Study on the Interaction between Florasulam and Bovine Serum Albumin

In this paper, the interaction between florasulam (FU, 2′,6′,8-trifluoro-5-methoxy [Kragh-Hansen U, Molecular aspects of ligand binding to serum albumin. Pharmacol Rev 33(1):17–53 1981; Carter DC and Ho JX, Structure of serum albumin. Adv Protein Chem 45:153–203 1994; He XM, and Carter DC, Atomic structure and chemistry of human serum albumin. Nature 358(6383):209–215 1992] triazolo [1,5-c]pyrimidine-2-sulfonanilide) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by fluorescence, ultraviolet absorption (UV) and Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectrometries. A strong fluorescence quenching was observed and the quenching mechanism was considered as static quenching. The binding constant of FU with BSA at 299 and 309 K were obtained as 1.5?×?10⁴ and 7.1?×?10³ l mol^?1, respectively. There was one binding site between FU and BSA. The thermodynamic parameters enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) were calculated as ?57.89 kJ mol^?1 and ?113.6 J mol^?1 K^?1, respectively, which indicated that the acting force between FU and BSA was mainly hydrogen bond and Van der Waals force. According to the Förster non-radiation energy transfer theory, the average binding distance between donor (BSA) and acceptor (FU) was obtained (r?=?1.59 nm). The investigations of the UV/Vis and CD spectra of the system showed that the conformation of BSA was changed in presence of FU.     

Optical, Structural and Thermodynamic Studies of the Association of an Anti-leucamic Drug Imatinib Mesylate with Transport Protein

The interaction of an anti-leukemic drug, imatinib mesylate (IMT) with human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence, circular dichroism and UV–vis absorption techniques under physiological condition. The process of binding of IMT on HSA was observed to be through a spontaneous molecular interaction procedure. IMT effectively quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA via static quenching. The values of binding constant, number of molecules that interact simultaneously with the binding site and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated by carrying out the interactions at three different temperatures. Based on thermodynamic parameters and displacement studies with site probes, it was proposed that the drug bound at Sudlow’s site I of subdomain IIA. The change in the conformation of HSA was evident from synchronous, three-dimensional fluorescence and circular dichroism studies. The distance between the donor (protein) and acceptor (drug) was calculated based on the Foster’s theory of resonance energy stransfer and it was found to be 1.30 nm. The effect of different metal ions on the binding of the drug to protein was also investigated.     

Synthesis,DNA/HSA Interaction Spectroscopic Studies and In Vitro Cytotoxicity of a New Mixed Ligand Cu(II) Complex

A new mixed ligand copper(II)-dipeptide complex with 2-(2′-pyridyl)benzothiazole (pbt), [Cu(Gly-L-leu)(pbt)(H₂O)]·ClO₄ (Gly-L-leu = Glycyl-L-leucine anion) was synthesized and characterized by various physico-chemical means. The DNA binding and cleavage properties of the complex investigated by viscosity, agarose gel electrophoresis and multi-spectroscopic techniques (UV, circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence) showed that the complex was bound to CT-DNA through intercalation mode with moderate binding constant (K _b = 3.132 × 10⁴ M^?1), and cleaved pBR322 DNA efficiently (~ 5 μM) in the presence of Vc, probably via an oxidative mechanism induced by ?OH. Additionally, the interaction of the complex with human serum albumin (HSA) was explored by UV-visible, CD, fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy. The complex exhibits desired affinity to HSA through hydrophobic interaction. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the complex against three human carcinoma cell lines (HeLa, HepG2 and A549) was evaluated by MTT assay, which showed that the complex had effective cytotoxicity and higher inhibition toward A549 cell lines with IC₅₀ of 38.0 ± 3.2 μM.     

Complexation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics with human serum albumin: A fluorescence quenching study

Mechanism of interaction and detailed physico-chemical characterization of the binding of four fluoroquinolones: levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, ciprofloxacin HCl and enrofloxacin with human serum albumin has been studied at physiological pH (7.4) using fluorescence spectroscopic technique. The stoichiometry of interaction was found to be 1:1 for all the drugs used. The association constants for the interaction were of the order of 10⁴ in most cases. At low drug:protein ratios, a significant fraction of the added drug was bound. The predominant interactions involved are hydrogen bonding and Van der Waal’s interactions in the case of levofloxacin, hydrophobic interactions in the case of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and enrofloxacin and hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions in the case of sparfloxacin.The drug binding region did not coincide with that of the hydrophobic probe, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS). From the displacement of site-specific probes and site-marker drugs, it was concluded that ciprofloxacin hydrochloride is site II-specific while enrofloxacin is a site I-specific drug. Levofloxacin binds at both site I and site II with equal affinity. Sparfloxacin had higher affinity for site II than site I. It is also possible that sparfloxacin binds at the interface between site I and site II. Stern-Volmer analysis of the data showed that the quenching mechanism is predominantly collisional for the binding of ciprofloxacin HCl and enrofloxacin while both static and collisional quenching mechanisms are operative in the case of levofloxacin and sparfloxacin. High magnitude of the rate constant for quenching showed that the process is not entirely diffusion controlled. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic studies showed that the presence of drugs did not cause any major changes in the secondary structure of HSA.     

A Fluorescence Study of New Angular Polycyclic Blue Light-Emitting pyrazolo[3,4-<Emphasis Type="Italic">h</Emphasis>][1,6]naphthyridine and their Interaction with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)

The blue light-emitting pyrazolo[3,4-h][1,6]naphthyridines has been synthesized by Friedländer condensation of 4-amino-3-(4-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (o-aminoaldehyde) 1 with different cyclic ketones and 1,3-diketones. The synthesized angular polycyclic naphthyridine derivatives were studied for Semi-empirical, thermal, UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic properties on binding with bovin serum albumin (BSA). These fluorescence properties together with the neutral, hydrophobic nature of these compounds make these fluorophores good fluorescence probe for studying the micropolarity of proteins like BSA and in general the ligand-protein interactions. All of them displays bright absorption at 394 nm &; emission in visible region (491 nm). Quantum yields of all synthesized compounds were calculated.     

荧光猝灭法对肉桂酸与人血清白蛋白间的相互作用的研究

白蛋白是血液循环系统中最丰富的一种蛋白质,能与许多物质结合,并起着运输蛋白的作用。文章利用荧光光谱法研究了中药有效成分肉桂酸与人血清蛋白间的非共价结合特性。研究表明,在pH7.4作用液、286nm激发波长条件下,肉桂酸对人血清白蛋白的荧光发射有较强猝灭作用。当作用温度为37和47℃时,肉桂酸与人血清蛋白间的结合常数K分别为1.2767×103和3.4041×103L.mol-1,结合位点数n分别为0.7586和0.8356,表明温度升高有利于两者的结合;同时,根据不同作用温度时非共价结合复合物的热力学参数变化,证明肉桂酸与人血清白蛋白分子间的结合力主要是疏水作用。研究结果为进一步研究肉桂酸的药理作用,尤其是对血浆蛋白构像的影响提供了重要信息。     

环丙沙星、氧氟沙星同时与牛血清白蛋白分子作用的荧光光谱

在pH=7.40的水溶液中,环丙沙星(CPFX)、氧氟沙星(OFLX)能够猝灭牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的荧光。当两种药物共存时BSA荧光被进一步猝灭。据此建立了利用荧光发光光谱法进行喹诺酮类药物CPFX与OFLX间相互作用的研究。结果表明:药物间存在相互作用,使药物与蛋白间的结合常数减小、结合稳定性下降,游离型药物含量增加,造成药效增强;药物对蛋白荧光的猝灭属于静态猝灭,药物与蛋白结合位点数约为1。根据Frster非辐射能量转移理论,确定了药物与蛋白之间的结合距离r7nm,属于非辐射能量转移。药物间的相互作用使r值增加,结合距离增大。同步荧光光谱研究表明药物间的相互作用对蛋白构象产生影响,使蛋白质分子伸展,疏水性降低。     

Multiple Spectroscopic,Docking and Cytotoxic Study of a Synthesized 2,2′ Bipyridin Phenyl Isopentylglycin Pt(II) Nitrate Complex: Human Serum Albumin and Breast Cancer Cell Line of MDA-MB231 as Targets

In the present study, the biological activities of a new synthesized Pt(II)-complex, 2,2′ bipyridinphenyl isopentylglycin Pt(II) nitrate was investigated via its interaction with the most important blood carrier protein of human serum albumin (HSA), using fluorescence and Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic techniques and also molecular docking. Moreover, cytotoxicity activity of the complex was studied against breast cancer cell line of MDA MB231 using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The Pt(II)-complex has a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA through a static quenching mechanism. According fluorescence quenching data, the binding parameters of the interaction were calculated and showed that hydrophobic interaction has an important role. The molecular docking results in coherent with fluorescence measurements illustrated that Pt(II) complex can bind to HSA at one position that located in the hydrophobic cavity of groove between drug site I and II. Also, experimental data on driving force in binding site was confirmed whereas theoretical results demonstrated Pt(II) complexinteract to HSA by hydrophobic interaction. Far-UV-CD results showed that Pt(II)-complex induced an increasing in the content of α-helical structure of the protein and stabilized it. Also, MTT assay represented growth inhibitory effect of the complex toward the breast cancer cell line.     

Transport of a Cancer Chemopreventive Polyphenol,Resveratrol: Interaction with Serum Albumin and Hemoglobin

Resveratrol is a natural phytoalexin with pharmacologic effects on several human diseases: carcinogenesis, coronary heart disease and neurodegenerative disease. Due to its poor water solubility, resveratrol must be bound to proteins to keep it at a high concentration in serum. In our work, the bindings of resveratrol to plasma proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) and hemoglobin (Hb), have been investigated systematically by fluorescence quenching technique, synchronous fluorescence, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and molecular modeling method. The fluorescence data show that the binding of resveratrol to HSA or Hb is a static quenching procedure and each protein has only one binding site for the drug. The binding constant of resveratrol to HSA is larger than that of resveratrol to Hb at corresponding temperature, which indicates that the affinity of HSA toward the drug is higher than that of Hb. The CD spectroscopy indicates that the secondary structures of the proteins are changed in the presence of resveratrol with the reduction of α-helices, which decreased about 18.75% for HSA and 9.43% for Hb at the drug to proteins molar ratio of 2. Thermodynamic analysis and molecular modeling suggest that hydrophobic interaction plays a major role in the binding of resveratrol to HSA, and hydrogen bonding is the mainly binding force in the binding of resveratrol to Hb. The study of molecular modeling shows that resveratrol is located in the hydrophobic cavity between subdomain IB and IIA of HSA (the entrance of site I), or located in the central cavity of Hb (partial to the subunit A).     

光谱法研究葛根素与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

采用紫外、同步荧光和圆二色光谱法研究了葛根素（PUE）与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的相互作用.紫外光谱表明,BSA在230nm和278nm处的吸收峰,随着葛根素浓度的增加而减小.同步荧光光谱表明,葛根素引起BSA中色氨酸残基所处微环境的疏水性降低.圆二色光谱表明,BSA在208nm和222nm处的负峰随着葛根素浓度的增加而增强,BSA中α-螺旋含量也随之增加.这表明葛根素与BSA的相互作用,可使蛋白质分子的疏水作用增强,导致BSA的肽链结构收缩,蛋白质的构象发生变化.     

Interaction between varenicline tartrate and bovine serum albumin

This paper mainly investigated the interaction between varenicline tartrate and bovine serum albumin. The Stern–Volmer quenching constant and bimolecular quenching rate constant were determined; furthermore, the fluorescence quenching mechanism between varenicline tartrate and bovine serum albumin was clarified. The binding constants and the number of binding sites were deduced from the double logarithm regression curve. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated, which indicated that the binding process was spontaneous and the acting force were mainly hydrophobic forces. The binding distance was calculated to be 4.80 nm, which means that there was nonradiative energy transfer from varenicline tartrate to bovine serum albumin during the process. And the bovine serum albumin conformation affected by varenicline tartrate was analyzed through ultraviolet–visible and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy.     

光谱法研究盐酸非那吡啶与牛血清白蛋白的结合作用

运用光谱学方法研究了在生理pH值条件下盐酸非那吡啶(PHE)与牛血清白蛋白之间的结合作用。通过荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱确定了盐酸非那吡啶对牛血清白蛋白的荧光猝灭机理。依据Scatchard方程测定了不同温度下该结合反应的结合常数和结合位点数。根据热力学方程讨论了两者间的主要作用力类型。结合同步荧光光谱分析了盐酸非那吡啶对牛血清白蛋白构象的影响。盐酸非那吡啶对牛血清白蛋白的荧光猝灭机制主要为静态猝灭和非辐射能量转移。在15, 25, 37℃时盐酸非那吡啶与牛血清白蛋白的结合常数K_b分别为2.47×107, 9.15×106, 4.36×106 L·mol-1,它们之间平均结合位点数n为1。结合反应的热力学参数为ΔH=-71.2 kJ·mol-1,ΔS=124.8 J·mol-1·K-1。热力学函数计算结果表明,该作用过程是一个熵增加,Gibbs自由能降低的自发分子间作用过程。依据Frster能量转移理论确定PHE与BSA间的结合距离为1.61 nm。两者结合的主要作用力类型是静电作用力。盐酸非那吡啶在体内能够被血清蛋白存储和转运,但结合时对蛋白构象有一定影响。     

Characterization of the Binding of Metoprolol Tartrate and Guaifenesin Drugs to Human Serum Albumin and Human Hemoglobin Proteins by Fluorescence and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

The interactions of metoprolol tartrate (MPT) and guaifenesin (GF) drugs with human serum albumin (HSA) and human hemoglobin (HMG) proteins at pH?7.4 were studied by fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Drugs quenched the fluorescence spectra of HSA and HMG proteins through a static quenching mechanism. For each protein-drug system, the values of Stern-Volmer quenching constant, bimolecular quenching constant, binding constant and number of binding site on the protein molecules were determined at 288.15, 298.15, 310.15 and 318.15 K. It was found that the binding constants of HSA-MPT and HSA-GF systems were smaller than those of HMG-MPT and HMG-GF systems. For both drugs, the affinity of HMG was much higher than that of HSA. An increase in temperature caused a negative effect on the binding reactions. The number of binding site on blood proteins for MPT and GF drugs was approximately one. Thermodynamic parameters showed that MPT interacted with HSA through electrostatic attraction forces. However, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces were the main interaction forces in the formation of HSA-GF, HMG-MPT and HMG-GF complexes. The binding processes between protein and drug molecules were exothermic and spontaneous owing to negative ?H and ?G values, respectively. The values of binding distance between protein and drug molecules were calculated from Förster resonance energy transfer theory. It was found from CD analysis that the bindings of MPT and GF drugs to HSA and HMG proteins altered the secondary structure of HSA and HMG proteins.     

Nitroaniline Isomers Interaction with Bovine Serum Albumin and Toxicological Implications

The interactions of 2-nitroaniline (2-NA), 3-nitroaniline (3-NA) and 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been investigated by means of fluorescence spectrometry, synchronous fluorescence spectrometry and UV absorption spectrometry under the simulative physiological conditions. Association constants (K _A ) were estimated by the remarkable static quenching effect of 2-NA, 3-NA and 4-NA to the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA, and thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) were calculated according to van’t Hoff equation. The results show that hydrophobic force plays a main role in the interaction of nitroanilines to BSA, nitroanilines have high affinity to BSA and the affinity order is as follows: 4-NA?>?2-NA?>?3-NA. On the basis of this study, it is found that percents of the binding of nitroanilines to BSA are almost no relative to the concentrations of nitroanilines, and correlation between K _A and logK _ow is disclosed. In the meantime, relationships between the combination of nitroanilines with BSA and toxicological implications were also discussed. In addition, synchronous fluorescence method was used to study the interaction mechanisms between nitroanilines and BSA, and energy transfer distances from BSA to nitroanilines were estimated based on the Förster’s non-radiation energy transfer theory. The results suggest that the binding site for nitroanilines on BSA is close to the sub-domain IIA where Trp 214 is located.     

光谱及电化学方法研究大黄酸与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

采用荧光光谱、紫外光谱和圆二色光谱法并结合电化学方法,研究了大黄酸与牛血清白蛋白之间的相互作用。结果表明:大黄酸对牛血清白蛋白有较强的荧光猝灭作用且为静态猝灭,并计算得出不同温度下其结合常数(KA)与结合位点数(n)分别为:3.67×105,0.95(298 K);2.60×104,0.83(309 K)。由热力学参数确定它们间的作用力主要是静电引力,并依据F rster能量转移理论求得其结合距离为3.28 nm,同步荧光光谱及圆二色谱表明大黄酸对牛血清白蛋白的构象产生影响。     

Molecular spectroscopic insight into the binding of batatasin V isomers to human serum albumin

Fluorescence, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectrum, and molecular docking methods were employed to study the interaction mechanisms of batatasin V and its isomer with human serum albumin. The two isomers both bond reactively to the hydrophobic activity in subdomain IIA, with an approximate binding affinity. Thermodynamic parameters and molecular modeling results manifested that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force were the main contributors to the interaction. The secondary structure of human serum albumin was altered with the obvious decreased amount of α-helix. The results overall suggested similar binding mechanisms of batatasin V isomers with human serum albumin. This work will promote the further study of batatasins for pharmacological function. It could also help to provide some useful information for further drug design based on batatasins.     

光谱法和分子对接法研究和比较两种全氟羧酸与人血清白蛋白的结合模式

全氟羧酸(PFCAs)由于具有既亲水又疏水的表面活性剂特性,被广泛应用于工业和生活产品中。全氟十一酸(PFUnA)和全氟十三酸(PFTriA)是长链PFCAs类的典型代表,但近年来它们越来越频繁的在人体中检测到,并且发现表现出内分泌干扰效应、发育毒性和致畸性。本文以光谱学和分子对接为基础,探索PFUnA和PFTriA与人体最丰富的蛋白人血清白蛋白(HSA)的结合模式。结果表明,PFUnA和PFTriA均通过动静态猝灭过程猝灭HSA的内源荧光,与HSA只有一个强亲和位点,且PFUnA与HSA的结合比PFTriA更紧密。根据热力学计算结果,可知PFUnA与HSA结合的焓变、熵变分别为-26.32 kJ·mol-1和21.76 J·mol-1·K-1,其结合作用主要依靠静电引力,而PFTriA主要通过范德华力和卤键与HSA结合,是放热熵减过程,其焓变和熵变分别为-39.69 kJ·mol-1和-25.66 J·mol-1·K-1。计算得到的结合距离(r<8 nm)显示从HSA到PFUnA和PFTriA发生了非辐射能量转移。三维荧光光谱和圆二色谱表明,PFUnA和PFTriA与HSA的结合不仅可以改变HSA的构象和微环境,还可以引起α-螺旋稳定性降低。取代实验和分子对接进一步显示PFUnA 和PFTriA通过极性键、疏水作用力和卤键等与HSA的亚域ⅡA疏水腔有高亲和性,且荧光团Trp残基处于结合位置中,进一步证明PFUnA和PFTriA可以猝灭HSA的荧光。本文研究结果为阐明长链PFCAs在机体内与血清蛋白的结合机理提供了完整可靠的数据,并为长链PFCAs的毒性评价和毒理学研究提供了理论依据。     

Determining the binding affinity and binding site of bensulfuron-methyl to human serum albumin by quenching of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence

Bensulfuron-methyl (BM) is a highly active sulfonylurea herbicide for use on paddy rice. Steady state fluorescence, UV/vis absorption, circular dichroism (CD), time-resolved fluorescence and molecular modeling methods have been exploited to determine the binding affinity and binding site of BM to human serum albumin (HSA). From the synchronous fluorescence, UV/vis, CD and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra, it was evident that the interaction between BM and HSA induced a conformational change in the protein. Steady state and time-resolved fluorescence data illustrates that the fluorescence quenching of HSA by BM was the formation of HSA-BM complex at 1:1 molar ratio. Site marker competitive experiments demonstrated that the binding of BM to HSA primarily took place in subdomain IIIA (Sudlow’s site II), this corroborates the hydrophobic probe ANS displacement and molecular modeling results. Thermodynamic analysis displays hydrophobic, electrostatic and hydrogen bonds interactions are the major acting forces in stabilizing the HSA-BM complex.     

Study of interactions of 2-benzamido-4-methylpentanoic acid-2-cyclohexyl carboxamide with BSA: Gel exclusion chromatography and molecular modeling techniques

Plasma protein in blood play an important role in transportation of drug. So it is important to know the binding of drug with plasma protein. In this study we successfully observed the interaction of 2-benzamido-4-methylpentanoic acid-2-cyclohexyl carboxamide ligand (2-bmca) with Bovine serum albumin (BSA) using gel exclusion chromatographic technique at different pH. Absorbance value for collected fraction was measured on UV-vis Spectrophotometer. Differences in the absorbance value of collected fraction give the specific binding of interacting species with BSA. Interacting study shows that ligand (L) bounds to the BSA more significantly at pH 3 than at pH 4 and 5, which shows binding is more at acidic pH. Scatchard analysis gives the association constants (K _f) and the saturation value (n) for ligand(L) with BSA. Molecular modeling study gives the efficient energy value–231.16 which confirms the binding of ligand (L) with BSA.     

新型羧酸卟啉锌(Ⅱ)配合物与人血清蛋白的作用

卟啉是一种潜在有效的光动力治疗癌症的光敏剂,部分已用于临床实验中。人血清蛋白(HSA)是药物的运输载体,详细研究两者的相互作用对于阐述卟啉类药物的药代动力学行为具有重要的意义。合成了一种新型水溶性羧酸锌(Ⅱ)卟啉配合物(2-Zn),并通过紫外可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、圆二色(CD)光谱和分子对接模拟研究了其与人血清蛋白(HSA)的相互作用。结果表明：2-Zn以静态猝灭的方式猝灭了HSA的内源荧光,通过计算得到其与HSA在298和310 K下相互作用的猝灭常数分别为1.96×104和1.37×104 L·mol-1、结合常数分别为1.93×104和1.50×104 L·mol-1、结合位点数均为1,两者间的结合作用力以静电作用为主,同时也存在氢键和疏水作用。位点竞争实验表明2-Zn主要结合在位点Ⅱ处;根据Forster非辐射能量理论得到两者的结合距离和能量转移效率分别为4.01 nm和0.163。紫外吸收光谱,同步荧光和CD光谱显示2-Zn与HSA的相互作用影响了HSA 的构象,表现为α-螺旋的含量降低;分子对接模拟结果表明2-Zn通过疏水、静电和氢键作用嵌入HSA分子的亚结构域IIIA(site Ⅱ)的疏水腔内,与位点竞争实验和热力学判据所得的结果相一致。