KDP晶体中包裹体形成机制的探讨

本文介绍了包裹体对KDP晶体质量的影响,并从两个方面探讨了KDP晶体生长过程中包裹体的形成机制.通过分析KDP晶体表面原子结构研究了不同杂质的吸附情况以及杂质对生长台阶的阻碍作用,通过分析晶体生长过程中流体动力学和质量输运条件的变化研究了旋转晶体的流体切应力和表面过饱和度,结果表明吸附杂质对生长台阶的阻碍和表面过饱和度的不均匀造成了生长台阶的弯曲和宏观台阶的形成,导致生长台阶形貌的不稳定是包裹体形成的重要原因.     

溶液降温法快速生长KDP晶体的新装置

利用溶液降温法分别在锥形底生长装置和传统晶体生长装置中进行了KDP晶体点状籽晶法快速生长实验,对KDP晶体的生长条件进行了对比,分析了不同生长装置对KDP溶液稳定性的影响,利用扫描电镜观察了KDP晶体中的包裹体,测定了晶体的透过率,对比分析了锥形瓶快速生长装置的优越性.     

溶液连续过滤快速生长KDP晶体及其品质分析

设计溶液实时连续过滤装置用于降温法快速生长KDP晶体.采用高亮度激光照射分析对比晶体内部的散射点密度,以同步辐射为光源的X射线形貌成像技术探测晶体内部的生长缺陷,并测定晶体三倍频激光(355 nm)的损伤阈值.实验结果显示,溶液连续过滤法生长的KDP晶体中包裹体和位错的密度明显降低,晶体的激光损伤阈值提高了30%.     

BGO晶体的缺陷与性能-(1)缺陷及其形成

下降法生长的BGO晶体中存在几种典型的宏观缺陷.用光学显微镜和电子探针对宏观缺陷内的包裹体进行研究发现:包裹体大部分为固态包裹物;不同宏观缺陷内的包裹体,其形状、大小和成份都具有典型特征.本文就包裹体的性质及其形成进行了初步的分析和讨论.     

KDP晶体(101)面生长动力学研究

晶体法向生长速度是晶体生长动力学研究的-个重要参数.用激光偏振干涉法实现了KDP晶体锥面生长速度的实时测量,发现KDP晶体锥面生长过程中存在与柱面类似的死区,对传统降温法生长大尺寸KDP晶体和点籽晶快速生长技术中过饱和度的控制有重要指导意义.用螺旋位错模型讨论了锥面生长的动力学规律.计算了锥面台阶自由能和动力学系数.     

LaBr3∶Ce晶体中包裹体的性质及成因探究

LaBr3∶Ce单晶拥有优良的闪烁性能,但是,一些微缺陷(例如包裹体)经常出现在晶体中,这种包裹体对晶体的闪烁性能有一定的不利影响.通过Bridgman垂直下降法生长得到LaBr3∶Ce晶体,发现包裹体主要出现在晶体生长的尾部,偏光显微镜下显示存在两种包裹体,一是气孔,二是固体颗粒.X射线衍射、差热分析和拉曼光谱分别测试了含有包裹体和不含包裹体的晶体样品,然而没有发现不同于LaBr3∶Ce基体的成分.因此,推测包裹体是结构和组分与基体几乎完全相同的物质组成,根据测试结果,包裹体的形成可以用组分过冷理论来解释.     

水平定向结晶法生长大尺寸板状蓝宝石缺陷研究

采用水平定向结晶法(HDS)成功生长出了质量优异的板状蓝宝石晶体.利用光学显微镜,扫描电镜(SEM),并结合化学腐蚀法对生长出的蓝宝石晶体不同位置的样品进行宏观缺陷及微观位错形貌的观测和研究,分析了水平定向结晶法生长蓝宝石晶体的宏观缺陷类型和位错的形貌,探讨了该缺陷在晶体中的分布规律及其形成原因.实验结果发现晶体的宏观缺陷主要包括气泡和包裹体.并结合能谱(EDS)测试包裹体的成分,分析其形成的原因.结果表明块状或絮状的小尺寸包裹体主要是由于C,Si杂质聚集原料中的其它杂质形成;长条形或圆形的大尺寸包裹体是由于Al,O元素的化学计量比严重适配,造成固液界面局部组分过冷形成.结合化学腐蚀法,发现该晶体的位错形貌均为三角型腐蚀坑,并探讨了晶体中位错的形态.     

过饱和度对KDP晶体生长与光学性能的影响研究

在不同过饱和度的溶液中生长了KDP晶体,对生长晶体的透过率,光散射和激光损伤阈值进行了表征.研究了不同过饱和度对KDP晶体生长及光学性能的影响.实验表明:KDP晶体可以在高过饱和度(σ＞3;)溶液中实现快速生长,生长速度可大于10 mm/d;但随着溶液过饱和度的增加,KDP晶体生长溶液的稳定性降低,晶体容易出现包藏、开裂和添晶等缺陷,晶体的光学性能也随之降低.     

点籽晶法快速生长中等口径KDP单晶及其性能表征

本文使用德国MERCK公司生产的KDP原料和自行研制的晶体快速生长装置,采用"点籽晶"快速生长法成功生长出了150 mm级中等口径的KDP单晶,晶体生长速度达到20 mm/d.晶体生长过程中,生长溶液稳定,没有杂晶出现,生长的晶体完好且透明.X射线粉末衍射和摇摆曲线分析表明晶体有着较好的结构完整性;同时,测试了晶体的透过光谱和光损伤阈值,发现快速生长的晶体有着较好的光学性能.     

La2CaB10O19晶体的生长和缺陷研究

本文报道了采用顶部籽晶法(TSSG)沿<001>、<100>和<010>方向生长的La2CaB10O19(LCB)晶体的形貌.研究了晶体生长中易出现的平行连生和解理现象,分析表明包裹体和晶体结构因素分别是造成这两种缺陷的主要原因.利用光学显微镜观察了LCB晶体的生长台阶、包裹体,发现液、固相包裹体一般分布在晶体的解理面和自然面上,而少量的气相包裹则常分散在液相包裹中构成"眼状"结构.借助光学显微镜结合化学腐蚀法,对不同晶面的腐蚀形貌进行了研究.结果表明(100)面蚀象为顶角扭曲的圆锥状,(001)为梯形或三角形,并且它们的排列严格一致.在晶体的b方向切片的正反两面观察到的蚀象完全不同,可以认为是晶体在此方向的强烈各向异性引起的.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.