无机炸药爆炸残留物检测方法的研究进展

对常用的无机炸药爆炸残留物检测方法:离子色谱法、拉曼光谱法、毛细管电泳法、扫描电镜能谱法等方法进行了综述,分析了各种检测方法的应用特点,并针对当前法庭科学领域的应用需求,提出了无机炸药爆炸残留物检测方法的主要研究方向,旨在为无机炸药爆炸残留物的研究和侦查办案提供参考.     

X射线光电子能谱法分析爆炸残留物

提出了用X射线光电子能谱法(XPS)对某爆炸案件的爆炸残留物进行定性、定量分析,同时以X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、扫描电镜能谱仪(SEM/EDX)为辅助测试手段,判断为氯酸盐类炸药,所用炸药为烟火剂。结果表明:XPS可以无损、快速地检测出无机爆炸残留物的元素成分及含量,并确定主要爆炸成分的化学式,进而确定罪犯所用炸药的种类,为侦破案件提供线索。     

苯并三呋咱氧化物与其塑料粘结炸药安定性的比较

二次大战后,由于塑料和橡胶制品具有优良的机械力学性能,易于生产加工和成型,被人们用来装填炸药,将炸药的爆炸性能与高分子的优良机械性能结合起来,从而产生了塑料粘结炸药(PBX)[1].塑料粘结炸药始于美国,具有优异的机械强度和爆炸性能,优良的化学安定性和操作安全性,以及良好的耐热性等诸多优点.     

能够检测过氧化物炸药的器件

三丙酮三过氧化物（TATP）是过去几年中恐怖分子用过多次的炸药之一，科学家通过测定它的分解机制，已经找到了一种可以检测TATP和相关的炸药的器件。一般的炸药是在爆炸时放出热能的，以色列科学家E·Keinan发现，TATP的机制则完全不同。TATP的每个固态分子快速地分解为4个气体分子。“熵爆炸”型机制和汽车安全气袋在事故发生时的反应机制相仿。Keinan和助手们开发了一种钢笔型检测器，当存在爆炸物质时，基于酶催化氧化反应，检测器释放的几种化学物质将会改变颜色。     

日本开发出新型炸药检测技术

日本东京大学和三菱重工业公司最近合作开发一种新技术，能迅速检测出近几年经常被用来制造恐怖袭击的爆炸物质。近年来恐怖袭击所用炸药的分子结构与工业用炸药不同，传统的检测装置很难发现。而日本的这项新技术只需1min就可以检测出附着在恐怖分子手提行李、机票或车票上的炸药挥发物。     

过氧化丙酮类炸药的检测方法研究进展

恐怖袭击是当今世界安全的重大隐患之一,过氧化物炸药因其难以被常规手段检测的特点常被不法分子使用,其中过氧化丙酮类炸药是恐怖分子常用的爆炸物质.本文主要简述了近20年来关于过氧化丙酮类炸药的不同检测方法,主要包括传统检测技术如荧光检测技术和质谱、色谱、拉曼光谱等波谱技术以及基于电化学法、化学比色法、物理传感器和生物免疫的...     

爆炸条件下溶菌酶反应产物的基质辅助激光解吸-飞行时间质谱分析

以爆炸条件下溶菌酶的反应产物为研究对象,运用基质辅助激光解吸-飞行时间质谱的方法研究其反应产物与不同炸药的反应特征性.结果显示,雷管的使用不会对溶菌酶有影响,而在有爆炸物爆炸的条件下,除了正常溶菌酶酶解多肽信号外,一些[MH+17]+,[MH+18]+,[MH+28]+,[MH+32]+和[MH+44]+的加合峰信号也能被检测到.这可能是在炸药爆炸过程中产生的一些活性小分子(如NH3,H2O,CO/N2,O2,CO2)与溶菌酶发生反应得到的反应产物.不同炸药生成的活性小分子能够分别与溶菌酶的某些反应位点反应生成特征性的反应产物,有利于这些炸药的分析与检测.     

炸药爆炸残留物分析研究进展

爆炸案件严重危害国家安全及社会稳定,给人民生命财产安全带来巨大威胁。在爆炸案件中,爆炸残留物分析是爆炸原因调查和案件侦破的重要环节,可为侦查提供方向和线索,也可为证实犯罪事实、法庭诉讼和定罪量刑提供关键证据。本文综述了国内外爆炸残留物分析领域光谱、色谱、质谱等技术的研究进展,针对我国非法制造、销售、储存和使用自制炸药的爆炸案件多发的现状,展望了我国法庭科学领域爆炸残留物分析的发展趋势,并总结出爆炸残留物实验室检验流程图,旨在为完善我国爆炸残留物检验技术体系、提高我国刑事技术部门爆炸残留物检验水平提供借鉴和参考。     

炸药爆炸法合成的纳米金刚石粉

综合介绍了用炸药爆炸法合成的金刚石粉的制备方法、性质和结构特点, 以及一些可能的应用途径。着重指出, 这种金刚石粉是由纳米尺寸的颗粒组成的一种金刚石新品种。     

爆炸残留物的毛细管电泳检测

1引言爆炸是恐怖袭击的常用手段。对痕量爆炸残留物进行高效检测,从而准确判断炸药的成分和种类,能够为侦破案件提供重要的线索和证据[1,2]。近年来,毛细管电泳技术初步显示了其在爆炸物检验方面的巨大潜力[3～6]。本实验基于毛细管电泳间接紫外吸收检测[7,8]和胶束电动色谱[9],建立了痕量爆炸残余物的系统分析检验方法,通过对爆炸瞬间产生的痕量     

薄膜基荧光传感检测的研究进展

薄膜基荧光传感器是继离子迁移谱之后,业界公认的一种最具发展潜力的微痕量物质探测技术.由于其具有灵敏性、便携性、实时检测、响应速度快、易于制造、不污染待测体系等优点,在食品检测、环境监测、质量控制和生物医学分析等领域引起了广泛的关注和研究.本文主要综述了近年来薄膜基荧光传感在挥发性气体检测、有毒化学品检测、爆炸物检测、溶液相离子检测以及生物监测等领域的研究进展,并提出了薄膜基荧光传感所面临的挑战与未来的发展方向.     

Identification of inorganic ions in post‐blast explosive residues using portable CE instrumentation and capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection

Novel CE methods have been developed on portable instrumentation adapted to accommodate a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector for the separation and sensitive detection of inorganic anions and cations in post‐blast explosive residues from homemade inorganic explosive devices. The methods presented combine sensitivity and speed of analysis for the wide range of inorganic ions used in this study. Separate methods were employed for the separation of anions and cations. The anion separation method utilised a low conductivity 70 mM Tris/70 mM CHES aqueous electrolyte (pH 8.6) with a 90 cm capillary coated with hexadimethrine bromide to reverse the EOF. Fifteen anions could be baseline separated in 7 min with detection limits in the range 27–240 μg/L. A selection of ten anions deemed most important in this application could be separated in 45 s on a shorter capillary (30.6 cm) using the same electrolyte. The cation separation method was performed on a 73 cm length of fused‐silica capillary using an electrolyte system composed of 10 mM histidine and 50 mM acetic acid, at pH 4.2. The addition of the complexants, 1 mM hydroxyisobutyric acid and 0.7 mM 18‐crown‐6 ether, enhanced selectivity and allowed the separation of eleven inorganic cations in under 7 min with detection limits in the range 31–240 μg/L. The developed methods were successfully field tested on post‐blast residues obtained from the controlled detonation of homemade explosive devices. Results were verified using ion chromatographic analyses of the same samples.     

静电纺荧光纳米纤维膜在痕量爆炸物检测中的应用

爆炸物检测作为打击爆炸恐怖主义的重要措施之一,正日益彰显出广阔的应用前景.其中,静电纺荧光纳米纤维膜在爆炸物检测领域已展现出其独特的优点,可满足爆炸物检测所需的检测速度快、检测灵敏度高等要求.本文总结了近年来静电纺荧光纳米纤维膜在爆炸物检测中的代表性成果,简要介绍了爆炸物荧光传感机理、静电纺丝技术原理、静电纺荧光纳米纤维膜的制备方法及其爆炸物检测性能的影响因素;系统、重点梳理了有机小分子体系、共轭聚合物体系、聚集诱导发光体系及其他荧光材料体系的静电纺荧光纳米纤维膜在爆炸物检测中的应用,并针对该领域尚未解决的问题和未来可能的发展方向进行了展望,可为实际爆炸物检测中静电纺荧光纳米纤维膜的设计提供指导.     

Research on the luggage detection system for hidden explosive identification based on PGNAA technology

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - To address hidden explosive identification in luggage, a luggage detection system was designed based on PGNAA technology in this study. A...     

基于聚氟乙烯负载四芳基乙烯纳米纤维膜的爆炸物荧光检测

以聚合物纤维负载荧光小分子实现对爆炸物的高灵敏度检测是当前研究的热点之一.本文通过静电纺丝制备了系列聚(偏二氟乙烯-co-六氟丙烯)纤维,当该纤维掺入一定浓度的有机荧光小分子,即双(9-芳胺代芴)联四苯乙烯(TPE-2p TPA),具有聚集诱导增强发光特性.本文研究了复合纤维的表面形貌特征和光物理性能,并应用于荧光化学传感器,对以苦味酸为代表的含氮类爆炸性化合物进行了检查.结果表明,该聚合物复合纤维具有超高的荧光检测灵敏度,可以实现对硝基化合物的超灵敏检测,且具有良好的可重复性,对苦味酸溶液检测可重复利用达9次以上,检测极限达到了10-17g/m L,而对其他含氮类化合物如硝基苯、二硝基苯甲酸也表现出一定的检测特性.同时,在结合实验数据的基础上,我们对检测机理进行了探讨.本研究为爆炸性化合物的选择性检测和高灵敏性检测提供了一种便捷的方法,拓展了荧光传感器的学科内涵.     

Selective Electrochemical Detection of Explosives with Nanomaterial Based Electrodes

Explosive detection technologies play a critical role in maintaining national security, remain an active research field with many devices and analytical/electroanalytical techniques. Analytical chemistry needs for homeland defense against terrorism make it clear that real-time and on-site detection of explosives and chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are in urgent demand. Thus, current detection techniques for explosives have to be improved in terms of sensitivity and selectivity, opening the way to electrochemical devices suitable to obtain the targeted analytical information in a simpler, cheaper and faster way. For the electrochemical determination of energetic substances, a large number of sensor electrodes have been presented in literature using different modification materials, especially displaying higher selectivity with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIPs have already been utilized for the detection of hazardous materials due to their mechanical strength, flexibility, long-time storage and low cost. The sensitivity of MIP-based electrosensors can be enhanced by coupling with nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GOx), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), or nanoparticles (NPs). Specific characteristics of involved nanomaterials, their modification, detection mechanism, and other analytical aspects are discussed in detail. Non-MIP electrosensors are generally functionalized with materials capable of charge transfer, H-bonding or electrostatic interactions with analytes for pre-concentration and electrocatalysis on their surface, whereas nanobio-electrosensors use analyte-selective aptamers having specific sequences of DNA, peptides or proteins to change the potential or current. This review intends to provide a combination of information related to MIPs and nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors, limited to the most significant and illustrative work recently published.     

A Simple Approach to Assess the Performance of Non-ideal Aluminum/Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Explosives as Compared to the Best Available Methods

Composite explosives containing aluminum/ammonium perchlorate (Al/AP) are widely used for blasting cut of old warship, blasting droll and decoupled charge of blast underwater. The available complex computer codes and empirical methods cannot usually provide a reliable estimation of detonation velocities of explosives containing Al/AP. This work introduces a reliable method for the desk calculation of detonation velocity. The percent of the reacted Al with detonation products and decomposition of AP, as well as composition of the detonation products, are specified according to the distribution of oxygen atoms between Al, C(s), CO(g) and H₂(g). The values of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the new model are lower than one of the best available methods for CHNO explosives (260 experimental data) and CHNOFCl explosives (50 measured data). For composite explosives, CHNOFClAl and CHNOFClAlAP, the MAPE value of the new model is 3.50, corresponding to 55 experimental data, which is much smaller than the MAPE values of the BKW computer code (8.37) and the comparative empirical model (14.20).     

A pillar-layered Cd(II) metal-organic framework for selective detection of organic explosives

The detection of explosives is crucial for homeland security, environmental cleaning, and military issues. As a new class of porous materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising platforms for the detection of organic explosives. In this work, a new pillar-layered Cd(II) MOF, [CdL_0.5dpe_0.5]·2H₂O (BUT-202, H₄L = 4,8-disulfonaphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, dpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene), was synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. BUT-202 has good fluorescent properties, which can be selectively quenched by trace amounts of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) in DMF with low detection limit of 0.2 μM.     

A Simple Correlation for Assessment of the Shock Wave Energy in Underwater Detonation

Assessment of underwater detonation (explosion) is important for industrial purposes such as blasting cut of old warship, blasting droll and decoupled charge of blast underwater. Calculation of the shock wave energy requires several expensive experimental data such as the shock wave pressure and the representative time of the process. This work introduces a simple method for reliable prediction of the shock wave energy of composite explosives containing aluminum (Al) and/or ammonium perchlorate (AP), which show non‐ideal behavior. This method is based on the composition, loading density and the ratio of R/m^1/3, where R is the distance between the pressure gauge and charge as well as m is the mass of explosive charge. The measured data for 86 and 21 composite Al/AP explosives are used to construct and test the new model. Statistical parameters including the root mean squared error (RMSE), and maximum of errors (Max Error) of the new model are 0.11 and 0.39 MJ · kg^–1, respectively, which confirm high reliability of the new method. The values of RMSE and Max Error for test set are 0.13 and 0.30 MJ · kg^–1, respectively. Cross validation of the novel model is also used to evaluate its goodness‐of‐fit, goodness‐of‐prediction, accuracy and precision. It is shown that the novel correlation can be applied for pure and composite explosives without Al/AP.