NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION IN TELEOSTS——HYBRID FISH FROM THE NUCLEUS OF CRUCIAN AND THE CYTOPLASM OF CARP

Hybrid fish are obtained from the combination of nucleus and cytoplasm from two generaof fresh-water teleosts using the technique of nuelear transplantation (i.e. the combination ofthe nucleus of erueian (Carassius auratus) and the cytoplasm of carp (Cyprinus carpio)). Morphological characteristics of these hybrid fish that have been examined so far indicatethat some features such as barbs, pharyngeal teeth, the number of scales along the lateral line,and the number of vertebrae are similar to those of crucian. Some of the hybrid fish growto normal adult fish.     

STUDY ON WAYS OF FORCING INTERCELLULAR CYTOPLASM AND CHROMATIN MIGRATION TO TRANSFER EXTERNAL GENETIC SUBSTANCES TO PLANT CELLS BY ARTIFICIAL MOTIVE FORCE

A new cell engineering technique (L. B. technique) was established in our Lab. At first, the physical and chemical methods were used to facilitate the reestablishment of intercellular contacts and plasmodesma channels between different parents, thus forcing cytoplasm and chromatin to pass the cell wall with different qualities and quantities from one cell to others, through the enlarged intercellular plasmodesma channels or the vulnerable regions and the holes on the cell wall formed differently in growth and thickness in the process of cell wall formation to introduce external genetic substances or gene groups into plant cells. There are different ways, frequencies and strengths for the migration between the cells in different growth and development regions or the same growth and development region. In this paper we advance the mechanism of cytoplasm and chromatin migration through the cell wall: There are a large number of plasmodesma channels or vulnerable regions and holes different in growth and th     

MATURE PLANT REGENERATION FROM CULTURED PROTOPLASTS OF Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud

The protoplast culture of Gramineae is still a difficult problem in plant cell and tissue culture. The results of somatic embryo formation and mature plant regeneration from cultured protoplasts of Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud are reported. Regenerated plantlets have been obtained from suspension culture protoplasts and regenerated mature plants from protoplasts directly isolated with embryogenic calli. The latter offered an example of new approach to protoplast culture of Gramineae. A discussion of culture media and culture methods is also presented.     

THE PREPARATION OF FRUCTOSE-MODIFIED CHITOSAN MICROCARRIERS AND CULTURE OF PRIMARY RAT HEPATOCYTES

1. INTRODUCTION The development of cell based organs and tissue-engineering devices such as hybrid artificial liver requires a large number of cells be cultured for the replacement of damaged tissue [1,2]. Since its introduction in 1967, microcarriers culture has been applied successfully in growing primary cells and cell lines with the advantage of attaining high cell density [3,4]. Spheroid culture is another promising hepatocytes culture method to enhance the cell density and metaboli…     

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE CHROMATIN OF BLASTODERM NUCLEI AND YOLK GRANULES BENEATH BLASTODERM OF FERTILIZED AND UNINCUBATED CHICKEN EGGS

Chromatln prepared both from the yolk granules beneath the blastoderm and from the nuclei of the blastoderm cells of fertilized and unincubated chicken eggs was examined under electron microscope and its structure was compared. The results indicate that the above two kinds of chromatin fibers seem to have no apparent difference in structural relation and diameter. The electron microscopic appearances of the basic structures of both kinds of chromatin are all "beads-on-a-string"-shaped filaments.After the digestion of chromatin from both raw materials with DNase Ⅰ, the connecting strings of chromatin fibers were cut off, only the scattered beads could be observed under electron microscope. The diameter of the scattered beads is equal to that of the beads on the chromatin fibers, and most of them are 150 in diameter.     

INOCULATION DENSITY IN THE CULTURE OF BARLEY ANTHERS

To ensure high yields of pollen calluses in float cultures of Hordeum vulgare anthers,inoculation densities of at least 60 pretreated stage 2 anthers are needed per ml of medium.This is shown for two spring barleys, Sabarlis and Delta, and one winter barley, Maris Otter.The optimal density varies from batch to batch, and may be as high as 120 per ml in someinstances. Exogenous hormones (kinetin and 2, 4-D) are not essential for callus productionbut without them higher anther densities are required. High densities can be achieved with relatively few anthers by culture in drops of medium(0.2ml). In this event, the volume of medium needs to be increased gradually in order to main-tain vigorous growth of the calluses. Alternatively, inoculation densities can be reduced topractical levels (10--20 per ml) by pre-conditioning of the medium with anthers. At low densi-ties with medium pre-conditioned by stages 5--6 anthers, that is, anthers older than those usedfor culture, better callus yields and better growth of the calluses are obtained than at peakdensities with unconditioned medium. It is suggested that the 'drop procedure' combined with 'conditioning' would be aprofitable approach to the testing of other species which, like barley, have small and suppos-edly poor responding anthers.     

STUDIES ON THE CELL PHENOTYPE CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID CELLS CROSSED BETWEEN RAT NUCLEATED ERYTHROBLASTS AND MOUSE PLASMOCYTOMA (SP~2/O) CELL LINE

The present study is designed to investigate the regulatory effect of mammalian erythroblasts, prior to naturally-occurring denucleation, on malignancy of mouse plasmocytoma cells and the possibility of reactivation of the pyknotic late erythroblast nuclei in hybrid cells crossed between rat intermediate or late erythroblasts of 15-day Wistar rat embryonic livers, and mouse plasmocytoma (SP~2/O) cell lines. Results indicated that:(ⅰ) Suppression of tumorigenicity and reversion of the malignant phenotype were observed in hybrid cells in a similar way as those of cybrid cells crossed between reticulocytes and myeloma cells as we reported previously, thus providing further evidence to support the hypothesis that some regulatory substances already existed in mammalian intermediate and late erythroblasts long before nuclear extrusion. (ⅱ) Appearance of positive histochemical reaction for hemoglobins in cytoplasm and electrophoretic bands of rat and mouse globin chains in hybrid cell lysate were i. The tran     

THE PARAMETER KERNELS FOR THE LINEAR INVERSION OF THE FREE OSCILLATION OF THE EARTH (Ⅱ)

This is the second instalment of the paper, in which the method of derivation of the for-mulas of parameter kernels for the spheroidal oscillations are considered. The principle ofRayleigh is used to derive the formulas of the kernels of the two elastic parameters, i.e. μand λ. But for that of ρ, it is found very difficult to get satisfactory results. A new butsimpler approach is followed and very satisfactory results are obtained.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEOLUS AND REPLICATION SITES OF RIBOSOMAL DNA IN Allium cepa

Our conventional EM observations indicate that the nucleolus of Allium cepa is composedof the fibrillar centre (FC), fibrillar component (F) and granular region (G). FC is an elec-tron-lucid zone which contains condensed or loosened chromatin. F is a circular, highly elec-tron-dense component which surrounds FC and consists of compact fibrils. EM autoradiographic(EM ARG) studies with ~3H- UdR reveal that the synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) takesplace in F. G is situated around F and composed of granules about 25 to 30 nm in diameter.EM ARG studies with ~3H- TdR demonstrate that silver grains are predominantly located in Gof the nucleolar periphery and the region of the nucleolus-associated chromatin. In addition,~3H- TdR labels are also present, but with a much lower frequency, in FC. F and G of the nu-cleolar interior. According to the distribution and sphere of silver grains in different compo-nents of the nucleolus, we suggest that the replication sites of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) aremainly located in     

THE STUDY OF THE NON-STEADY KINETICS OF THE OXYDEHYDROGENATION OF ETHANE TO ETHYLENE OVER THE CATALYST OF Mo-V-Nb/Al_2O_3 BY THE TECHNIQUE OF TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED TRANSIENT RESPONSE AND ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY

In this paper, instead of with the more expensive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer(FTIR) a new technique of Temperature Programmed Transient Response(TP-TR) has been used with gas chromatography. Therefore, the TP-TR will be applied more widespreadly than ever before. With the technique of TP-TR and electric conductivity, the study is on the reaction mechanism and the adsorption behavior of the reactants and products to the present catalyst Mo-V-Nb/Al_2O_3 in the reaction from ethane through oxydehydrogenation to ethylene as the product. By Range-Kutta-Gill and Margarat methods, the kinetic parameters of the reaction elementary steps (i.e. rate constants, active energies and frequency factors) have been evaluated. The mathematical treatment coincides with the experimental results.     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE PERIODS OF COASTAL ELEVATION AND SUBSIDENCE ALONG THE SOUTHEAST COAST OF CHINA IN THE PAST 5000 YEARS OR MORE

The amplitude and the rate of coastal elevation and subsidence and the regularities of positive andnegative crustal movements are discussed emphatically in this paper, and on this basis 11 periods ofcoastal elevation and subsidence are distinguished. Each period is further subdivided into two stagesof subsidence-sedimentation and elevation-sedimentary hiatus; each stage covers a time interval of about250 years, that is to say, each period is equivalent to about 500 years. It is a new subject to study the period of recent coastal elevation and subsidence. For this signifi-cant but difficult subject, there have always been two distinctly different schools of thought relatingto the rate of coastal elevation and subsidence, the time division of sediments and the origin of highbeach rocks. Therefore, the authors welcome the valuable comments or criticisms on this paper fromspecialists and scholars.     

THE CALCULATION OF NUCLEAR SPIN-SPIN COUPLING CONSTANTS Ⅷ. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COUPLING CONSTANTS OF SUBSTITUTED ETHYLENES AND THE ELECTRONEGATIVITIES OF SUBSTITUENTS

<正> A new quantitative relationship between the coupling constants 3JH-H of substituted ethylenes and the electronegativities Ex of the substi-tuents has been proposed. It can thus be conveniently used to estimate the values of 3JH-H of substituted ethylenes, thereby identifying the type of substituents and determining the molecular configuration of disubstituted ethylenes. It is shown from the calculations of 664 3J values carried out for 414 compounds that the standard deviation between the calculated and the experimental values is 0.26 Hz.In addition, it also provides a new method for determining the electronegativities of functional groups.The electrone-gativity data of 98 substituents determined so far suffice to indicate that most of them agree fairly well with Pauling's or revised Pauling's electrone-gativity data of a atoms in the substituents.     

STUDIES ON MECHANISM OF ENTRY OF EB VIRUS INTO NON-B LYMPHOCYTES——ESTABLISHMENT OF AN EB VIRUS-PRODUCING HUMAN-TUPAIA HYBRID CELL LINE TuH_(18)

With the use of the EB virus-producing lymphoblastoid cell line H_(18), an attempt wasmade to infect the monolayer cell culture of nasopharyngeal tissue from the normal tupaia,and an EB virus-producing, human-tupaia hybrid cell line was established. The mechanism of entry of EB virus into cells other than B lymphocytes is discussedin this paper.     

COMPARATIVE OBSERVATION OF FIRST MITOSIS IN DIFFERENTIATION AND

On the basis of observing the continuous process of the first mitosis of normal differ-entiation in vivo and comparing this observed results with the process of the first mitosisof dedifferentiation in vitro in wheat pollen grains, the cytological differences between thetwo kinds of mitosis have been found. These differences are expressed chiefly by the posi-tions of nuclei and cytoplasm as well as the positions and shapes of spindles and new cellwalls. The author considers: (i) The differences exist as soon as cell division begins. Sothe critical moment causing cell dedifferentiation is at the interphase instead of the divisionstage. Therefore, the viewpoint that the cause of dedifferentiating initiation is the altera-tion of the direction of the spindle axis could not be agreed. (ii) The cause producing thesecytological differences can be related to the loss of polarity in the dedifferentiating process.     

THE CONFIGURATION OF QUASICRYSTAL UNIT CELL AND DEDUCTION OF QUASILATTICE

From the crystal chemistry and icosahedral phase, two kinds of coordinational polyhedron with 8-fold rotational symmetry——hexakaicahedra and bicapped antiprism were possibly suggested and their one- and two-dimensional quasilattices were deducted. According to the principle of Bravais in conventional crystallography, four kinds of two-dimensional unit cell have been defined in 5, 8, 10, 12-fold rotational symmetry quasicrystal. The authors considered that quasicrystal is a kind of crystal which possesses an incommensurable translational period. This kind of translation is carried out by inflation or deflation symmetry operation.     

CHROMATIN AND DNA OF YOLK GRANULES BENEATH "BLASTODERM REGION" OF UNFERTILIZED CHICKEN EGG

Electron microscopic study shows that the chromatin structure of yolk granules beneath the "blastoderm region" of the unfertilized chicken egg is identical to that of yolk granules beneath the blastoderm of the fertilized and unincubated chicken egg, and both chromatin structures are very similar to those of blastoderm nuclei. Furthermore the molecular shapes of DNA of both yolk granules are also very similar to those of the blastoderm nuclei, being all linear. Based on these observations, we have come to the conclusion that chromatin and DNA widely exist in the yolk when yolk granules have reached their development-specified competence. The results indicate further that the yolk granules are capable of synthesizing DNA, and provide the condition for the interaction of DNA with histones to form chromatin through self-organization.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND THE NATURE OF THE CHEMICAL BOND

THE development of the theory of molecular structure and thenature of the chemical bond are discussed.Particular atten-tion is given to the theory of hybrid bond orbitals.     

A SCHEME FOR EVALUATING THE MEAN MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Based on the continuity of the atmosphere, a new scheme is developed to diagnose the atmospheric mean meridional circulations. ECMWF analyses four times per day of January 1982 were retrieved to evaluate the global mean meridional circulation. Investigations and calculations show that this new scheme produced more reasonable results in comparison with the traditional scheme. The existence of the double Hadley cell in the winter hemisphere is confirmed as well.     

EXAMINATION OF THE SURFACE FREE ENERGY AND ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE BY THE COLUMN WICKING TECHNIQUE AND THE CRITICAL PACKING HEIGHT/DENSITY

INTRODUCTIONThe wicking technique has been used to determine the surface energy components of solids[1-7]. Generally, thereare two wicking processes in practice, i.e. thin layer wicking and column wicking. A comparison of the twowicking techniques made by van Oss et al.[2], shows that column wicking has a problem of showing differentpacking density due to some kinds of powder materials, i.e. clay can not give good repacking reproducibility[2].But thin layer wicking has a problem in sample…     

THE STUDY OF PHYCOBILIPROTEINS IN Porphyra yezoensis——THE PHYSICAL AND IMMUNO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF R-PHYCOERYTHRIN~*

There are two kinds of phycoerythrin of different physical properties in Porphyra yezoensis. Their molecular weights are different. They are both composed of a-subunit and β-subunit. Their polymeric forms are (αβ)n. The absorption bands and fluorescence emission bands of the smaller molecules show hypsochromic shifts of several rims relative to that of the polymeric molecules. The isoelectric point of the former is lower than that of the latter. It is worthy of note that the smaller molecules display binding activities with guinea pig antisera. Through using radioimmunoassay, when the depression of the biuding activity of ~(125)I-insulin reaches 50%, the required quantity of the smaller molecules of R-phycoerythrin would be ca. 0.1mg, corresponding to ca. 8μ units of insulin used in a parallel experiment (26 units corresponding to 1 mg of insulin).