生物酶技术在农药残留快速检测中的应用

介绍了4种应用于农药残留检测的生物酶技术类型、原理及相关研究进展,主要包括微生物降解技术、酶抑制技术、酶联免疫吸附技术及酶免疫放大技术.分析并探讨了这些技术的优点及存在的不足,对今后生物酶技术快速检测农药残留工作进行了展望.生物酶技术应用在农药残留检测具有简便、快速、灵敏等优点,有着广阔的应用前景,对人类健康及环境保护具有深远的意义.     

酶热敏装置

酶热敏装置是一种微量热计,它具有高效的灵敏度,快速的响应能力,酶性质稳定等优点。本文介绍了近年来酶热敏装置的发展状况,酶的固定化方法,以及该装置在临床分析,过程控制等方面的应用。     

膜载体酶标记渗透式快速检测痕量西维因残留方法的研究

建立了一种快速检测氨基甲酸酯类农药西维因痕量残留的新方法,即膜载体酶标记渗透式快速检测技术。以带正电尼龙膜(M illipore)为固相载体,辣根过氧化酶标记的西维因半抗原为检测标记物,采用直接竞争酶联免疫吸附方式对农产品中的痕量西维因残留进行快速检测。该方法完成整个检测过程只需5m in,对西维因的检出限为10μg/L,通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)验证了该检测方法的有效性,并经试验证明了方法的稳定性。     

双氧水活化-面粉酶抑制法测定蔬菜中有机磷农药

基于α-乙酸萘酯和固蓝B在面粉酶的催化作用下生成紫红色的偶氮化合物,而有机磷农药在双氧水的活化下会抑制酶的催化作用,其抑制程度与农药的浓度在一定范围内呈线性关系,由此建立了一种快速测定有机磷农药的方法。探讨了最佳的反应条件,测定甲基对硫磷和甲胺磷的线性范围分别为1~10μg/mL,1~50μg/mL,最低检出限分别为0.1136μg/mL,0.3525μg/mL。该法具有试剂廉价易得、操作简便、迅速的特点,适合果蔬中常见有机磷农药的快速检测。     

新型快速农药残留检测剂研制成功

不久前,山东京蓬生物药业股份有限公司研制出一种新型快速农药残留检测剂——乙酰胆碱酯酶,该产品能快速、准确地检测农产品中的农药残留。为方便使用,制备的试剂     

金属有机框架传感器在农药检测中的应用研究进展

农药在农业生产中占据重要地位,但不合理使用会对环境和人类的健康造成不利的影响。因此,开发快速、灵敏和选择性高的农药检测技术引起了广泛关注。本文总结了金属有机框架（MOF）传感器的构建及其在农药检测领域应用的最新进展,深入阐述其传感机理。酶、分子印迹聚合物、染料/量子点、适配体被用于MOF传感器的构建,以提高其选择性和灵敏度。MOF光学传感器已被用于农药的快速检测和现场诊断。最后,总结和讨论了MOF传感器在农药检测领域中存在的问题和面临的挑战。     

植物源性食品中多农药残留GC-MS高通量快速检测技术研究进展

植物源性食品基质复杂、农药种类繁多、农药残留限量标准严格,因此建立植物源性食品中多农药残留高通量快速检测技术十分重要。气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术是多农药残留高通量检测领域应用最为广泛的一种技术。然而现阶段植物源性食品中多农药残留GC-MS高通量检测仍存在问题。国内外科研工作者对其进行了大量研究,在现有设备的基础上开发前处理新技术以及复杂信号高通量解析新算法是提高该检测水平的关键。该文对近年来国内外发展的基于GC-MS的植物源性食品中多农药残留高通量快速检测技术及相关文献进行了归纳和总结,重点从适合于不同种类农药提取的新型样品前处理技术、基于“数学分离”的复杂信号高通量解析新算法等方面阐述了植物源性食品中多农药残留高通量快速检测的最新进展,并对其存在的问题提出了相关建议,旨在为食品多农药残留高通量快速检测提供参考。     

酶抑制法在快速检测蔬菜中农药残留应用中的探讨

正目前,蔬菜中农药残留的快速检测方法有国家标准GB/T 5009.199-2003和行业标准NY/T448-2001。两者中都有采用酶抑制法测定蔬菜中的有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的残留,该法具有简便、快捷、经济的优点,对操作人员、样品处理和检测环境要求较低,在市场上容易推行,是我国目前控制高毒农药残留的一种有效手段[1]。现在市场上使用的速测试剂盒大都是依据这两项标准生产的,但由     

果蔬农药残留速测仪在津问世

一种携带方便，能快速检测果品、蔬菜中超标的残留农药的仪器——果品、蔬菜农药残留快速检测仪不久前通过了天津市质监局组织的全性能检测，并取得了天津市质监局颁发的《制造计量器具许可证》，现已投入批量生产。该仪器可广泛用于农业、环保、超市、宾馆、饭店、食堂等单位对果蔬中超标的农药残留量进行快速检测，还可用于农药残留监测中心或地区性农药残留量监测系统。     

我国急需发展食品快速检测技术

今年2月,海南“毒豇豆事件”暴露出果蔬农残快速检测技术的缺陷。我国目前普遍使用的农残速测法是酶抑制法。酶抑制法快速检测技术为什么让高毒农药一再漏网？快速检测技术在食品安全领域的发展前景究竟如何？     

Troubleshooting in the trace analysis of organochlorine pesticides in water samples

Summary As a consequence of the high toxicity of organochlorine pesticides their presence in water for human consumption is limited by legislation. To determine these compounds at trace levels, an extraction procedure and a highly sensitive analytical technique is necessary. In this work we have used laminar disks for the solid-phase extraction of 21 organochlorine pesticides from water. The analytical technique selected is gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. A solid-phase extraction procedure is proposed, and some problems has been encountered. Low recovery of some pesticides has been obtained, because of their adsorption by the walls of containers. To prevent this adsorption, addition of 20% methanol before the sampling step is proposed. Adsorption of pesticides by the organic matter present in water samples was also observed. Pesticides can be adsorbed by the membrane filters usually used to remove suspended particulate matter from water samples. Different kinds of filters have been tested, and the occurrence of the problem has been confirmed. The use of laminar disks in this work has overcome this problem.     

Feasibility of application of conductometric biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase for the inhibitory analysis of toxic compounds of different nature

This study was aimed at the development of a conductometric biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase considering the feasibility of its application for the inhibitory analysis of various toxicants. In this paper, the optimum conditions for enzyme immobilization on the transducer surface are selected as well as the optimum concentration of substrate for inhibitory analysis. Sensitivity of the developed biosensor to different classes of toxic compounds (organophosphorus pesticides, heavy metal ions, surfactants, aflatoxin, glycoalkaloids) was tested. It is shown that the developed biosensor can be successfully used for the analysis of pesticides and mycotoxins, as well as for determination of total toxicity of the samples. A new method of biosensor analysis of toxic substances of different classes in complex multicomponent aqueous samples is proposed.     

气相色谱双柱法和气相色谱-质谱法在蔬菜农药多残留检测中的应用

在各种蔬菜的多种残留农药的检测中,蔬菜的基体常对农药的检测带来严重干扰。试样的预处理选用了较为简单的乙腈萃取法,以避免造成农药的损失。有机含磷农药的GC检测采用FPD检测器,而有机含氯农药及菊酯类农药用GC-ECD检测器,为了使被测农药能与干扰物质达到更好的分离,采用了具有不同极性的两个色谱柱。尽管如此,有时仍可能获得假结果（例如假阳性结果等）。为此进一步采用GC与MS联用的检测措施,使上述问题得以澄清。按所提出的方法,使多种共存的农药的检测,在准确性及可靠性方面得到很大提高。     

Pesticide toxicity assessment using an electrochemical biosensor with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas putida</Emphasis> and a bioluminescence inhibition assay with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio fischeri</Emphasis>

Two different toxicity tests, an electrochemical biosensor Cellsense and a bioluminescence inhibition assay ToxAlert were performed in order to establish and compare the acute toxicity responses of different types of raw and spiked water for a selected group of pesticides. The selected compounds were endosulfan, chlorfenvinphos, dimethoate, fenamiphos, ametryn, deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin; all of them are used in large quantities for agricultural purposes. In the first step, the study of the toxicity responses for each individual pesticide with Milli-Q water was carried out. Next, the toxic responses of different mixtures of these pesticides in different water matrices, i.e., Milli-Q water, surface water, groundwater and wastewater were studied in order to evaluate (i) device advantages and limitations for the toxicity evaluation of real environmental samples, (ii) antagonistic or synergistic effects and (iii) the influence of the water matrices. The survey of pesticides in real samples was carried out using a combined method involving both chemical analysis and toxicity bioassays. Chemical analysis involved the use of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD) or thermoionic specific detection (GC/TSD) with mass spectrometric confirmation (GC/MS).     

Pesticide residue determination in vegetables from western China applying gas chromatography with mass spectrometry

In this study,an effort has been made to evaluate the pesticide residues in vegetables from western China. Fifty‐one pesticides, including organophosphorus, organochlorine, carbamate and pyrethroid, were detected in 369 commonly used vegetables by GC‐MS. Concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides were detected ranging from 0.0008 to 18.8200 mg/kg, among which organophosphorus pesticide concentrations exceeded their maximum residue levels (MRLs) in five samples. Carbamate and organochlorine pesticides were determined to have concentrations in the range of 0.0012–0.7928 mg/kg. The residual concentrations of carbamate pesticides in six samples and organochlorine pesticides in four samples exceeded their MRLs. The residual concentrations of five pyrethroid pesticides were within the range of 0.0016–6.0827 mg/kg and the pyrethroid residues in two samples exceeded their MRLs. The results revealed that pesticide residues in 70.73% of the vegetables samples were not detected, while in the rest of vegetables there were one or more pesticide residues and some even exceeded their MRLs, which would threaten the health of consumers. Our work provides significant information for the food safety regulations to control the excessive use of some pesticides on those kinds of vegetables from western China. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Toxicological study of pesticides in air and precipitations of Paris by means of a bioluminescence method

A detailed toxicological study on several pesticides, including chlorothalonil, cyprodynil, dichlobénil, pendimethaline, trifluraline, and α-endosulfan, present at trace levels in air and total atmospheric precipitations of Paris is presented. The pesticides contained in the atmospheric samples, collected during sampling campaigns in February–March 2007, are identified and quantified by a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)-UV detection method. The toxicity measurements are performed by means of the Microtox® bioluminescence method, based on the evaluation of the bioluminescence inhibition of the Vibrio fischeri marine bacteria at two exposure times to the pesticide solutions. The specific toxicity, corresponding to the particular toxicity of the compound under study and represented by the EC₅₀ parameter, is determined for these pesticides. Also, the global toxicity, which is the toxicity of all micro-pollutants present in the sample under study, is estimated for the extracts of air and atmospheric precipitation (rainwater) samples. The specific toxicities strongly vary with the nature of the pesticide, the EC₅₀ parameter values being comprised between 0.17 and 0.83 mg/mL and 0.15 and 0.66 mg/mL, respectively, for exposure times of 5 and 15 min. The importance of the atmospheric samples’ global toxicity and the respective contribution of the toxic potency of the various pesticides contained in these samples are discussed.