阴阳离子表面活性剂体系超低油水界面张力的应用

通过阴阳离子表面活性剂复配,在实际油水体系中获得了超低界面张力.通过在阴离子表面活性剂分子结构中加入乙氧基(EO)链段,以及采用阴阳离子加非离子型表面活性剂的三组分策略,有效解决了混合表面活性剂在水溶液中溶解度问题.进而研究了阳离子表面活性剂结构、非离子表面活性剂结构、三者组分配比、表面活性剂总浓度等因素对油水界面张力的影响,从而在胜利油田多个实际油水体系中获得了较大比例范围和较低浓度区域的油水超低界面张力,部分体系甚至达到了10-4 mN·m-1.由于阴阳离子表面活性剂间强烈的静电吸引作用,相关体系具有很好的抗吸附能力.经过石英砂48 h吸附后,体系仍然具有很好的超低界面张力.     

表面活性剂对Me-5-Br-DEPAP及Me-5-Cl-PADAB显色反应作用的研究

我们曾研究了离子型-非离子型混合表面活性剂对Ag²⁺-5-Cl-PADAB和Cu²⁺-5-Cl-PADAB等显色反应的作用。本文研究了阴离子、阳离子、非离子及阴-非混合表面活性剂对一系列Me-5-Br-DEPAP及Me-5-Cl-PADAB显色反应的作用,试图寻求表面活性剂对显色体系增敏作用及协同增敏作用的原因,并对其作用机理作一初步探讨。     

表面活性剂阴离子双水相新体系及其对卟啉、染料的萃取

由阴阳离子型表面活性剂水溶液混合形成的双水相［１,２］是水相分离技术中的一个新分支．ＺＨＡＯ等［２］将阴阳离子表面活性剂过量的体系分别称为阴阳离子双水相．由溴化十二烷基三乙铵（Ｃ１２ＮＥ）和十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）组成的阳离子双水相对蛋白质［１］、酶［３］、氨基酸［４］和卟啉［５,６］等的萃取分离已有报道．与阳离子双水相比较,阴离子双水相分相时间慢,其萃取应用研究尚未见报道．本文在详细研究了ＳＤＳ－Ｃ１２ＮＥ阴离子双水相的基础上,将全氟型阴离子表面活性剂全氟辛酸钠（ＳＰＦＯ）引入这类水相分离体系…     

混合阴、阳离子表面活性剂溶液中的分子相互作用和相分离

混合阴、阳离子表面活性剂的表面活性比单一组份的表面活性高得多[1]．多年来，该体系的界面化学性质得到了广泛的研究［1，2］．但是，一旦该体系在水溶液中的浓度超过其临界胶团浓度（cmc）后，就将沉淀[3]或分层［2，4］，从而失去其表面活性．后来发现卜，司，在某些情况下，阴、阳离子混合表面活性剂的沉淀现象有所改善；但一直不易找到在相当大浓度范围内仍不分层的阴、阳离子表面活性剂混合体系．本文较为简明、系统地讨论了阴、阳离子表面活性剂的相互作用与沉淀或分相的关系．这对于该体系的深入研究以及实际应用，具有积极的意义…     

混合表面活性剂的表面活性及加溶能力

阴阳离子混合表面活性剂具有很高的表面活性［1］，但该类表面活性剂的浓度超过临界胶团浓度（cmc）以后，就将沉淀而失去表面活性［2］．因此，对该类体系的研究，主要在cmc以下．曾作过许多努力，希望解决阴阳离子混合表面活性剂的沉淀（或分层）问题，但效果均不理想［3，4］．直到最近，在这方面的研究才取得明显的进展，找到了在水溶液中，任何浓度和混合比之下，都不沉淀或分层的一类阴阳离子混合表面活性剂［4］．本文在此基础上，研究了该类表面活性剂的表面活性及其对戊醇和乙烷的加溶，该方面的研究工作，在国内外尚属首次，这对…     

碳氟表面活性剂与碳氢表面活性剂混合水溶液的表面吸附与胶团形成(Ⅳ)——非离子-非离子体系

测定了25℃不同比例的C₁₀F₁₉O(C₂H₄O)₉H与C₈H₁₇C₆H₄O(C₂H₄O)₁₀H混合水溶液的表面张力,研究混合水溶液的表面性质与胶团形成。用两种不同方法计算在表面上的表面成份、分子之间相互作用参数(β_σ)。结果表明,在非离子型碳氟和碳氢表面活性剂混合水溶液中,两种表面活性剂基本上各自形成胶团;表面分子相互作用参数皆为正值;表明此混合体系中碳氟链与碳氢链之间互疏作用的存在。     

短碳链醇/水混合溶剂中表面活性剂的表面性质

对不同类型表面活性剂(阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型、正负混合型)在短碳链醇/水混合溶剂中的表面物化性质进行了较为系统的研究,探讨了短碳链醇加入对体系Υcmc值和cmc值的影响。发现各类体系的Υcmc随短碳链醇加入的变化规律并非决定于表面活性剂类型而取决于该表面活性剂在水溶液中的饱和吸附量和Υcmc值的大小。     

阴、阳离子混合表面活性剂的一种适宜搭配

一般认为,离子型表面活性剂的主烃链长度若在C_8以下,由于分子间憎水相互作用力太弱,其表面活性很低,很难形成胶束,因此文献中尚未见采用澳化己基三甲铵(简写作C_6NBr)作为胶束增溶分光光度法的增敏剂。但阴、阳离子混合表面活性剂对显色反应有很强的增敏作用。本文将C_6NBr和长链阴离子表面活性剂适当地搭配起来,有可能增强其表面活性,和作     

离子型表面活性剂在水溶液中的分子构型

本文利用表面活性剂分子中内在的荧光探针及外加荧光探针,研究了离子型表面活性剂分子在水溶液中的构型,烷基三苯基鱗盐及N-烷基吡啶盐对芘的单体荧光猝灭服从Stern-Volmer方程,是扩散控制的碰撞猝灭,但不同链长的猝灭剂的荧光猝灭行为呈反常状态,即链越长,猝灭速率常数越大,在十六烷基三甲基铵(CTMAB)水溶液中观察到了芘的激基缔合物荧光,同时观察到了CTMAB对芘的荧光猝灭的阻碍(阳离子猝灭剂)和促进(阴离子猝灭剂)作用,提出离子型表面活性剂在水溶液中呈绕曲状的分子构型,且是一种动态构型。     

SDS及其与十二烷基三乙基溴化铵混合体系在矿化水中的表面活性

测定了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基三乙基溴化铵(DTEAB)单一体系及不同摩尔比的混合体系在矿化水溶液中的表面活性,并与在纯水和NaCl水溶液中的表面活性作了比较．所得结果表明：(1)阴离子表面活性剂SDS在含Ca^2 ,Mg^2 等的矿化水中有比在纯水和NaCl水溶液中更好的表面活性．这一方面是由于矿化水中的Ca^2 ,Mg^2 对负电胶团和表面吸附层的强烈电性作用,另一方面在大量Na^ 存在时,钠钙盐混合表面活性剂Krafft点提高不多;(2)SDS和DTEAB混合物在矿化水中具有很强的增效作用,其表面活性的变化规律与在纯水和NaCl水溶液中基本相同,表明阴阳离子表面活性剂混合体系具有优异的抗矿化水性能．这些结果可用阴、阳表面活性离子的电性作用解释．     

Detection of negative molecular ions in acrylic acid plasma: some implications for polymerization mechanisms

There is much scientific and commercial interest in plasma polymers to modify surface chemistry. To date, only neutral and positively charged species have been detected in the commonly applied acrylic acid plasma. Using time-averaged negative ion mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that large, negatively charged species exist in the plasma, contrary to previous studies that detected only neutral and positive species. We briefly outline how negative molecules may contribute to the deposition of plasma polymer in the acrylic acid system.     

Gas phase charged aggregates of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) and divalent metal ions: first evidence of AOT solvated aggregates

Assembling and chelating properties of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOTNa) towards divalent metal ions have been investigated in the gas phase by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. A variety of positively charged monometallated and mixed metal aggregates are formed. Interestingly, several ions contain solvent (MeOH, H(2)O) molecules and constitute the most abundant AOT cationic aggregates not containing sodium. These species are the first example of solvated AOT-metal ion aggregates in the gas phase. By increasing the surfactant aggregation number, the abundance of solvated species becomes lower than that of unsolvated ones. Decompositions of ionic species have been studied by tandem mass spectrometry, and their stability has been determined through energy resolved mass spectrometry. In contrast with positively charged AOT-alkaline metal ion aggregates, whose decompositions are dominated by the loss of individual surfactant molecules, AOTNa-divalent ion aggregates mainly dissociate through the cleavage of the AOT H(2)C-O bond followed by further intramolecular fragmentations. This finding, that is consistent with an enhanced chelation of divalent ions with AOT(-) head groups, has been taken as an indication that such aggregates are characterized by a reverse micelle-like organization with a ionic core formed by the metal cations interacting with the negatively charged surfactant polar heads, whereas the surfactant alkyl chains point outside.     

A nano-confined charged layer defies the principle of electrostatic interaction

The reactivity between two charged molecules and the activity of charged biomolecules are mainly governed by the principle of electrostatic interaction, i.e., like charges repel and opposite charges attract. In the present study it is shown that the principle of electrostatic interaction is violated in the nano-confined biomimetic environment. Thus a positively charged molecule shows more preference to a positively charged surface compared to a negatively charged surface.     

Study on chemical speciation in aluminum chloride solution by ESI-Q-MS

AlCl(3) solution was analyzed at concentrations from 0.02 to 100 mM using an electrospray ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer (ESI-Q-MS), and the dissolution state of aluminum ions is discussed. Results obtained using ESI-Q-MS were consistent with those obtained using (27)Al nuclear magnetic resonance ((27)Al NMR). Aluminum species existed mainly as positively charged monomeric aluminum hydroxide coordinated with several water molecules in solution. The complexation of chloride ions by aluminum ions differed between the positive and negative ion modes. Chemical reactions that partially modified chemical forms of species through ESI-Q-MS measurement were also observed. In the same aluminum chloride solution, using ESI-TOF-MS and ESI-Q-MS/MS studies, the disagreement of the reports is discussed. It is concluded that ESI-TOF-MS might show also the gas-phase reaction in the mass spectrometer but the dissolution state of aluminum species can be shown by ESI-Q-MS.     

Crystal Structure of di-(L-alanine)Monophosphite Monohydrate [{\rm C}_3{\rm O}_2{\rm NH}_7 ]_2 \cdot {\rm H}_3 {\rm PO}_3 \cdot {\rm H}_2{\rm O}

An X-ray analysis of the crystal structure of di-(L-alanine)monophosphite monohydrate was carried out. The symmetrically nonequivalent L-alanine molecules were found to be present in the structure in two different forms coupled by a strong hydrogen bond: monoprotonated positively charged [CH₃CH(NH₃)COOH] molecule and CH₃CH(NH₃)COO zwitterion. Two layers are distinguished in the structure: one is a positively charged layer formed by L-alanine molecules and the other is a negatively charged layer composed of phosphite ions and water molecules. These layers, alternating along the a axis, are connected to each other by a network of hydrogen bonds.     

Fabrication of an ESA Multilayer Film from a Diazo Resin by Direct Surface Charge Reversal

An electrostatic self‐assembly (ESA) multilayer film of a diazo resin (DR) was fabricated by direct surface charge reversal. DR is first adsorbed onto the substrate via electrostatic interaction, and in the chemical activation step, the sign of the surface charge is directly reversed by converting the positively charged diazonium ion to the negatively charged diazo sulfonate ion under mild conditions. By repeating adsorption and chemical activation step, the film grows regularly layer by layer.     

Catalytic Polymer Multilayer Shell Motors for Separation of Organics

A catalytic polymer multilayer shell motor has been developed, which effects fast motion‐based separation of charged organics in water. The shell motors are fabricated by sputtering platinum onto the exposed surface of silica templates embedded in Parafilm, followed by layer‐by‐layer assembly of polyelectrolyte multilayers to the templates. The catalytic shell motors display high bubble propulsion with speeds of up to 260 μm s^?1 (13 body lengths per second). Moreover, the polyelectrolyte multilayers assembled at high pH (pH>9.0) adsorb approximately 89 % of dye molecules from water, owing to the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged polymers and the anionic dye molecules, and subsequently release them at neutral pH in a microfluidic device. The efficient propulsion coupled with the effective adsorption behavior of the catalytic shell motors in a microfluidic device results in accelerated separation of organics in water and thus holds considerable promise for water analysis.     

Charged versus Neutral Hydrogen‐Bonded Complexes: Is There a Difference in the Nature of the Hydrogen Bonds?

A theoretical study on some carboxylic acid dimers formed by positively or negatively charged molecules has been carried out by using DFT methods. The resulting dimers possess either a charge of +2 or ?2. In addition, the corresponding neutral complexes have also been considered. The electron density distribution described by the atoms in molecules and the natural bond orbital methods, as well as the electric field maps of the systems, have been analyzed and compared without finding significant differences between the neutral and ionic complexes. The interaction energy along the dissociation path of the charged dimers shows both a local minimum and a local maximum, defining a stability region between them. When this energetic profile is recalculated by removing the repulsion between the charged groups, it resembles to those of the neutral molecules. Hence, the characteristics of the charged dimers are similar to those of the neutral ones: the addition of a repulsion term for the charged groups permits to retrieve the energetic profiles dependence with the distance in the charged system. The interacting quantum atom (IQA) method has been used to calculate the interaction energy terms, including the classic Coulombic term between the whole molecules and the corresponding of the carboxylic acid groups. The IQA results show repulsive electrostatic interactions when the whole molecules are considered in the ionic complexes, but attractive ones between the carboxylic groups in both neutral and ionic complexes.     

Formation of polyelectrolyte multilayer architectures with embedded DMPC studied in situ by neutron reflectometry

The coupling of lipid molecules to polymer components in a planar biomimetic model membrane made of a lipid bilayer (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine) supported by polyelectrolyte multilayers is studied. The polyelectrolyte support was prepared by layer-by-layer deposition of positively charged poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and negatively charged poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). Two polymer sample terminations were considered: positively charged (PAH-terminated) and negatively charged (PSS-terminated). Neutron reflectometry studies showed that, whereas positively charged samples did not favor the deposition of lipid, negatively charged samples allowed the deposition of a lipid bilayer with a thickness of approximately 5 nm. In the latter case, formation of polyelectrolyte layers after the deposition of the lipid layer was also possible.     

Mixed DPPC/DPTAP monolayers at the air/water interface: influence of indolilo-3-acetic acid and selenate ions on the monolayer morphology

The interactions of mixed monolayers of two lipids, zwitterionic 1,2-dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and positively charged 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DPTAP), with phytohormone indolilo-3-acetic acid (IAA) and selenate anions in the aqueous subphase were studied. For this purpose, isotherms of the surface pressure versus the mean molecular area were recorded. Domain formation was investigated by using Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). The method of grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) was also applied for the characterization of the organization of lipid molecules in condensed monolayers. It was found that selenate ions contribute to monolayer condensation by neutralizing the positive net charge of mixed monolayers whereas IAA molecules penetrated the lipid monolayer, causing its expansion/fluidization. When both solutes were introduced into the subphase, a competition between them for interaction with the positively charged lipids in the monolayer was observed.