现代物理百家短文

 五 物理研究与下围棋杨振宁编者按:杨振宁,物理学家、1922年9月22日生于安徽合肥,1954年与R.L.密耳斯提出杨-密耳斯场理论,1957年与李政道提出宇称不守恒定律而获诺贝尔物理学奖.他还在粒子物理学、统计力学、凝聚态物理学等方面都有突出贡献.这里节选的一段话,原载中国科技大学研究生院学报(1986年10月第14页),标题为编者所加.杨先生用下围棋的实例,深刻地说明从事物理学研究所遵循的方法,那就是:既要锲而不舍,又不要死钻.     

基于阿贝尔黑格斯变量的杨-米尔斯理论的红外阿贝尔化

通过SU(2)规范场的法捷耶夫-Niemi分解给出了有效阿贝尔-黑格斯型作用量的 一个计算方法. 具体指出了该分解中所用的自然规范固定以及阿贝尔投射与杨-米尔斯理论的红外动力学之间的内在关系. 推导出了色电场的一个伦敦型方程.     

走向统一的自然力 强力、弱力和电磁力的大统一(Ⅰ)

<正>杨-密尔斯规范场、弱电统一理论和粒子物理夸克模型的发现,使人们认识到,不仅电磁力可用U(1)规范场来描述,而且弱电力和强力也可分别用U(1)SU(2)和SU(3)规范场来描述。于是,用U(1)SU(2)SU(3)规范场来统一描述强力、弱力和电磁力便成为粒子物理的标准模型。本讲第一部分通过引入量子概念、建立量子力学,进而介绍能够完     

SO(n)规范势的可分解理论

使用几何代数方法,研究了n维紧致黎曼流形上SO(n)规范势(自旋联络)的一般分解理论,建立了SO(n)规范场用球丛上单位矢量场n分解的一般表达式.由此,分别得到了U(1)规范场和U(2)规范场用单位矢量场n分解的一般形式.     

纤维丛、规范场和杨-米尔斯方程之间的类比——学科融合研究的一条途径

现在，规范场是物理学中重要的研究领域，而纤维丛则是数学中的热门课题.从本质上讲，就是杨-米尔斯方程将规范场与纤维丛二者联系起来，成为它们的理论的发端.本文着重从物理概念出发，分别论述规范场在物理学中、纤维丛在微分几何中相关概念的形成、发展，以及其与杨-米尔斯方程之间的关系，以使更多的相关专业读者能在这一重要的领域中产生探索和创新的热情，进行深入的研究，促进它在物理、数学和相互交叉课题中取得进展.特别是通过矢量势的旋度运算给出杨-米尔斯方程的一种新的数学表达形式，阐明了它的空间属性，由此能更好地将这三者联系起来，可以加深对纤维丛的联络在更深层次的了解，由于此类问题是一个新的研究方向，值得有志者去深入探索.     

非阿贝耳规范场的类粒子解

1.我们在文献[1—3]中,指出了一种求非阿贝耳规范场某些特定类型解的方法。在本文中我们指出此方法可以得到非阿贝耳规范场的类粒子解。我们的讨论是把此方法推广到N维空间具有O_N对称的非阿贝耳规范场,然后讨论O_N对称的非阿贝耳规范场的类粒子解。     

单晶Ta3FeS6薄膜中巨大的矫顽场

范德瓦耳斯层状铁磁材料不但为基础磁学的前沿研究提供了重要的平台,同时在下一代自旋电子器件中展示了广阔的应用前景.本文利用化学气相传输方法生长了高质量的、具有本征铁磁性的Ta₃FeS₆块材单晶.通过机械剥离法得到厚度19—100 nm的Ta₃FeS₆薄层样品,并发现相应的居里温度在176—133 K之间.低温反常霍尔测量表明Ta₃FeS₆样品具有面外的铁磁性,其矫顽场在1.5 K可达到7.6 T,这是迄今为止在范德瓦耳斯铁磁薄膜材料中报道的最大数值.此外,在变温过程中,还观察到磁滞回线极性的翻转.相比于通常的范德瓦耳斯磁性材料, Ta₃FeS₆具有空气稳定性和极大的矫顽场,这为探索稳定的、可小型化的范德瓦耳斯自旋电子器件研究开辟了全新的平台.     

从气体吸附率看范德瓦耳斯气体模型的局限性

利用占据数方法和正则系综理论分别求出了费米气体、玻色气体和范德瓦耳斯气体的化学势,比较了这三种气体与理想气体吸附率的差异.指出:费米气体的吸附率高于理想气体,玻色气体则低于理想气体.存在一个临界温度,高于此温度,用范德瓦耳斯气体描述费米气体不如理想气体模型;低于此温度,用范德瓦耳斯气体描述玻色气体不如理想气体模型.     

定域内对称和规范场--为杨-米尔斯场五十周年而作

文章为杨-米尔斯的历史性论文发表50年而写，扼要阐述非阿贝尔规范场理论这篇原创论文的主要思想和它的巨大影响。     

强耦合杨-米尔斯理论中的对偶超导真空

基于联络分解变量的紫外/红外分离, 提出杨-米尔斯理论真空的强耦合极限表现为一个经典场论意义下色空间的黑洞. 基于此想法, 证明在强耦合杨-米尔斯理论中存在对偶超导体解. 在量子水平下, 强耦合理论的非微扰真空可由磁荷的多粒子体系构成, 而理论的经典平均给出对偶阿贝尔-黑格斯模型. 该模型预言了与最近的格点模拟相一致的结果: 理论真空位于第一类与第二类超导体边界. 进一步通过求解对偶阿贝尔-黑格斯模型讨论了色电场的对偶迈斯纳效应.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.