激光二极管相对于铯饱和吸收D2线的无调制扰动三次谐波锁频

将频率调制加在声光调制器上 ,用三次谐波探测法获得了铯原子D2 线的三阶微分饱和光谱。采用这种激光器无调制扰动方案结合三次谐波锁频技术 ,实现了 85 2nm的分布布拉格反射器半导体激光器相对于 6S1/2 F =4- 6P3 /2 F′ =5超精细跃线的频率锁定。由锁定后的频率误差信号估算 ,10s内激光频率起伏小于± 35 0kHz ,相对频率稳定度约 1× 10 -9。这种无调制扰动方案可以消除一般的饱和吸收稳频方法中由于直接对激光器进行频率调制而带来的额外频率噪声 ;三次谐波锁频技术的应用 ,还可有效地降低铯原子饱和吸收谱中剩余多普勒背景的影响     

干涉测量系统中杂散条纹影响的抑制

 为了抑制杂散条纹的影响，提出了一种简单实用的单幅三表面干涉条纹傅里叶分析法，它根据三表面干涉时各个表面干涉的条纹调制度不同，从三表面干涉图的频谱中提取测试面的频谱，从而准确地恢复测试面的面形。模拟结果证明了该方法的有效性，准确度可以达到l/1 000。实验表明：单幅三表面干涉条纹傅里叶分析法得到的面形形状与波长调谐时域傅里叶变化法和涂消光漆法得到的结果基本一致，PV值和RMS值与波长调谐时域傅里叶变化法相差分别为0.001l和0.004l，与涂消光漆法相差分别为0.042l和0.019l。通过7次单幅三表面干涉条纹傅里叶分析法测量，得到PV和RMS值的重复性分别为0.007 8l和0.002 6l。     

单幅条纹图相位解调的小波分析方法

相位解调是条纹相位分析的关键问题.本文提出一种应用小波频率估计联合频率导数对变形条纹进行瞬时频率分析,从中提取参考基频,从而依靠单一变形条纹实现相位解调的方法.首先,理论上证明了当变形条纹瞬时频率空间导数等于零,该空间点的瞬时频率等于参考基频频率;其次,引入Gabor小波提取变形条纹的瞬时频率空间分布,利用变形条纹瞬时频率的空间导数分布识别提取参考基频,从而实现相位解调.利用该方法进行了三维形貌测量的实验,结果表明该方法在实现相位解调中效果良好.     

单幅条纹图相位解调的小波分析方法

相位解调是条纹相位分析的关键问题.本文提出一种应用小波频率估计联合频率导数对变形条纹进行瞬时频率分析,从中提取参考基频,从而依靠单一变形条纹实现相位解调的方法.首先,理论上证明了当变形条纹瞬时频率空间导数等于零,该空间点的瞬时频率等于参考基频频率;其次,引入Gabor小波提取变形条纹的瞬时频率空间分布,利用变形条纹瞬时频率的空间导数分布识别提取参考基频,从而实现相位解调.利用该方法进行了三维形貌测量的实验,结果表明该方法在实现相位解调中效果良好.     

Heterodyne detection of multiply scattered monochromatic light with a multipixel detector

A new technique is presented for measuring the spectral broadening of light that has been multiply scattered from scatterers in motion. In our method the scattered light is detected by a heterodyne receiver that uses a CCD as a multipixel detector. We obtain the frequency spectrum of the scattered light by sweeping the heterodyne local oscillator frequency. Our detection scheme combines a high optical etendue (product of the surface by the detection solid angle) with an optimal detection of the scattered photons (shot noise). Using this technique, we measure, in vivo, the frequency spectrum of the light scattered through the breast of a female volunteer.     

用分数阶微分实现时频重叠多模式兰姆波的模式分离

为了分离时频重叠多模式超声兰姆波,提出了一种用分数阶微分理论实现多模式兰姆波模式分离的方法。以时频重叠的S1和A1模式混合信号为例,用赛利斯分布作为幅值谱的模型,首先对信号做频散补偿,由补偿后信号幅值谱分数阶微分推导了幅值谱特征参数的计算式并根据信号模型重建幅值谱,然后结合兰姆波的频散特性推导出对应的相位谱,并通过幅值谱和相位谱重构各模式的信号,实现模式分离。对1 mm钢板中仿真时频重叠的S₁和A₁模式信号分离结果显示分离出信号的幅值和带宽相对误差小于6%,中心频率相对误差小于0.25%。实验结果也证实了方法的可行性。因此当混合信号幅值谱不完全交叠时,本方法可以实现多模式兰姆波信号的分离,有助于多模式兰姆波频散信号的分析和识别。      

舰船螺旋桨轴频估计中线谱要素提取算法

舰船辐射噪声DEMON谱(调制解调谱)线谱要素提取是舰船螺旋桨轴频估计中的关键步骤。现有的线谱提取技术主要用于功率谱线谱检测,侧重于线谱频率的确定,不能满足舰船螺旋桨轴频估计需求。本文根据DEMON谱线谱的特点及人工提取线谱的过程,设计了一种新的线谱要素提取算法,改进了谱峰筛选技术,将多时刻的DEMON线谱基于最大似然估计和谱峰序列相似度加以融合决策,最终确定了线谱频率和幅值(峰值)及边界。通过实际数据验证,此线谱要素提取算法更适用于螺旋桨轴频估计,可提高轴频估计的准确率。     

Signal recovering in wavelength modulated spectrometers

The difficulties encountered in isolating the true spectrum derivative from unwanted instrumental contributions in wavelength-modulated spectrometers are discussed, with particular attention to instruments making use of two matched photodetectors. A satisfactory way of overcoming the mentioned requirements and of obtaining the pure derivative spectrum with only one detector is then described. The proposed technique uses phase modulation of the specimen and blank light channels, followed by suitable filtering and demodulation of the detector current.     

土壤铅污染光谱的HHT鉴别及BC-PLSR铅含量预测模型

土壤重金属污染问题一直备受关注,利用高光谱遥感对其进行研究取得了大量的成果,主要集中在利用土壤光谱的导数变换、连续统去除等常规方法预测土壤重金属含量上。土壤光谱数据与非线性非平稳的机电信号、医学信号等具有一定的相似性。通过希尔伯特黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transform, HHT),对土壤铅(Pb)污染光谱进行频率域分析,实现土壤Pb污染光谱的HHT鉴别,并建立土壤Pb含量预测模型。首先,进行土壤Pb污染实验,采集土壤Pb污染样品的光谱、含水率及有机质含量;其次,通过土壤Pb污染样品光谱的HHT时频分析和第二个本征模函数(intrinsic mode function, IMF)分量(IMF2)瞬时频率的二阶导数识别土壤Pb污染的特征波段;最后,选择合适的频率域参数、土壤光谱一阶导数、土壤有机质含量及土壤含水率作为参数,利用箱形图、聚类分析、偏最小二乘法建立土壤Pb含量预测模型。研究结果表明：土壤Pb污染的HHT时频分析图可以鉴别土壤Pb污染光谱,未受污染的土壤光谱HHT时频分析图在波段序列为250~430之间没有异常信号,Pb污染土壤的光谱HHT时频分析图在波段序列为250~430之间存在多个异常信号,并且随着浓度的升高,异常信号分布范围越来越广,当污染浓度达到800 μg·g-1时,土壤样品的光谱信号在波段序列为270处、频率为0.3 Hz之前出现了较强的异常信号;土壤Pb污染光谱经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition, EMD)处理后,得到的未受污染的土壤光谱IMF2的瞬时频率的二阶导数的突变非常微弱,而Pb污染的土壤光谱IMF2的瞬时频率的二阶导数存在明显的突变点,根据突变点及土壤Pb污染光谱的IMF2的瞬时频率的二阶导数识别的土壤Pb污染光谱的特征波段区间为2 150~2 300 nm;利用不同浓度Pb污染下土壤光谱Hilbert能量谱峰值、EMD能量熵、一阶导数、有机质和含水率,通过箱形图去除了六组异常样品,然后利用聚类分析的方法将去除异常样品后的土壤Pb污染样品分为两类,最后将Hilbert能量谱峰值、EMD能量熵、2 134 nm波段一阶导数、790 nm波段一阶导数、1 276 nm波段一阶导数、2 482 nm波段一阶导数、有机质和含水率作为参数建立两类数据的BC-PLSR(boxplot cluster-partial least squares regression)模型预测土壤中Pb含量,经验证模型精度较高,相关系数分别为0.88和0.99。     

High-resolution optical properties of blood

The absorption spectrum of whole blood over a wide energy range has been determined at room temperature by the high-resolution derivative technique to properly locate the unresolvable-band energy position.     

Signal processing of double-beam and double-scattering laser Doppler velocimeter

The common method of laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) signal processing is fast Fourier transform (FFT). Because of the restraint of spectral interference, fence effect and spectrum leakage, the precision of FFT is not high. In order to improve the accuracy of double-beam and double-scattering laser Doppler velocimeter signal processing, an algorithm based on spectral refinement and interpolation is put forward. First, high-pass filter is adopted to remove the baseplate of LDV signal. Second, FFT is adopted to get the estimate of Doppler frequency and then Zoom-FFT is used to refine the local range of Doppler frequency. Third, four-term fifth derivative Nuttall windowed interpolation is used to correct the refined spectrum. Then the accurate estimate of Doppler frequency can be obtained. Simulations and experiments based on the LDV system built in laboratory show that Zoom-FFT can improve the resolution of spectrum and four-term fifth derivative Nuttall windowed interpolation can further increase the precision of signal processing.     

Determination of an energy distribution from stopping potential data

The energy spectrum of electrons just inside an irradiated surface is obtained in terms of the derivatives of the current—voltage curve for electrons emitted from the surface. For the familiar case of a unidirectional beam, the energy distribution is just the negative of the first derivative. For an (assumed) isotropic distribution inside the surface, a classical surface potential, and a spherically symmetric retarding field, the energy distribution is similar to the unidirectional case except that the first derivative must be multiplied by an energy-dependent factor. If the retarding field is uniform and perpendicular to the surface, the calculation of the energy distribution inside involves both the first and second derivatives.     

一种低原子序数元素EDX RF的多次导-样条小波解析方法研究

能量色散X射线荧光（EDXRF）光谱分析待测元素的信息主要反映在能谱的特征峰峰位以及特征峰净峰面积中。对于特征峰的准确检测是EDXRF光谱分析的关键。特征X射线之间的能量在低原子序数元素中相差很小,在实际测量过程中由其他一些因素干扰会导致EDXRF光谱中特征峰产生严重重叠,以EDXRF光谱中低序列元素的重叠峰作为研究对象,提出一种四次导数结合三样条小波变换处理低序列元素重叠峰的新方法。通过数学模型模拟重叠峰检测了该方法的可行性,并仿真了实测X荧光光谱数据进行检测得到良好的效果,通过使用了CIT-3000SY X 荧光元素录井仪实测T铅黄铜数据和混合轻元素数据荧光光谱作为验证。首先,介绍导数法以及三样条小波法分解重叠的原理。导数法阶数越高信号越畸形但可以有效提高重峰分离度,而三样条小波变换对低分离度重峰处理较为无力但能有效的保持峰型。通过Tsallis峰信号模拟重叠峰,模拟出3个峰信号,第1个峰和第2个峰的分离度R=0.33,第2个峰和第3个峰的分离度R=0.67,导数处理后信号任仍具有一部分重叠,但是导数处理后不仅保留了信号的峰位值,且出现了分离度变大的现象,而三样条小波对低分离度重叠峰的分解较为无力,但是对于分离度较大的重叠峰具有较好的效果,信号通过四次导增加分离度再进行三样条小波变换,通过调节样条小波分解层次的次数,然后对分解出的高频信号采取适当的系数进行放大,最后进行信号重构。实验实现了对模拟信号的分解。验证了此方法针对重叠峰分解具有可行性。实验采用分解4层的三样条小波变换以及放大6倍的高频信号。然后,处理仿真K元素的重叠光谱,实现了重叠峰的分解,通过仿真实验表明新方法能准确的识别峰位,结果表明只有1%之内的误差,证明了新方法对X荧光光谱重叠峰分解的适用性。最后用此方法对CIT-3000SY X荧光元素录井仪实测T铅黄铜元素数据以及混合轻元素数据X荧光光谱进行处理,实现了对重叠峰的分解,且分解后的峰位误差控制在1%之内,具有较高的准确率。实验结果证明：四次导数结合三样条小波变换能有效分离重叠峰,并且在处理X荧光光谱的重叠峰分解上具有实用性。     

基于二阶导数谱与特征吸收窗的红外光谱定量检测方法

红外光谱分析技术已被液体、固体和气体混合物各组分的定量检测广泛应用。针对红外光谱定量检测过程中存在的计算过程复杂、受背景及噪声干扰、多组分谱线混叠的问题,一方面,通过获取谱线二阶导数去除背景及噪声干扰,并一定程度上区分混叠谱峰。在获取二阶导数谱线过程中运用Savitzky-Golay滤波器进行平滑滤波处理,并根据谱线频率特征选取Savitzky-Golay滤波器最佳滤波参数,解决了滤波参数缺乏标准化选取方法的问题。另一方面,根据被测组分的吸收分布情况生成特征吸收窗分别对待测原始吸收谱线以及二阶导数谱线加以处理,提取出在浓度计算过程中占据重要性更大的特征吸收的区域,从而排除非吸收区域中背景、噪声及其他组分对计算结果的干扰。以一组丙烷、丙烯和甲苯混合气体为例,运用二阶导数方法以及特征吸收窗方法进行定量检测,并与直接利用原始谱线的检测结果进行比较分析。实验结果表明采用二阶导数谱与特征吸收窗的定量检测方法精度更高,相对误差基本在5%以内。     

基于泽尼克多项式进行面形误差拟合的频域分析

获得泽尼克多项式的频谱信息是正确利用该多项式进行误差拟合的关键。推导出了泽尼克多项式的傅里叶变换公式,在频域中分析了不同阶数该多项式的径向频谱信息和幅角频谱信息,得到了有限项泽尼克多项式能够有效表达面形误差的最大径向空间频率和角频率。基于频域分析理论,利用泽尼克多项式对不同口径局部误差进行了拟合,并利用齐戈（Zygo）干涉仪对带有不同面形误差的光学元件进行了试验分析。结果表明,当误差的径向空间频率或角频率超出泽尼克多项式所能表达的频谱范围时,拟合误差迅速变大。     

Multiple-surface interference fringes analysis basing on wavelength-modulated phase shifting interferometry

Phase-shifting interferometry is widely used for high-precision surface measurements, but has difficulty in dealing with parallel optical plates. In this paper, an advanced method is proposed to simultaneously measure surface distributions of parallel optical plates from multiple surface interference fringes. The basic theory behind the technique is by applying wavelength-modulated phase shifting interferometry (WMPSI) to get enough frames of multiple surface interference fringes. In the procession of wavelength-modulated phase shifting, the phase variation for one point of the surface is traced and is processed by Fourier transform, and then the frequency spectrum of every surface can be separated from each other. Therefore, it allows extraction of front surface, back surface and thickness variation from multiple surface interference fringes with high precision.     

近红外离散波长光谱基线漂移校正方法研究

微分是(近)红外光谱多元分析校正中最常使用也是最有效的光谱基线漂移校正方法。由于数据数目较少及相邻数据在光谱意义或数学意义上缺乏连续性,微分不能直接用于离散波长光谱消除基线漂移。为此,提出了一种结合插值拟合和微分校正离散光谱基线漂移的新方法。思路是采用三次样条插值法对离散波长光谱进行拟合,然后对拟合光谱进行Savitaky-Golay卷积求导,再从微分光谱中取出对应于原离散波长光谱数值的数值,构成离散波长光谱的微分光谱,从而实现离散波长光谱的基线漂移校正。通过分别由模拟离散波长光谱数据和实际的离散波长光谱数据建立多元校正模型检验新方法效果。采用ABC干粉灭火剂和土壤的近红外光谱数据及性质建立了PLS和MLR模型。结果表明,新方法能有效消除离散波长光谱的基线漂移对多元分析校正产生的不利影响,明显地提高了多元分析校正模型的准确性,对改善离散波长光谱仪器分析准确度具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。     

A synthesis technique of single square loop frequency selective surface at terahertz frequency

In this paper, we have explored and extended the use of frequency selective surface towards the terahertz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum where interesting applications such as imaging, sensing and communication exist. We have discussed a synthesis technique to design the single square loop frequency selective surface (SSLFSS) at 150 and 300 GHz which have found suitable application in the fast analysis and fabrication of the frequency selective surface. Moreover, the analytical results have been supported by the CST Microwave Studio and Ansoft HFSS commercial simulators. We have discussed the angular insensitivity of the SSLFSS at 150 GHz as well as 300 GHz. However, the specific problems arise at terahertz frequencies as compared to the radio and microwave frequencies are the ohmic losses. The proposed analysis has been extended from 100 GHz to 350 GHz to discuss the ohmic and dielectric losses. We have also discussed the other important issues which are very much significant in the terahertz regime of the spectrum such as skin depth and surface roughness.     

Reconstruction of the first-derivative EPR spectrum from multiple harmonics of the field-modulated continuous wave signal

Selection of the amplitude of magnetic field modulation for continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) often is a trade-off between sensitivity and resolution. Increasing the modulation amplitude improves the signal-to-noise ratio, S/N, at the expense of broadening the signal. Combining information from multiple harmonics of the field-modulated signal is proposed as a method to obtain the first derivative spectrum with minimal broadening and improved signal-to-noise. The harmonics are obtained by digital phase-sensitive detection of the signal at the modulation frequency and its integer multiples. Reconstruction of the first-derivative EPR line is done in the Fourier conjugate domain where each harmonic can be represented as the product of the Fourier transform of the 1st derivative signal with an analytical function. The analytical function for each harmonic can be viewed as a filter. The Fourier transform of the 1st derivative spectrum can be calculated from all available harmonics by solving an optimization problem with the goal of maximizing the S/N. Inverse Fourier transformation of the result produces the 1st derivative EPR line in the magnetic field domain. The use of modulation amplitude greater than linewidth improves the S/N, but does not broaden the reconstructed spectrum. The method works for an arbitrary EPR line shape, but is limited to the case when magnetization instantaneously follows the modulation field, which is known as the adiabatic approximation.     

Magnetostatic surface waves produced by an inhomogeneity of the anisotropy with a turning point of the spectral function on a ferromagnet surface

Magnetostatic surface waves with fixed frequency and wave vector are predicted to exist in a ferromagnet with an inhomogeneity of the magnetic anisotropy such that the spectral function has a turning point on the surface. This result is most important for the case when an external magnetic field magnetizes the ferromagnet perpendicular to its surface. The frequency of the surface wave is determined by the frequency of the magnetostatic volume wave at the surface of the ferromagnet, and the wave vector is determined by the surface values of the local magnetic anisotropy field and its derivative. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 118–123 (June 1998)