrease of relaxation time and faster ion dynamics.     

Investigations on electrical properties of PVP:KIO4 polymer electrolyte films

Solid polymer electrolytes based on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) complexed with potassium periodide (KIO₄) salt at different weight percent ratios were prepared using solution-cast technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the amorphous nature of PVP polymer matrix increased with the increase of KIO₄ salt concentration. The complexation of the salt with the polymer was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies. The ionic conductivity was found to increase with the increase of temperature as well as dopant concentration. The maximum ionic conductivity (1.421 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹) was obtained for 15 wt% KIO₄ doped polymer electrolyte at room temperature. The variation of ac conductivity with frequency obeyed Jonscher power law. The dynamical aspects of electrical transport process in the electrolyte were analyzed using complex electrical modulus. The peaks found in the electric modulus plots have been characterized in terms of the stretched exponential parameter. Optical absorption studies were performed in the wavelength range 200–600 nm and the absorption band energies (direct band gap and indirect band gap) values were evaluated. Using these polymer electrolyte films electrochemical cells were fabricated and their discharge characteristics were studied.     

Optical and dielectric properties of PVP based composite polymer electrolyte films

Solid polymer electrolyte films were prepared by adding Al₂O₃ particles to poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-MgCl₂ ? 6H₂O salt using solution cast technique. Various analytical techniques have been applied to characterize the prepared polymer films such as XRD, SEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy and AC conductivity. The structural analysis of pure poly(vinylpyrrolidone) complexed with MgCl₂ ? 6H₂O salt showed orthorhombic lattice structure indicating its semi-crystalline nature. SEM analysis reveals the heterogeneous phase of nanocomposite polymer electrolyte systems. The conductivity of Al2O3 doped poly(vinylpyrrolidone) based solid polymer electrolyte was found to be 1.22 × 10^–6 S/cm at room temperature for 85: 15 weight composition. Electrochemical cell has been fabricated with the configuration Mg⁺/(PVP + MgCl₂ ? 6H₂O + Al₂O₃)/(I₂ + C + electrolyte) and its discharge characteristics were studied for a constant load of 100 kΩ. Various cell parameters such as open-circuit voltage, short circuit current, energy density and power density were calculated for the prepared samples.     

Thermal and ionic conductivity studies of plasticized PMMA/PVdF blend polymer electrolytes

Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) blend based electrolyte films containing different lithium salt concentrations are prepared using solvent casting technique. The complexation has been confirmed using XRD and FTIR spectral studies. Ionic conductivity and thermal behaviour of PMMA/PVdF complexes were studied with various salt concentrations, temperature and plasticizer content. The network structure of the polymer complexes are also investigated using SEM. The maximum value of conductivity 4.2×10⁻³ S/cm is obtained for the PMMA(7.5)-PVdF(17.5)-LiClO₄(8)-DMP(67) polymer complex at 303 K.     

Study of structural and dielectric behaviour on carbon nano tube dispersed {xPVF: (1 − x)CH3COONH4} electrolyte

In the present work, improvement in ion transport property of polyvinyl formal (PVF)-based nanocomposite polymer electrolytes has been studied upon dispersal of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) filler. Nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (NCPE) films of xPVF: (1 ? x)CH₃COONH₄ (ammonium acetate) were prepared by solution cast technique. The formation of nanocomposite has been ascertained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, which also shows that doping of salt increases amorphousness through polymer salt complexation. Changes in surface morphology have been observed in optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images. Variation of dielectric constant, dielectric loss, tangent loss and modulus spectra with the change in frequency and temperature were studied with the aid of impedance spectroscopy.     

Enhanced zinc ion transport in gel polymer electrolyte: effect of nano-sized ZnO dispersion

The effect of the dispersion of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in the zinc ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte is studied. Changes in the morphology/structure of the gel polymer electrolyte with the introduction of ZnO particles are distinctly observed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The nanocomposites offer ionic conductivity values of >10^?3 S cm^?1 with good thermal and electrochemical stabilities. The variation of ionic conductivity with temperature follows the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher behavior. AC impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and transport number measurements have confirmed Zn²⁺ ion conduction in the gel nanocomposites. An electrochemical stability window from ?2.25 to 2.25 V was obtained from voltammetric studies of nanocomposite films. The cationic (i.e., Zn²⁺ ion) transport number (t ₊) has been found to be significantly enhanced up to a maximum of 0.55 for the dispersion of 10 wt.% ZnO nanoparticles, indicating substantial enhancement in Zn²⁺ ion conductivity. The gel polymer electrolyte nanocomposite films with enhanced Zn²⁺ ion conductivity are useful as separators and electrolytes in Zn rechargeable batteries and other electrochemical applications.     

Synthesis,characterization, and application of metal-free sulfonamide-vitamin C adduct to improve the optical properties of PVA polymer

Improving optical properties is an important topic in the field of polymer science. In this research, a novel, metal-free, and inexpensive vitamin C sulfonamide adduct has been developed to enhance the optical behaviors of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Initially, the vitamin C adduct has been fabricated through atom economic reaction and then characterized using several spectroscopic techniques, including ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, DEPT-135, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Accordingly, a dramatic chemical alteration in ascorbic acid structure has been confirmed and led to enhancing chemical interactions with the host polymer. The ascorbic acid adduct has been doped into PVA to prepare a flexible film of polymer composites with potential optical behaviors. The identity of composite film has specified from FTIR, XRD, and UV–vis spectroscopy. The XRD pattern of the hybrid polymer has revealed a remarkable boost in its amorphous structure compared to the PVA host. The FTIR data of both matrix PVA and its composites reveal the potent chemical interactions of functional groups within the hybrid PVA. The main optical information of synthesized hybrid film was obtained from the UV–vis spectra. The refractive index (n) and dielectric loss (ε_i) values are elevated notably, whereas the optical band gap energy (E_g) declined from 6.3 to 3.6 eV. The direct electronic transition between the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) was determined by implementing Tauc’s model. These preliminary results suggest that the fabricated flexible composite will have an excellent opportunity to use in the manufacturing optical devices.     

Elastic Capacitor Electrode Based on Carbon‐embedded Polymer Matrix

AC impedance and voltammetry investigations revealed strong effect of the electrode composition on its machanical and electrical properties and led to its optimization in a CNT‐PVA‐PEG‐SiO₂‐KCl_aq system with good elasticity and excellent electrochemical stability. The uniform distribution of SiO₂ and carbon in the polymer fraction was confirmed by SEM imaging. This morphology facilitates retaining water and flexibility of films. An improvement of mass transport in the capacitor electrode as compared to a pure electrolyte was justified based on analysis of the diffusion resistance. The specific capacitance of the electrode and symmetrical capacitor cell is in the mF range and is suitable power system for microelectronic components.     

Innovative Green Chemistry Approach to Synthesis of Sn2+-Metal Complex and Design of Polymer Composites with Small Optical Band Gaps

In this work, the green method was used to synthesize Sn²⁺-metal complex by polyphenols (PPHs) of black tea (BT). The formation of Sn²⁺-PPHs metal complex was confirmed through UV-Vis and FTIR methods. The FTIR method shows that BT contains NH and OH functional groups, conjugated double bonds, and PPHs which are important to create the Sn²⁺-metal complexes. The synthesized Sn²⁺-PPHs metal complex was used successfully to decrease the optical energy band gap of PVA polymer. XRD method showed that the amorphous phase increased with increasing the metal complexes. The FTIR and XRD analysis show the complex formation between Sn²⁺-PPHs metal complex and PVA polymer. The enhancement in the optical properties of PVA was evidenced via UV-visible spectroscopy method. When Sn²⁺-PPHs metal complex was loaded to PVA, the refractive index and dielectric constant were improved. In addition, the absorption edge was also decreased to lower photon. The optical energy band gap decreases from 6.4 to 1.8 eV for PVAloaded with 30% (v/v) Sn²⁺-PPHs metal complex. The variations of dielectric constant versus wavelength of photon are examined to measure localized charge density (N/m*) and high frequency dielectric constant. By increasing Sn²⁺-PPHs metal complex, the N/m* are improved from 3.65 × 10⁵⁵ to 13.38 × 10⁵⁵ m⁻³ Kg⁻¹. The oscillator dispersion energy (E_d) and average oscillator energy (E_o) are measured. The electronic transition natures in composite films are determined based on the Tauc’s method, whereas close examinations of the dielectric loss parameter are also held to measure the energy band gap.     

Structural,morphological, optical and dielectric properties of M3+/PVA/PEG SPE Films (M = La,Y, Fe or Ir)

Low band gap polymer complexes are promising due to its flexibility, and exhibiting electronic and optical properties of inorganic semiconductors. The effect of PEG on the physical properties of PVA was evaluated. Then, blend (PVA: PEG = 50:50) doped with rare earth (La or Y) and transition metal (Fe or Ir) chlorides to obtain solid polymer electrolyte films. XRD shows that adding PEG to PVA results in a new peak, 2θ = 23^o with increased intensity as PEG ratio increases. However, doping with La³⁺, Fe³⁺ or Ir³⁺ eliminate this peak and decrease the crystallinity. SEM exhibits significant changes in the morphology of films. FTIR confirms miscibility between PVA & PEG and the complexation of the salts. The optical band gap (E_g) of PVA ~ 5.37 eV, decreased slightly by blending with PEG. While it decreased significantly to 2.64 eV and 2.78 eV after doping with Fe³⁺ or Ir³⁺. There are a consistency between E_g values obtained by Tauc's model and that obtained from the optical dielectric loss. The dielectric constant and loss, in temperature range 303–405 K & frequency range 1.0 kHz ‐ 5.0 MHz, indicate one or two relaxation peak(s) depending on the film composition. Accordingly, conduction mechanism varied between correlated barrier hopping and large polaron tunneling. The DC conductivity was strongly depend on the dielectric loss. The transition metal salts appear to be more effective than the rare earth ones in increasing σ_ac of films to higher values that candidates them in semiconductors industry.     

Nanocomposite solid polymeric electrolyte of 49% poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted natural rubber–titanium dioxide–lithium tetrafluoroborate (MG49-TiO2-LiBF4)

A nanocomposite polymer electrolyte consisting of 49% poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted natural rubber (MG49) as a polymer matrix, lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF₄) as a dopant salt, and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as an inert ceramic filler was prepared by solution casting technique. The ceramic filler, TiO₂, was synthesized in situ by a sol–gel process. The ionic conductivity was investigated by alternating current impedance spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the structure of the electrolyte, and its morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest conductivity, 1.4 × 10⁻⁵ S cm⁻¹ was obtained at 30 wt.% of LiBF₄ salt addition with 6 wt.% of TiO₂ filler content. Ionic conductivity was found to increase with the increase of salt concentration. The optimum value of conductivity was found at 6 wt.% of TiO₂. The XRD analysis revealed that the crystalline phase of the polymer host slightly decreased with the addition of salt and filler. The SEM analysis showed that the smoother the surface of the electrolyte, the higher its conductivity.

     

Nanocomposite solid polymeric electrolyte of 49% poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted natural rubber�Ctitanium dioxide�Clithium tetrafluoroborate (MG49-TiO2-LiBF4)

A nanocomposite polymer electrolyte consisting of 49% poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted natural rubber (MG49) as a polymer matrix, lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF₄) as a dopant salt, and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as an inert ceramic filler was prepared by solution casting technique. The ceramic filler, TiO₂, was synthesized in situ by a sol?Cgel process. The ionic conductivity was investigated by alternating current impedance spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the structure of the electrolyte, and its morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest conductivity, 1.4?×?10^?5 S cm^?1 was obtained at 30 wt.% of LiBF₄ salt addition with 6 wt.% of TiO₂ filler content. Ionic conductivity was found to increase with the increase of salt concentration. The optimum value of conductivity was found at 6 wt.% of TiO₂. The XRD analysis revealed that the crystalline phase of the polymer host slightly decreased with the addition of salt and filler. The SEM analysis showed that the smoother the surface of the electrolyte, the higher its conductivity.     

Preparation and characterization of blended solid polymer electrolyte 49% poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted natural rubber:poly(methyl methacrylate)–lithium tetrafluoroborate

The preparation and characterization of blended solid polymer electrolyte 49% poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted natural rubber (MG49):poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (30:70) were carried out. The effect of lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF₄) concentration on the chemical interaction, structure, morphology, and room temperature conductivity of the electrolyte were investigated. The electrolyte samples with various weight percentages (wt.%) of LiBF₄ salt were prepared by solution casting technique and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Infrared analysis demonstrated that the interaction between lithium ions and oxygen atoms occurred at symmetrical stretching of carbonyl (C=O) (1,735 cm^?1) and asymmetric deformation of (O–CH₃) (1,456 cm^?1) via the formation of coordinate bond on MMA structure in MG49 and PMMA. The reduction of MMA peaks intensity at the diffraction angle, 2θ of 29.5° and 39.5° was due to the increase in weight percent of LiBF₄. The complexation occurred between the salt and polymer host had been confirmed by the XRD analysis. The semi-crystalline phase of polymer host was found to reduce with the increase in salt content and confirmed by XRD analysis. Morphological studies by SEM showed that MG49 blended with PMMA was compatible. The addition of salt into the blend has changed the topological order of the polymer host from dark surface to brighter surface. The SEM analyses supported the enhancement of conductivity with the addition of salt. The conductivity increased drastically from 2.0 to 3.4?×?10^?5 S cm^?1 with the addition of 25 wt.% of salt. The increase in the conductivity was due to the increasing of the number of charge carriers in the electrolyte. The conductivity obeys Arrhenius equation in higher temperature region from 333 to 373 K with the pre-exponential factor σ _o of 1.21?×?10^?7 S cm^?1 and the activation energy E _a of 0.46 eV. The conductivity is not Arrhenian in lower temperature region from 303 to 323 K.     

All solid polymer electrolytes based on polar side group rotation for rechargeable lithium batteries

A novel polymer matrix with a polar carbonyl group was designed and used to prepare an all‐solid polymer electrolyte in lithium rechargeable batteries. The ionic conductivity of this type of polymer electrolyte was examined. The relationship between the lithium salt concentration and ionic conductivity was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The carbonyl groups in the polymer matrix effectively interacted with the lithium salt, which improved the ionic conductivity at a large range of temperatures. The ionic conductivity of this type of polymer electrolyte was approximately 10^?4 S cm^?1 at room temperature. The stability of the interface between electrode and electrolyte was evaluated by measuring the alternating current (AC) impedance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

P(VAc-MMA)为基体的聚合物电解质研究

以醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为单体, 采用半连续种子乳液聚合法制备了无规共聚物聚(醋酸乙烯酯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯)[P(VAc-MMA)], 并以此聚合物为基体制备了聚合物电解质. 用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、差热/热重分析(DSC/TG)、X射线衍射(XRD)、机械性能测试和电化学交流阻抗等方法对聚合物和聚合物电解质的性质进行了研究. 测试结果表明: VAc和MMA聚合生成P(VAc-MMA); 聚合物膜含有大量微孔结构, 利于离子传输; 聚合物电解质膜具有优良的热稳定性和机械强度; 25 ℃下, 最高的离子电导率达到了1.27× 10^－3 S•cm^－1; 离子电导率随着温度的升高而迅速增加, 电导率-温度曲线符合Arrhenius方程.     

Protic ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolyte: structural and ion transport studies and its application in proton battery

Proton-conducting free standing gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) films containing protic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate, immobilized in blend of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) have been prepared by solution-cast technique. Films have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), complex impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. Ionic conductivity of the semicrystalline and porous GPE films has been obtained as ~3.9?×?10^?3 S cm^?1 at room temperature. Protonic nature of conduction in the films has been established by performing cyclic voltammetry and complex impedance spectroscopy on the cells having both blocking (stainless steel) and both reversible electrodes (Zn + ZnSO₄.7H₂O). The electrochemical stability window of the films has been found as ~3.8 V. The highest conducting film has been used as a separator and proton conductor to fabricate a proton battery of configuration Zn + ZnSO₄.7H₂O |GPE film| PbO₂ + V₂O₅. The battery shows an open circuit voltage of ~1.62 V. Energy density of the cell has been obtained as 35.2 W h kg^?1 for low current drain. Rechargeability of the cell has been tested for ten cycles. The maximum discharge capacity of the cell has been obtained as ~2.50 mA h g^?1 during the first discharge cycle.     

Studies on structure property relationship in a polymer–clay nanocomposite film based on (PAN)8LiClO4

A new combination of ionically conducting polymer–clay nanocomposites based on (PAN)₈LiClO₄ + x wt % montmorillonite (unmodified) clay has been prepared using the standard solution cast process. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals strong interaction of polymer salt complex (PS) with the montmorillonite matrix evidenced by changes in d₀₀₁ spacing of the clay and enhancement in the clay gallery width on composite formation possibly due to intercalation of polymer–salt complex into nanometric clay galleries. Evidences of such an interaction among polymer–ion–clay components of the composite matrix has also been observed in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum results. FTIR results clearly indicated cation (Li⁺) coordination at nitrile (CN) site of the polymer backbone along with appearance of a shoulder suggesting strong evidence of polymer–ion interaction. Addition of clay into the PS matrix has been observed to affect ion–ion interaction resulting from ion dissociation effect at low clay loading in the PNC films. Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) analysis has provided a response comprising of a semicircular arc followed by a spike attributed respectively, to the bulk conduction and electrode polarization at the interfaces. Electrical transport appears to be predominantly ionic (t_ion = 0.99) with significant improvement in the electrical conductivity and thermal stability properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2577–2592, 2008     

The conducting polymer electrolyte based on polypyrrole-polyvinyl alcohol and its application in low-cost quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells

The effect of polypyrrole (PPy) on the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-potassium iodide (KI)-iodine (I₂) polymer electrolytes has been investigated and optimized to use in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The different weight ratios of PVA: PPy (93: 2, 91: 4, 89: 6, 87: 8, and 85: 10 wt%) polymer electrolytes (PE) were prepared by solution casting. Structural, complex formation and surface roughness of the prepared electrolytes was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) respectively. Conductivity plots of all polymer films showed increasing trend with temperature and concentration of PPy. The activation energy of the optimized system found to be 0.871 kJ mol^?1. UV-visible spectrum was adopted to characterize the absorption spectra of the material revealed that increase in the absorbance with increasing PPy content and shifting the absorbance maximum towards lower energy. The indirect band gap decreased from 3.78 to 2.14 eV and direct band gap decreased from 3.88 to 2.71 eV. The EIS analyses revealed the lower charge transfer resistance of 3.029 Ω cm² at the interface between CE and PE. The excellent performance was observed in the fabricated DSSCs using PVA (85%)/PPy (10%)/KI (5%)/I₂ polymer electrolyte with a short-circuit current density of 11.071 mA cm^?2, open-circuit voltage of 0.644 V, fill factor of 0.575, and photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 4.09% under the light intensity of 100 mW cm^?2. Hence, the PPy content in polymer electrolyte influences the remarkable performance of low-cost DSSC.