A physical model of laser-assisted blocking of blood flow: I. Rectangular radiation pulses

A method for the calculation of blocking blood flow upon treatment of vessel pathologies by laser irradiation at a wavelength of 530 nm are considered. The model is based on the assumption that blood-vessel occlusion is a consequence of preceding photothermal coagulation of internal layers of the vessel wall. The irradiation regimes are determined that provide homogeneous coagulation of the vessel wall at a minimal energy consumption and high selectivity of action upon irradiation by rectangular laser pulses.     

不同激光参数照射下血管中血栓的演变

目前,激光是治疗葡萄酒色斑(Port Wine Stain,PWS)最有效的疗法。然而,由于选择性光热效应机理研究的欠缺,PWS的临床彻底清除率依然很低(<20%)。本文利用鼠脊视窗模型研究了不同激光参数照射下血管中光凝块和血栓的演变规律,以期为开发新的治疗策略提供依据。实验结果表明,Nd:YAG激光(1064 nm)照射后血管中只出现光凝块。长脉宽532nm激光照射后血管中首先形成光凝块,随着光凝块的流走,血栓产生并粘着血管壁。血栓面积随时间先增大后减小,存在时间长达4 h以上。短脉宽532 nm激光照射后,则形成非粘着血管壁血栓并随血流流走。由于形成完全堵塞血管的血栓是清除血管的前提,长脉宽532 nm激光联合抗血栓药物治疗PWS有望改善激光治疗PWS疗效。     

改进的经验模态分解法分离超声多普勒血流与管壁信号

超声多普勒血流信号常包含管壁信号的干扰,准确分离二者对提高血流检测的精度具有重要作用。本文提出两种改进的经验模态分解(EMD)方法,先将含管壁信号的超声多普勒信号分解成多层本征模态函数(IMF),然后根据血流信号与管壁信号的不同特性,对既含管壁信号又含血流信号的IMF分量进行分离处理,最后将各层IMF分量中的管壁成分叠加得到管壁信号的估计,而血流信号可通过原信号减去估计的管壁信号而得到。将本方法用于计算机仿真信号和人体实测的超声多普勒信号,并与高通滤波器法、空间选择性降噪法和原EMD法进行比较,结果表明:本文提出的两种方法能在较大的管壁搏动速度范围内准确地分离血流信号和管壁信号,其平均相对误差比高通滤波器的结果降低了约52%和57%。可见,本文提出的两种方法有望用于血流信号与管壁信号的准确分离。      

Temperature field formed inside a blood vessel under the action of pulsed laser radiation

A model that simulates the dynamics of the temperature field formed by pulsed laser radiation inside a biological structure containing blood vessels is developed. The threshold conditions of denaturation of vessel walls and subsequent blocking the blood flow are determined based on the thermochemical concept. The possibility of application of a pulsed modulation of the radiation for increasing the homogeneity of coagulation of vessel walls and reducing the risk of damage of tissues caused by the phase transition is considered. The modulation frequency range of radiation that ensures the realization of this effect is determined.     

HL－1真空室的运行状态分析

ＨＬ－１托卡马克从１９８４年建成至１９９２年底共运行了８年，获得了丰硕的物理实验和工程技术的科研成果，真空室运行状态总的来说是良好的。本文描述真空室在高功率放电实验运行了８年后的主密封结构状态、孔栏烧蚀、真空室壁状态及其污染概况等。     

立式低温容器真空丧失热分层现象数值模拟研究

对立式低温容器在真空丧失条件下的内部热分层现象进行了分析,采用双流体模型结合CFD求解器计算了立式低温容器内的流动及传热过程,考察了侧壁及底部热通量对液体热分层现象的影响。结果表明:侧壁热通量较底部热通量更易使容器内部产生热分层;容器内部形成的环流及其成长是导致热分层及温度突跳的根本原因。     

脂肪颗粒在颈动脉中的运动及其对血液动力学的影响

很多研究表明, 动脉粥样硬化通常发生在具有复杂血液动力学的区域, 比如分叉动脉和弯曲动脉. 这些地方常伴随有低壁面剪切力或震荡壁面剪切力, 这是动脉粥样硬化形成的一大诱因. 使用计算流体力学软件对2D颈动脉分叉血管进行了模拟, 研究了脂肪颗粒在颈动脉中的运动及其对血液动力学的影响. 研究表明: 1)血管狭窄对于脂肪颗粒的运动有重要影响, 同时也影响栓塞的形成; 2)脂肪颗粒可能会黏附在血管壁面, 但由于血流的冲击作用, 脂肪颗粒会随后在壁面略微铺展; 3)颈动脉狭窄区域后方是下一个血栓的可能生长位点; 4)当栓塞形成时, 速度和壁面剪切力分布将变得复杂多变, 这对于血管是有害的.     

高真空多层绝热低温容器真空丧失的实验研究

突然的、完全的真空丧失是一种可能发生在高真空多层绝热容器上的严重事故。为了保证高真空多层绝热容器的安全使用,真空丧失后的漏热量是进行高真空多层容器设计的一个重要参数。利用一个工业化高真空多层绝热低温量热器,以液氮为介质研究了其真空丧失前以及内筒壁及外筒壁泄露后的传热。结果表明,真空丧失后排放率及漏热量都会急剧增加,但是多层绝热材料仍然起到了一定的保温作用。由于空气中的部分气体在绝热层内部的凝结,导致低温容器外壁泄露后的漏热量远高于内壁泄露后的漏热量。     

一般边界条件下球形压力容器钢壁中氚和氦-3的浓度变化规律研究

为了认识储氚高压容器壁材料的力学性能变化及其导致的容器承载能力变化, 必须研究储氚期间, 容器壁中氚和氦-3浓度的空间分布和随时间的变化. 针对容器外表面为一般传质边界条件和容器内部氚为范德瓦尔斯气体的情况, 同时考虑容器腔内和容器壁中氚的衰变和扩散, 建立求解储氚高压容器壁中氚和氦-3浓度的解析理论模型, 导出了氚和氦-3浓度的理论公式. 通过解析计算给出了器壁中氚和氦-3浓度随外表面传质系数的变化曲线和浓度的时空变化曲线, 提出了氦-3浓度的2β ₁ + β ₂ / 2倍定律, 即处于开放空间的储氚球形高压容器, 器壁中氦-3的浓度呈内高外低的分布, 时间越长, 浓度沿径向的梯度越大, 在时间足够长时, 各处浓度逼近时间无限长时的最终值, 也就是各处的最大值, 内表面处的最大值是该处氚初始时刻浓度的2β ₁ + β ₂ / 2倍, 这里β ₁ 和β ₂ 为与氚的范德瓦尔斯常数相关的参数. 研究结果为储氚高压容器的强度安全性评估提供了前提.     

Irradiation hardening of reactor pressure vessel steels due to the dislocation loop evolution

The irradiation hardening of reactor pressure vessel steels due to the formation of dislocation loops is analyzed. The analysis is based on the original model for the nucleation and subsequent evolution of dislocation loops in irradiated materials. The loop formation in displacement cascades is taken into account, along with the homogeneous clustering of point defects. The loop evolution is shown to contribute mainly to the athermal component of the yield stress, which is determined by interaction of gliding dislocations with strong barriers. Irradiation-induced hardening is evaluated as a function of irradiation dose and temperature, dose rate, material parameters and initial microstructure. The model results are compared with experimental data for neutron irradiated pressure vessel steels of various grades and with empirical low power expressions of the yield stress increase with increasing irradiation dose.     

Accelerated 3D Coronary Vessel Wall MR Imaging Based on Compressed Sensing with a Block-Weighted Total Variation Regularization

Coronary vessel wall magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is important for heart disease diagnosis but often suffers long scan time. Compressed sensing (CS) has been previously used to accelerate MR imaging by reconstructing an MR image from undersampled k-space data using a regularization framework. However, the widely used regularizations in the current CS methods often lead to smoothing effects and thus are unable to reconstruct the coronary vessel walls with sufficient resolution. To address this issue, a novel block-weighted total variation regularization is presented to accelerate the coronary vessel wall MR imaging. The proposed regularization divides the image into two parts: a region-of-interest (ROI) which contains the coronary vessel wall, and the other region with less concerned features. Different penalty weights are given to the two regions. As a result, the small details within ROI do not suffer from over-smoothing while the noise outside the ROI can be significantly suppressed. Results with both numerical simulations and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the proposed method can reconstruct the coronary vessel wall from undersampled k-space data with higher qualities than the conventional CS with the total variation or the edge-preserved total variation.     

Magnetic hysteresis properties of neutron-irradiated VVER440-type nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels

The development of non-destructive evaluation methods for irradiation embrittlement in nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels has a key role for safe and long-term operation of nuclear power plants. In this study, we have investigated the effect of neutron irradiation on base and weld metals of Russian VVER440-type reactor pressure vessel steels by measurements of magnetic minor hysteresis loops. A minor-loop coefficient, which is obtained from a scaling power-law relation of minor-loop parameters and is a sensitive indicator of internal stress, is found to change with neutron fluence for both metals. While the coefficient for base metal exhibits a local maximum at low fluence and a subsequent slow decrease, that for weld metal monotonically decreases with fluence. The observed results are explained by competing mechanisms of nanoscale defect formation and recovery, among which the latter process plays a dominant role for magnetic property changes in weld metal due to its ferritic microstructure.     

HL-2M装置第一壁传热结构设计及传热性能测试

在 HL-2M 第一壁传热结构设计中,利用导热管的轴向快速导热特性及较短的传热路径,将面对等离 子体的第一壁表面热量快速传至真空室内壁上。第一壁背板和真空室内壁上分别焊接导热铜块作为冷热连接端, 导热管嵌入其内,导热管与铜块之间增垫导热金属箔并用压板固定压紧,以增强接触界面传热。根据此传热结构 设计,设计加工了相应的传热性能测试试验件。通过对试验件进行传热性能测试及实验条件外推可知,试验件冷 热端面间的最大传热功率为 4kW,端面间最大对流换热系数为 6kW·m^‒2。     

混合堆第一壁中子辐照损伤模拟

利用蒙特卡罗程序和辐照损伤程序,通过构建模型,对常用的第一壁材料W,Fe,Be的中子辐照造成的离位损伤、裂变气体产生量进行了模拟计算,结果表明,混合堆与纯聚变堆相比,可以明显降低对第一壁材料的损伤要求。在W,Fe,Be三种材料之中,对于纯聚变堆来说,Be的离位损伤最小;对于混合堆来说,W的离位损伤、裂变气体产生量最低。从中子辐照损伤的角度来说,Be更适宜作纯聚变堆的第一壁材料,而W则更适宜作混合堆的第一壁材料。     

Forced vibrations of a bubble in a liquid-filled elastic vessel

There is increasing demand for accurate characterization of the in vivo behavior of microbubble agents used for ultrasound imaging and therapy. This study examines bubble-vessel interaction, in particular the propagation of disturbances along the vessel wall. Finite element simulations of a 3 μm radius microbubble suspended in a viscous liquid and enclosed in a 4 μm radius elastic vessel were performed, and the results compared with existing analytical results for wave propagation in elastic liquid-filled tubes. The vessel wall was shown to have a significant effect upon the amplitude of bubble oscillation and hence acoustic radiation from it, as well as distension of the vessel wall. It was found that the most important factor was the ratio of the excitation frequency to the natural "ring" frequency of the vessel which in turn depends upon its dimensions and mechanical properties. As this ratio increases, the motion of the vessel wall becomes increasingly localized to the site of the bubble. It was also shown that the validity of the results obtained using the applied model of vessel elasticity is limited to frequencies below the ring frequency, and this should be taken into account in the development of protocols for ultrasound safety and/or therapeutic procedures.     

人体血管壁超声传输衰减特性的研究

本文利用超声脉冲反射法，对人体血管壁声衰减特性进行了离体测量，给出了人体血管壁声能量衰减参数的测量值。这对超声在医学领域的应用以及超声连体非介入血栓消溶有着十分重要的意义。     

The slowly reacting mode of combustion of gaseous mixtures in spherical vessels. Part 1: Transient analysis and explosion limits

Frank-Kamenetskii's analysis of thermal explosions is revisited, using also a single-reaction model with an Arrhenius rate having a large activation energy, to describe the transient combustion of initially cold gaseous mixtures enclosed in a spherical vessel with a constant wall temperature. The analysis shows two modes of combustion. There is a flameless slowly reacting mode for low wall temperatures or small vessel sizes, when the temperature rise resulting from the heat released by the reaction is kept small by the heat-conduction losses to the wall, so as not to change significantly the order of magnitude of the reaction rate. In the other mode, the slow reaction rates occur only in an initial ignition stage, which ends abruptly when very large reaction rates cause a temperature runaway, or thermal explosion, at a well-defined ignition time and location, thereby triggering a flame that propagates across the vessel to consume the reactant rapidly. Explosion limits are defined, in agreement with Frank-Kamenetskii's analysis, by the limiting conditions for existence of the slowly reacting mode of combustion. In this mode, a quasi-steady temperature distribution is established after a transient reaction stage with small reactant consumption. Most of the reactant is burnt, with nearly uniform mass fraction, in a subsequent long stage during which the temperature follows a quasi-steady balance between the rates of heat conduction to the wall and of chemical heat release. The changes in the explosion limits caused by the enhanced heat-transfer rates associated with buoyant motion are described in an accompanying paper.     

神光-Ⅲ主机内爆柱腔靶长径比对靶丸辐照不均匀度的影响

 讨论了神光-Ⅲ主机内爆柱腔靶长径比（腔长与直径之比）对靶丸辐照不均匀度的影响。根据神光-Ⅲ主机设计参数,计算了黑腔内侧激光光斑参数。利用视角因子方法,分析了一个简化的双锥环辐照模型下靶丸表面辐照不均匀度随黑腔长径比的变化,讨论了腔壁反照率、内外环激光功率比和光斑移动等因素对最佳长径比和不均匀度的影响。计算表明,合理选择长径比能使靶丸表面辐照不均匀度小于1%,最佳长径比与NIF点火黑腔设计值基本相符。     

Effect of electromagnetic boundary condition on dynamo actions

In this paper,based on the mean field dynamo theory,the influence of the electromagnetic boundary condition on the dynamo actions driven by the small scale turbulent flows in a cylindrical vessel is investigated by the integral equation approach.The numerical results show that the increase of the electrical conductivity or magnetic permeability of the walls of the cylindrical vessel can reduce the critical magnetic Reynolds number.Furthermore,the critical magnetic Reynolds number is more sensitive to the varying electrical conductivity of the end wall or magnetic permeability of the side wall.For the anisotropic dynamo which is the mean field model of the Karlsruhe experiment,when the relative electrical conductivity of the side wall or the relative magnetic permeability of the end wall is less than some critical value,the m=1(m is the azimuthal wave number)magnetic mode is the dominant mode,otherwise the m=0 mode predominates the excited magnetic field.Therefore,by changing the material of the walls of the cylindrical vessel,one can select the magnetic mode excited by the anisotropic dynamo.     

Increasing Preservation Efficiency and Product Quality through Control of Temperature Distributions in High Pressure Applications

The effectiveness of HP sterilisation is a function of both temperature and pressure. As during pressurisation the product temperature increases, heat transfer to the colder HPP vessel wall occurs and the product fraction near the vessel wall will be colder than the product in the middle of the vessel. The effect of the temperature distribution in the vessel on the inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus has been examined. A mathematical model has been built, in which both thermodynamics and inactivation kinetics are integrated. Heat transfer is based on a Finite Element simulation, inactivation kinetics are based on first order kinetics. Based on this model and experiments the effect of an homogeneous temperature distribution on inactivation is demonstrated.