Dispersion characteristics of complex refractive-index planar slab optical waveguide by using finite element method

In this paper, finite element method (FEM) mode analyses of planar slab optical waveguide having complicated refractive index profile are presented. We try to estimate the dispersion graph, mode cut-off condition, group delay and waveguide dispersion for the case of α-power and chirped-type refractive index profile. In order to obtain the more accurate result, we have derived the higher-order polynomial, which establishes the suitable relationship between b and V for different profile of optical waveguide. On the basis of the derived polynomials, the waveguide dispersion is analyzed for different type of refractive index profile waveguide. Our study shows that the waveguide dispersion can be substantially reduced when we deployed the optical waveguide having linearly chirped-type refractive index profile. Earlier too, the arbitrary refractive index profile has been analyzed but to the best of our knowledge chirped-type refractive index profile has not been analyzed till date for the case of planar slab optical waveguide.     

Analysis of Photo-Induced Waveguide in Lithium Niobate Crystal

In this letter, we estimate the refractive index distribution in a photo-induced waveguide. The photo-induced waveguide was fabricated by scanning a focused laser beam through a lithium niobate crystal. We made use of a parametric model of refractive index distribution of the photo-induced waveguide. The results of numerical simulation on the near-field patterns of curved waveguides are compared with experimental results.     

掺半导体玻璃(SDG)波导非线性饱和的导波测量方法

掺半导体玻璃波导的折射率分布是通过多模波导有效折射率测量得到的.当耦合进入波导的激光功率密度变化时,可在不同模深度处,测量到波导的非线性折射率系数,并获得波导非线性折射率系数与功率密度的关系.从而得到波导的非线性饱和值为1.54×10-4.     

Microwave generator based on tunnel-coupled semiconductor-metamaterial structure

We propose a model of a tunable laser based on a tunnel-coupled waveguide semiconductormetamaterial structure. The waveguide semiconductor channel has a positive refractive index and a high Kerr nonlinearity coefficient. In the frequency range under investigation, the channel formed by the magnetoactive metamaterial is characterized by a negative refractive index. Computer simulation is used for investigating the peculiarities of generation of microwave radiation under pumping due to modulated instability in the semiconductor channel and a distributed feedback. The generation frequency is controlled using the dependence of the refractive index of the metamaterial on the external magnetic field.     

Modal Characterization of a Planar Waveguide in Bismuth Borate Crystal

We report on the fabrication and modal property studies of planar waveguide structure in x-cut bismuth borate biaxial crystal formed by He ion implantation with triple energies. The prism coupling method is used to measure the effective refractive indices of this waveguide. We reconstruct the refractive index distribution of this waveguide by the reflectivity calculation method. Our results indicate that a broadened optical barrier is produced by the multiple He ion implantations. The so-called tunneling effect of the non-stationary mode in this type of barrier waveguide is presented by the well-known finite difference beam propagation method.     

梳状波导结构中石墨烯表面等离子体的传播性质

理论上研究了介质/石墨烯/介质梳状波导结构中表面等离子体的传播性质. 波导中表面等离子体模的有效折射率随着石墨烯费米能级的提高而减小, 随着介质折射率的增加而增加. 分析和仿真结果表明, 基于这种梳状波导可以在中红外波段实现新型的纳米等离子体滤波器, 器件的尺度在几百纳米的范围. 通过改变梳状分支的长度, 石墨烯的费米能级, 介质的折射率和波导中石墨烯的层数, 很容易来调节带隙的位置. 另外, 滤波带隙的宽度随着梳状分支数的增加而增加. 这种滤波性质将在可调的高集成光子滤波器件中具有潜在的应用.     

Below-band-gap waveguiding behaviors of a weakly index-guided GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well laser

We report the reduced waveguiding efficiency for the signals around 1560 nm as the injection current of an GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well laser diode (lasing wavelength at 840 nm) with a ridge-loading waveguide configuration increased. This reduction trend stopped when the injection current reached the threshold condition of the laser diode. The decreased waveguide transmission and the more expanded mode profile indicated the variation of the effective refractive index gradient in the lateral dimension with injection current. This variation was due to the refractive index decrease with increasing carrier density even below band gap. A slab waveguide model was used to simulate the lateral mode profile variation with injection current. The refractive index differences between the guiding layer and claddings in the slab waveguide model provided estimates of refractive index contrasts of the laser diode at a concerned wavelength under various injection conditions.     

Dispersion modified slot optical waveguides

Advent of slot waveguide structures had opened a new era where light can be confined in low index slot guarded by high index slabs. Already in use SOI slot waveguides (contrast ratio is 2.42) have two distinct properties over the conventional waveguides, i.e. high E-field amplitude, optical power, optical intensity in low index materials, and strong E-field confinement localized to nanometer-size low index regions. We hereby propose a low refractive index contrast ratio slot waveguide structure (ratio is 1.18) comprising of commercially available glass material. Novelty lies in showing high E-field amplitude, optical power, optical intensity, and strong E-field confinement in low index slot regions despite of lowest ever reported contrast ratio. A systematic numerical study on the higher order dispersion characteristics of the widely studied SOI-based slot structure and of our proposed low refractive index contrast slot structure is carried out. It has been demonstrated that low refractive index contrast ratio slot optical waveguide GVD properties are quite different than SOI slot optical waveguide. The less normal dispersion existing in this kind of waveguide could have an impact on their applications in various nonlinear or linear applications.     

光波导技术同步测量棱镜及波导薄膜参数

依据全反射理论和棱镜耦合原理,实现了对棱镜折射率及波导薄膜材料折射率和厚度的同步测量。使用高准直半导体激光器激光入射到棱镜内部与波导膜的分界面上,逐步旋转棱镜或改变棱镜的入射角,得到棱镜耦合M线,曲线前面几组的波谷为波导模激发,在M线左侧收尾处有一个不完整波峰,其反射光强随入射角迅速衰减,为全反射时的临界点,由此可实现棱镜及波导薄膜参数的同步测量;用此法测量了棱镜耦合一体化平面波导棱镜的折射率和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)聚合物波导薄膜的折射率和厚度。测量棱镜折射率精度为±1.9×10-4,波导薄膜折射率和厚度的精度分别为±6.2×10-4 μm和±1.6×10-2 μm。     

Modification of Photorefractive Waveguides in Lithium Niobate by Guided Beam for Optical Dynamic Interconnection

We investigate experimentally and numerically a novel method of modifying photorefractive waveguides in a lithium niobate crystal by a guided beam. The guided beam with a strong optical power can change the refractive index of the photorefractive waveguide because of the photorefractive effect. The modification of waveguide structure can be utilized for optical dynamic interconnection. Changes of optical characteristics of a probe beam caused by a modification beam are investigated. Experimental results show that the transmitted power or the peak intensity of the probe beam decreases exponentially as a function of total exposure energy of the modification beam. We also numerically analyze the refractive index change caused by the modification beam in the photorefractive waveguide. The numerical results show good agreement with the experimental results.     

Ag-Na离子交换玻璃波导的折射率分布研究

用Ag-Na离子交换技术制备了玻璃平面波导.通过棱镜耦合技术测量了波导的模折射率,用反WKB方法拟合得到了平面波导的折射率分布为高斯分布.发现Ag-Na离子交换的扩散系数与交换时间有关,并且随着交换时间的增加而减小.使用随离子浓度变化的扩散系数求解扩散方程得到了玻璃内部Ag离子浓度分布,并通过SEM谱证实了求解的正确性;使用一次多项式模拟的方法求解折射率变化与Ag离子浓度变化之间的关系,得到了平面波导的折射率分布.与反WKB法只能获得多模离子交换平面波导的折射率分布相比,这种方法可以得到任意扩散时间下折射率变化与Ag离子浓度,可以获得单模平面波导的折射率分布.     

K-Na离子交换单模平面波导的制备及其表征

通过K-Na离子交换技术制备了多模玻璃平面波导.采用棱镜耦合技术测量了波导的有效折射率,用IWKB方法拟合得到K-Na离子交换波导的折射率分布符合高斯分布,由色散曲线得到单模波导的制备条件(即扩散深度范围),从而得出单模波导的离子交换时间范围,制备出单模波导,并通过求解WKB色散方程得出单模波导的表面折射率.用普通数码相机,通过对离子交换平面玻璃光波导传输线进行数字成像,根据传输线上的光强分布拟合出光强传输衰减曲线,计算出单模波导的传输损耗大约为0.4 dB/cm.     

Mode field distribution of an integrated-optical waveguide generated by UV-laser radiation at the surface of a planar polymer chip

An integrated-optical strip-waveguide is directly written into the surface of a planar polymer substrate by an excimer laser beam. The mode field distribution, the surface refractive index and the refractive index depth profile of the waveguide have been examined. The intensity distribution of the mode field strongly depends on the refractive index depth profile, on the light coupling conditions and on the waveguide fabrication process parameters.     

A new method for measuring refractive index and thickness of liquid and deposited solid thin films

We discuss theoretically a new method to determine the refractive index and the thickness of thin films using them as leaky waveguides. It is shown that the refractive index and the thickness can be determined easily by measuring the propagation constants of two leaky modes of this waveguide by means of synchronous angles. Experimentally we measured the refractive index of 1-bromonaphthalene and methylene iodide. This method is not restricted to special liquid and solid materials.     

Effects of absorption on the propagation constants of guided modes in an asymmetric slab optical waveguide

We investigate how bulk losses of the thin film waveguide core influence the propagation constants of the modes of an asymmetric slab waveguide. Film absorption of a few hundreds inverse centimeters causes measurable shifts of the effective refractive indices, particularly for modes of higher order. We evaluate the error, that would be introduced into measurements of the refractive index and film thickness by the prism coupler method, if existing film losses were to be ignored.     

基于光子晶体马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的太赫兹开关及强度调制器

通过对二维正方晶格光子晶体线缺陷模色散曲线慢光特性的研究, 利用外电场对液晶分子取向的调控作用, 在填充液晶的正方晶格波导的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪结构中实现了开关和强度调制等功能. 利用平面波展开法计算了光子晶体波导的线缺陷模, 分析了液晶折射率的变化对缺陷模的影响. 计算表明, 液晶折射率仅改变了0.1, 线缺陷模有效折射率改变达0.168, 该特性可以更为有效地实现对相位的控制, 进而实现高消光比开关和强度调制功能, 这种高效的相位调节器件在集成光系统中将有很好的应用前景.     

Fabrication of defocus graded-index optical waveguide for evanescent wave optical amplifier

This is the first report on an evanescent wave optical amplifier with a plastic waveguide that can amplify a CW signal transmitted by a plastic optical fiber. The waveguide with a concave refractive index distribution was fabricated by an interfacial-gel polymerization technique. Since the waveguide increases the number of reflections at the boundary surface of the waveguide and the laser dye solution, the enhancement of amplification efficiency can be realized. The function of the fabricated waveguide was confirmed by calculations and experiments. The obtained results indicate that the fabricated fiber generated a larger evanescent field than the waveguide without a refractive index distribution.     

亮孤子在宇称时间对称波导中的传输和控制

基于光波在宇称-时间(PT)对称波导中传输的理论模型, 数值研究了亮孤子在呈高斯分布的PT对称克尔非线性平板波导中的传输和控制. PT对称波导, 要求波导的折射率分布呈偶对称, 而增益/损耗分布呈奇对称. 结果表明: 当波导的折射率分布强度为正时, PT对称波导的中心折射率最大, 即使没有自聚焦克尔非线性效应, PT对称波导也可以束缚光波, 形成波浪形光束且长距离传输; 当折射率分布强度为负时, PT对称波导的中心折射率最小, 光波的传输方向发生偏移. 而增益/损耗分布可控制光波的偏移方向: 增益/损耗分布强度为正, 光波向左偏移; 强度为负, 光波向右偏移; 强度为零时, 光波被分为两束. 且当折射率分布强度为负时, 可以很好地抑制相邻亮孤子间的相互作用. 该研究结果可为未来PT对称波导在全光控制方面的应用提供一定的理论依据.     

An azobenzene functionalized polymer for laser direct writing waveguide fabrication

We report on non-lithographic laser direct writing fabrication of optical waveguides by using a 4′-hydroxy-4-nitroazobene dye-functionalized polymer film. The polymer film reveals permanent change of refractive index at high laser illumination intensity. A focused continuous wave low power green laser beam at 532 nm wavelength is used to directly write waveguide structures on the polymer film. The magnitude of refractive index increase at film surface is about 0.006. One-step laser writing results in graded index waveguides in film depth direction under ambient conditions without pre- and post-processing. As a by-product, the laser writing also results in a very small air valley at the boundary between the laser written and non-written regions which may contribute in part although minimal to the waveguide lateral confinement and can be used for visual observation of waveguide patterns. The fabricated waveguide is found to be stable and easily reproducible.     

基于Optiwave的脊形SiGe OI光波导结构设计

利用有效折射率的数值解法,计算出了SiGe OI脊形光波导的有效折射率.通过对SiGe OI光波导结构参量的理论分析和计算,得到了SiGe OI脊形光波导传输单模光波时内外脊高H,h及脊宽W的尺寸.通过Optiwave软件对SiGe OI脊形光波导进行建模仿真,验证了理论分析和计算的正确性.