稀土PVC稳定剂的作用机制研究

稀土化合物可以作为聚氯乙烯稳定剂，硬脂酸稀土是稀土复合稳定剂的重要成分。本文通过研究PVC与硬脂酸镧及其它硬脂酸盐作用前后的红外光谱，探讨了硬脂酸盐对PVC的热稳定作用机制，发现了稀土化合物对PVC的特殊稳定机制，即改变PVC的构象和抑制脱氯化氢的作用，并对稀土稳定剂独特的协同作用做出了解释。     

PVC硬脂酸轻稀土热稳定剂的复配与应用研究

为了进一步研发性价比高且"无铅化"的稀土复合热稳定剂,研究了系列硬脂酸轻稀土盐(镧/铈/镨/钕/钐/铕/混合)与其他常用PVC热稳定(助)剂的复配效果。通过刚果红试纸法、红外光谱分析(FT-IR)、转矩流变仪等探究了复合热稳定剂对PVC性能的影响。结果表明:复合热稳定剂配方为硬脂酸轻稀土盐0.7~1.0份、硬脂酸锌0.8~0.9份、β-二酮0.3~0.6份和季戊四醇0.8~0.9份。将3份复合热稳定剂添加到100份PVC树脂中,静态及动态热稳定时间延长至100和35 min左右;动态热稳定性能和力学性能优于市售钙锌热稳定剂,与市售铅盐较接近。红外光谱分析表明复合热稳定剂可在加热初期减缓PVC氧化降解,较好地抑制初期着色,对PVC性能影响顺序为:镧组钕组混合组铈组镨组钐组铕组。     

硬脂酸盐对以甲基苯并三氮唑银为银源的光敏热显影材料感光性能的影响

报道了硬脂酸盐(metal stearate简称:MSt₂,M=Ni、Ba、Ca)对以甲基苯并三氮唑银(silver tolyltriazole简称AgTTA)为银源的光敏热显影(PTG)材料感光性能的影响.结果表明,MSt₂的加入可促进PTG材料的显影,其中加入硬脂酸镍(NiSt₂)后在灰雾增加不大的情况下,最大密度和感光度大幅度提高,而加入硬脂酸钡(BaSt₂)和硬脂酸钙(CaSt₂)后在抑制灰雾的同时,最大密度和感光度也有一定程度的增加.本文通过考察体系组成、含量等对pH、[Ag⁺]、感光性能等的影响,初步分析了硬脂酸盐促进显影的原因.     

顺-1,4-聚丁二烯的热氧化——各种变价金属盐的氧化催化活性及效应

1.比较了乙酰基丙酮Co~(++)、Cu~(++)、Fe~(+++)、Mn~(++)、和Ni~(++)对顺-1,4-聚丁二烯吸氧速率的影响,得到这些化合物的相对催化活性与它们的阳离子的氧化-还原势有关,这两者的顺序完全一致,即 Co~(++)>Mn~(++)>Fe~(+++)> Cu~(++)及 Ni~(++)。同时还发现,随着这些变价金属盐浓度的增大,所有这些变价金属盐均对起始吸氧速率有加速作用,但程度各有不同,即按上述顺序排列。对最高吸氧速率只有钴盐具有明显加速作用,铁和镍盐则几乎没有什么影响,铜盐主要表现为阻化效应。 2.比较了各种卤化钴如二氯化钴、二溴化钴、二碘化钴、硬脂酸钴和二乙酰基丙酮钴对顺-1,4-聚丁二烯吸氧速率的影响。结果表明,所有卤化钴彼此间的相对催化活性几乎没有什么差别,但其活性要略小于两种有机钴盐。至于二乙酰基丙酮钴与硬脂酸钴之间的差别,则对于最高吸氧速率的影响前者略高于后者。此外还发现,当实验温度在60°至80℃范围内时,最高吸氧速率与这三种钴盐浓度的平方根成正比。在所指的温度范围内,这些钴盐可降低起始吸氧阶段的表观活化能(由纯胶的20千卡/克分子降至16千卡/克分子),但不影响最高吸氧阶段的表观活化能(纯胶及含钴盐的橡胶均为14千卡/克分子)。 3.研究了乙酰基丙酮 Co~(++)—Fe~(+++),Co~(++)—Cu~(++),Co~(++)     

新型混凝土外加剂的制备和性能分析

聚羧酸减水剂已成为当今世界综合性能最优的外加剂,但较高的生产成本阻碍了它的迅速发展。通过研究,使用硬脂酸盐代替部分聚羧酸主体原料,可以解决此问题。首先,利用相似相容原理,依据HLB值选出一种表面活性剂,将其与硬脂酸盐按不同比例混合,用以改善后者同聚羧酸母液的相容性,通过实验,结合聚羧酸的固含量及生产成本,找到最优配比。然后,添加其他原料,分别复配制出20组不同比例的新型减水剂。依照国家标准测定该减水剂的主要化学成分指标,同时对各化学物质产生的原因进行了分析,并对其形成机理进行了探讨。依据相关标准,参照实验配合比要求,将减水剂掺入混凝土拌合物中,对混凝土主要物理力学性能进行了测定,并综合考虑各项因素,得出最优配方。     

有限层Langmuir-Blodgett类晶型薄膜微观结构与超分子结构的小角X-射线散射研究 I: 硬脂酸镉盐膜系

本文应用小角X-射线散射,参考方介石与硬脂酸结晶结构,为硬脂酸镉盐膜系设计了七种可能的分子链模型,在微机上进行拟合研究。结果指出:链倾角Ach～24-27°，与β-硬脂酸结晶相近;碳键角Acc～115°,比正四面体模型有所扩张;链端羧酸镉属离子键结构,而非文献习用的共价键结构;堆砌缺陷d约0.156nm,小于文献值约0.1nm;酸/皂剂量比x=0.8-1.0,因制膜条件变化而不同;界面对链堆砌有明显影响。总之,小角X-射线散射可对超薄L-B薄膜(<10nm)的精细结构进行有效的研究。     

有限层Langmuir-Blodgett类晶型薄膜微观结构与超分子结构的小角X-射线散射研究 I: 硬脂酸镉盐膜系

本文应用小角X-射线散射,参考方介石与硬脂酸结晶结构,为硬脂酸镉盐膜系设计了七种可能的分子链模型,在微机上进行拟合研究。结果指出:链倾角Ach～24-27°，与β-硬脂酸结晶相近;碳键角Acc～115°,比正四面体模型有所扩张;链端羧酸镉属离子键结构,而非文献习用的共价键结构;堆砌缺陷d约0.156nm,小于文献值约0.1nm;酸/皂剂量比x=0.8-1.0,因制膜条件变化而不同;界面对链堆砌有明显影响。总之,小角X-射线散射可对超薄L-B薄膜(<10nm)的精细结构进行有效的研究。     

有限层Langmuir-Blodgett类晶型薄膜微观结构与超分子结构的小角X-射线散射研究——Ⅰ.硬脂酸镉盐膜系

本文应用小角 X-射线散射,参考方介石与硬脂酸结晶结构,为硬脂酸镉盐膜系设计了七种可能的分子链模型,在微机上进行拟合研究.结果指出:链倾角也 A_(ch)～24—27°,与β-硬脂酸结晶相近;碳链键角 A_(cc)～115°,比正四面体模型有所扩张;链端羧酸镉属离子键结构,而非文献习用的共价键结构;堆砌缺陷 d 约0.156nm,小于文献值约0.1nm;酸/皂剂量比 x=0.8—1.0,因制膜条件变化而不同;界面对链堆砌有明显影响.总之,小角 X-射线散射可对超薄 L-B 薄膜(<10 nm)的精细结构进行有效的研究.     

硬脂酸稀土对PVC热稳定效能的递变

研究了钪、钷外其他稀土金属硬脂酸皂对PVC热稳定作用. 结果表明 它们均属长期型热稳定剂, 与少量硬脂酸锌并用可有效改善其抑制PVC初期着色的效能;不同硬脂酸稀土与硬脂酸锌并用稳定的PVC具有相似的初期色相, 但中、长期热稳定性不同, 其中镧系金属皂的中、长期热稳定性随原子序数呈现明显的奇偶效应递变规律性;硬脂酸稀土具有类似于碱土金属皂的热稳定作用机制.     

月桂酸稀土复合热稳定剂对PVC热稳定作用的研究

合成了月桂酸镧/铈/钕,分别与硬脂酸钙、季戊四醇复配得到了硬质PVC用月桂酸稀土复合热稳定剂。采用刚果红法、转矩流变仪、动态力学谱仪等考察其对PVC热稳定性、流变性能、力学性能的影响,利用红外光谱初步探讨了其热稳定机制。结果表明:稀土复合热稳定剂中月桂酸镧(铈/钕)/硬脂酸钙/季戊四醇最佳比例为3∶1∶1;具有良好的热稳定性,静态、动态热稳定时间均达到为90和50 min以上;其加工性能和力学性能与铅盐体系相当,断裂伸长率明显高于铅盐体系。     

聚乙烯醇缩丁醛LB膜制备及其对硬脂酸镉LB膜的修饰

研究了PVB单分子膜的π～A曲线和稳定性,沉积了优质LB膜,发现将PVB与CdSt₂形成交替异质的LB膜能提高膜的光学质量;在CdSt₂LB膜的上面封装PVBLB膜能保持CdSt₂LB膜的结构。     

Physicochemical Studies on Cesium Soaps. I. Thermogravimetry and Infrared Absorption Spectra

The infrared absorption spectra of cesium stearate was compared with that of stearic acid, sodium stearate, and rubidium stearate. It is concluded that the fatty acids in the solid state exist with a dimeric structure through hydrogen bonding whereas the alkali metal soaps are ionic in nature. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the decomposition reaction of the alkali metal soaps is kinetically of zero order and the activation energy for the process lies in the range of 2 to 6 kcal/mol.     

Polymerization of ordered tail-to-tail vinyl stearate bilayers

This study is a continuation of previous work done in this laboratory which has demonstrated the possibility of polymerizing built-up monomer multilayers in the solid state. In the present work, the formation, structure, and solid-state polymerization of multilayers of vinyl stearate which can be built up by the method of Langmuir and Blodgett were studied. A new technique to polymerize such films under the water surface was developed. This made possible the formation of poly(vinyl stearate) multilayers with different molecular orientations through bilayer polymerization. The mechanism of deposition and the structure and properties of head-to-tail and head-to-head, tail-to-tail poly(vinyl stearate) multilayers were investigated by using Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron diffraction.     

水溶性壳聚糖降血脂作用的化学机理 (II)水溶性壳聚糖及其氨化衍生物对硬脂酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠结合能力

体外测定了水溶性壳聚糖及其氨化衍生物对硬脂酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠的结合能力及其影响因素．结果表明，水溶性壳聚糖结合硬脂酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠的能力主要取决于其阳离子化程度．修饰后的壳聚糖对硬脂酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠结合能力的增强，说明引入更多的胺基或铵基有利于对硬脂酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠的结合，氨基上烷基与硬脂酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠碳链之间也应当产生疏水相互作用．     

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE MIXED-LIGAND COMPLEX COMPOUND OF GADOLINIUM STEARATE WITH BENZOYLTRIFLUOROACETONE

Journal of Structural Chemistry - By IR spectroscopy and the elemental analysis the composition of the synthesized mixed-ligand complex compound of gadolinium stearate with benzoyltrifluoroacetone...     

Crystallization of silver stearate from sodium stearate dispersions

Silver carboxylates, the common silver source used for photothermographic imaging materials, are normally obtained from the reaction between sodium soap (e.g., sodium stearate) and silver nitrate. They form platelet-like crystals with a lamellar structure in water at room temperature. Light microscopy investigations reveal that the formation of silver stearate (AgSt) crystals follows a diffusion-controlled mechanism. The reaction between the sodium soap and silver nitrate preferentially occurs in solution rather than on the soap fiber solid interface. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, together with an on-the-grid reaction technique, provides a useful tool to directly image silver stearate microstructures at the initial stages of AgSt precipitation. The AgSt reaction product first forms particles about 5 nm in size, which is similar to the d-spacing of final AgSt crystals. Those particles aggregate to produce larger and loosely packed embryonic crystals, the precursors to the ultimate silver stearate crystals.     

改性纳米碳酸钙-聚丙烯复合材料的结构与性能研究

制备了硬脂酸钙包覆的纳米碳酸钙( CaSt-nano-CaCO3),并采用熔融共混的方法制备出iPP/CaStnano-CaCO3和iPP/nano-CaCO3复合材料.与纯iPP相比,复合材料的弯曲强度和弯曲模量随着CaCO3粒子含量的增加而提高,冲击性能也得到改善.相对于iPP/nano-CaCO3,iPP/CaS...     

Mechanism of inhibition by copper stearate of the photo-degradation of polyolefins

The effect of a series of transition metal (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) stearates in retarding the photo-degradation of isotactic polypropylene has been examined and it has been found that the results obtained are quite similar to those for high density polyethylene.Infra-red spectral analysis of the polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene films showed that, in the early stages of the photo-irradiation, photo-chemical reaction of the copper stearate took place in the films to change its structure and that rapid formation of terminal unsaturation occurred only in the films containing copper stearate. The results obtained suggest that the copper stearate provides a radical scavenging function, as well as an ultraviolet light absorbing function, to protect the polymers against photo-degradation.     

Infrared and XAFS study on structure and transition behavior of zinc stearate

Structure and transition behavior of zinc(II) stearate crystal were investigated by infrared and XAFS spectroscopies. Structure of zinc stearate at room temperature was estimated as follows. From XAFS analysis, the coordination number of the carboxylate groups around the zinc atom was evaluated as 4 and the Zn-O distance as 1.95 A. Based on the infrared spectrum and a normal mode analysis, the conformation of the alkyl chain was confirmed as all-trans and the sub-cell packing was considered as parallel type, and also the coordination form of the carboxylate groups was determined as bridging bidentate type. As increasing temperature, zinc stearate has a solid liquid phase transition at 130 degrees C. At the transition, the alkyl chains goes into liquid like state as reported by Mesubi but the coordination structure was confirmed to be maintained.     

Evaluation of molecular structure in Langmuir monolayers of zinc stearate and zinc 12-hydroxystearate by IR external reflection spectroscopy

 In situ polarized Fourier transform IR external reflection spectra of Langmuir monolayers of zinc stearate and zinc 12-hydroxystearate on a water surface were recorded for various surface areas, and their molecular structures were estimated. In the zinc stearate monolayer, the wavenumbers and the absorbances of the antisymmetric and symmetric methylene stretching bands did not change during monolayer compression, which means that orientational and conformational changes of the hydrocarbon chain did not occur. However, wavenumber changes of the antisymmetric and symmetric carboxylate stretching bands were observed during surface compression. The change in the binding nature of the zinc cation to the carboxylate group was speculated. Moreover, it was elucidated that the structure of the hydrocarbon chain in the zinc 12-hydroxystearate monolayer was different from that in the zinc stearate monolayer. Received: 21 March 2001 Accepted: 6 July 2001