Design and synthesis of new bidentate alkoxy-NHC ligands for enantioselective copper-catalyzed conjugate addition

A new family of chiral alkoxy-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands has been designed for the enantioselective copper-catalyzed conjugate addition of dialkylzincs to enones. These new bidentate NHC ligands were synthesized in high overall yields using a five-step procedure starting from commercially available β-aminoalcohols. Influence of the temperature, base, solvent and copper source were studied in order to optimize the stereoselectivity of the addition. High reactivity and excellent enantioselectivity were obtained at ambient temperature with a range of cyclic enones and dialkylzinc. Addition to acyclic enones has also been studied.     

New bidentate alkoxy-NHC ligands for enantioselective copper-catalysed conjugate addition

Chiral alkoxy-imidazolinium salts are easily available via a five-step procedure starting from β-aminoalcohols. This new family of alkoxy-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors is shown to be highly active in the enantioselective copper-catalysed conjugate addition to cyclic enones. Complete conversion with low catalyst loading and good enantiomeric excesses up to 93% were obtained at room temperature.     

Oxirane synthesis from diazocarbonyl compounds via NHC-Ag catalysis

A new method was developed to synthesize oxirane products from the reaction of diazocarbonyl substrates with aryl aldehydes by using Ag(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complex as the catalyst. A combination of N-heterocyclic carbene silver complex (IPrAgCl) with another silver salt (AgOTf) generated the catalytic active IPr-Ag⁺ intermediate, which then catalyzed the epoxidation reaction.     

New olefin metathesis catalysts bearing polyether clamp in N-heterocyclic carbenes ligands

Synthesis of new type of the Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts containing modified N-heterocyclic carbene ligands is described herein. New catalysts bear different in size polyether clamp embracing N,N′-2,4-dimethylphenyl substituents in N-heterocyclic carbene. New complexes were tested in model RCM, enyne and CM reactions. They showed comparable activity to that of commercially available Grubbs second generation and Hoveyda–Grubbs second generation complexes. Complex with larger polyether clamp proved Z-stereoselective in a macrocycle formation and yielded more Z isomers than commercial complexes in CM reactions. The catalysts are stable and easy to purify.     

底物与条件控制苯胺与丙烯醛/烯酮的化学选择性偶联反应（英文）

金属催化碳氢键活化已经成为制备高附加值有机化合物的一类高效方法,由于碳氢键广泛存在,所以对它们进行化学、区域、立体选择性的活化作为一大挑战已经被人们日益所关注,然而氧化还原选择性控制的研究十分少见.通常而言,有机氧化还原反应定义为得失氢氧原子,例如消除氢负离子为氧化反应,而失去一个质子则为中性反应.在已有的研究中单独的氧化、还原反应已经被广泛研究,而且被大量用于医药合成、精细化工品的制备以及各类先进材料的生成.但是在同一反应体系下同时调控三种氧化态的研究目前未见报道,因此发展这类选择性控制的反应十分重要.我们此前已经实现了Rh(Ⅲ)/Ir(Ⅲ)催化苯胺和烯酮还原偶联合成四氢喹啉和高烯丙基苯胺两种产物,同时也能得到中性的1,2-二氢喹啉产物.在此工作的基础上,我们希望能够进一步实现相同反应组分的氧化偶联.为此,我们仔细分析取代的苯胺与烯酮的可能反应路径,发现可能的关键物种G—含有Rh(Ⅲ)的六元杂环中间体有望实现这类氧化过程,当用丙烯醛做底物时,物种G有可能实现円-氢消除得到氧化的二氢喹啉酮和Cp*RhXH,通常Cp*RhXH很容易发生自身的还原消除得到Cp*Rh(Ⅰ)使反应终止,但是,丙烯醛的存在有可能重新活化Cp*RhXH使得催化循环一直进行下去.另一种情况是中间体G发生质子解然后脱水得到亚胺物种,亚胺很容易被亲核试剂进攻得到中性的氮杂缩醛类产物.当然,外加银盐氧化剂还有可能得到另一种氧化型的喹啉盐.基于这种思路,我们发展了Rh(Ⅲ)-催化碳氢活化N-取代的苯胺与丙烯醛/烯酮的选择性偶联反应,反应可以化学选择性专一地制备三类不同的杂环化合物.当氮-吡啶基苯胺与丙烯醛反应时,反应类型为氧化过程,经历了转移氢化的过程,其中烯醛为主要的氢受体,得到二氢喹啉酮产物;如果定位基换成嘧啶时,在相似的反应条件下,反应类型为氧化还原中性过程,生成氮杂缩醛醚类产物;氮-吡啶基苯胺和烯酮反应在AgBF_4的氧化作用下同样可以发生氧化反应得到喹啉盐类化合物.至此,我们实现了导向基团对氧化反应和中性反应的控制,氧化剂的种类对反应路径的改变.反应的底物范围广泛,官能团容忍性好,我们期待这类氧化还原多样性的杂环合成方法能促进更多新颖反应的发现.     

Chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes as asymmetric acylation catalysts

Chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes are generated from C₂-symmetric 1,3-bis(1-arylethyl)imidazolium salts and potassium tert-butoxide. These C₂-symmetric imidazolidenyl carbenes catalyze enantioselective acylation of racemic secondary alcohols. The asymmetric acylation of 1-(1-naphthyl)ethanol was achieved in up to 68% ee of the acylated product, using (R,R)-1,3-bis[(1-naphthyl)ethyl]imidazolium tetrafluoroborate as a precursor of the chiral N-heterocyclic carbene and vinyl propionate as the acyl donor.     

金属氮杂环卡宾配合物的抗肿瘤活性研究进展

自1978年顺铂成功地被开发成癌症临床治疗药物以来,金属配合物作为小分子抗癌药物的开发成为人们的研究热点。其中,氮杂环卡宾能与多种过渡金属中心形成稳定的共价键,这种特殊的稳定性使得金属氮杂环卡宾配合物具有被开发成药物的潜能。近年来,金属氮杂环卡宾配合物被发现具有良好的抗癌活性,激发了广大无机药物化学研究者的研究热情。综合笔者课题组在金属氮杂环卡宾抗肿瘤配合物方面的前期研究,本文将对银、金、铑和铂氮杂环卡宾配合物的抗肿瘤活性及作用机制进行综述,以期为新型金属氮杂环卡宾抗肿瘤化合物的设计合成提供参考。     

Palladium-catalyzed sequential indole synthesis using sterically hindered amines

A palladium catalyst derived from a bulky N-heterocyclic carbene ligand enabled a modular synthesis of indoles bearing sterically hindered N-alkyl or N-aryl substituents through a reaction sequence comprising an intermolecular N-arylation and an intramolecular hydroamination.     

Novel triphenylarsinyl-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene ligands in palladium-catalyzed C-C coupling reactions

Synthesis of novel triphenylarsinyl-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene pre-ligands starting from N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, chlorodiphenylarsine and different 1-substituted imidazoles and their characterization by NMR and X-ray analysis is reported. Furthermore, these precursors are applied to different palladium-catalyzed reactions such as Heck-, hydro-Heck, π, σ domino-Heck and Suzuki reactions to give the C-C coupling products in good to excellent isolated yields.     

Intramolecular C-H insertion in ring-expanded N-heterocyclic carbenes

Mild heating of the ring-expanded N-heterocyclic carbenes 7-Mes and 6-Mes results in intramolecular insertion of the carbene into an ortho-methyl C-H bond. In the presence of traces of acid, the resulting products ring-open to afford N-alkyl indoles.     

Chiral N-heterocyclic carbene-transition metal complexes in asymmetric catalysis

Syntheses and applications of chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes are reviewed. The common features of successful enantioselective catalysts are identified, and the outlook for further investigations is discussed.     

Synthesis of silver(I) and palladium(II) <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-heterocyclic carbene complexes and their use as catalysts for the direct C5 arylation of heteroaromatic compounds

Silver(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes were synthesized in good yields by the reactions of 1,3-dialkylperhydrobenzimidazolium salts with silver(I) oxide in dichloromethane. The silver complexes were used as carbene-transfer agents to synthesize palladium(II) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. All of the complexes were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. The new palladium complexes were tested as catalysts in the direct C5 arylation of 2-n-butylfuran, 2-n-butylthiophene and 2-n-propylthiazole with aryl bromides at 130 °C in N,N-dimethylacetamide. The arylation reactions proceeded selectively at the C5 position of the heteroaromatic compounds, and the corresponding coupling products were obtained in moderate to good yields by using 0.5 mol% of the palladium complex.     

Tandem enantioselective conjugate addition-Mannich reactions: efficient multicomponent assembly of dialkylzincs, cyclic enones and chiral N-sulfinimines

A convenient access to enantiopure β-amino ketones through a multicomponent reaction of dialkyl zinc reagents, cyclic enones and chiral N-tert-butanesulfinimines is disclosed. Four diastereoisomers can be selectively obtained by the appropriate choice of the chiral ligand (L or ent-L) and the chiral N-sulfinimine (R_S or S_S). The protocol is particularly efficient when enolisable N-sulfinimines are used.     

Synthesis of N-heterocyclic diols by diastereoselective pinacol coupling reactions

A series of 5-8 membered N-heterocyclic diols have been prepared from acyclic dicarbonyls via diastereoselective pinacol reactions whereby cis- or trans-diol stereoselectivity is controlled by the choice of low-valent metal reagent used.     

Electronic and resonance Raman spectra of iron(II)—tetraazamacrocyclic complexes containing N-heterocyclic ligands

The adducts of the meso-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-1,4,8,11-tetraene iron(II) complex with N-heterocyclic ligands exhibit three characteristic absorption bands in the ranges 690-640, 505-470 and 435-340 nm. Using excitation wavelengths coinciding with the low energy band, a selective enhancement of the Raman vibrational modes of the macrocyclic ligand is observed, supporting the assignment of a metal-to-diimine charge-transfer transition. The high energy band is strongly dependent on the nature and pK_a, of the axial ligands. Excitation at this band leads to the enhancement of the N-heterocyclic vibrational modes in the Raman spectra, indicating a metal-to-(N-heterocycle) charge-transfer transition. The intermediate band exhibits weak resonance Raman activity. Its intensity depends on the proximity of the high energy band and is consistent with the occurrence of an intensity stealing mechanism.     

Syntheses of effectively-shielded N-heterocyclic carbene ligands

A novel type of N-heterocyclic carbene ligand, with a bicyclic motif at the non-carbenic carbons of an imidazolin-2-ylidene core, has been developed. This type of ligand formed an air and moisture stable silver complex even with N,N′-dimethyl NHC. Allylic arylation with a Grignard reagent catalyzed by copper complexes of the NHC ligands proceeded preferentially at the γ-position, indicating the effective steric shielding ability of this framework.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene: a highly efficient catalyst in the reactions of aziridines with silylated nucleophiles

Ring-opening of aziridines with silylated nucleophiles catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) afforded the corresponding products in excellent yields under mild reaction conditions.     

Synthesis of optically active imidazopyridinium salts and the corresponding NHCs

A convergent synthesis of chiral imidazo-[1,5-a]-pyridinium salts is described by facile introduction of a stereogenic center via the N2 substituent. Conversion of these optically active salts to the corresponding N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and their trapping with sulfur followed by optical activity measurements are discussed.     

Three-component indole synthesis using ortho-dihaloarenes

A three-component synthesis of substituted indoles is accomplished starting from ortho-dihaloarenes through the use of a multicatalytic system consisting of an N-heterocyclic carbene palladium complex and CuI. The corresponding indole derivatives are obtained as single regioisomers in high yields of isolated product.     

Synthesis of unsymmetrical benzils using N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis

In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient method for the preparation of various unsymmetrical benzils. We first demonstrate the nucleophilic aroylation of N-phenylbenzimidoyl chlorides with aromatic aldehydes using N-heterocyclic carbene as the catalyst to afford 1-aryl-2-phenyl-2-(phenylimino)ethanones. These iminoethanones were then converted to 1,2-diaryl-1,2-diketones by acid-promoted hydrolysis.