Determination of nitrate and nitrite in mixtures with a nitrate ion electrode

A rapid method for the determination of nitrate and nitrite ions is described. The potential of a mixture of nitrate and nitrite was measured with a nitrate ion selective electrode. The nitrite in the mixture is then oxidized to nitrate with permanganate in acid solution, and the potential of the oxidized solution is also measured with the electrode. The fundamental equations for the response of the nitrate ion electrode to nitrate ion in the presence of interfering ions were used, and a new equation was developed for calculating the original nitrate concentration of the mixture. The absolute errors for solutions of known concentrations (2.5–100 p.p.m. each) were 1.8 p.p.m. nitrate and 2 p.p.m. nitrite. When the results are calculated by computer, five determinations can be performed in 30 min. The method was applied to the determination of the oxides of nitrogen in cigarette smoke as nitrite and nitrate after dissolution in basic solution.     

超声提取-离子选择电极法测定铝渣中的氟化物

目前铝渣中的氟化物对环境的影响已经成为人们关注重点之一。为了能够准确测定铝渣中的氟化物含量,实验对超声时间、固液比以及Al~(3+)和Ca~(2+)同时存在下的干扰进行了研究。确定了最佳超声时间为20min,以固液比为1∶20进行超声提取,提取液移取体积为5mL,加入总离子强度溶液15mL的方法来消除质量浓度不大于25mg/L Al~(3+)和Ca~(2+)的干扰,运用离子选择电极法准确测定铝渣中的氟化物,得到标准曲线线性相关系数为0.999 9,方法检出限为0.3mg/kg,相对标准偏差(n=6)小于2%,加标回收率在90.8%～108%。同时用超声提取法对样品进行前处理,分别运用离子选择电极法和离子色谱法对铝渣中的氟化物进行测定,两者测定结果一致,方法的准确度良好。     

Determination of nitrate in natural waters by voltammetry at a stationary mercury drop electrode

Nitrate can be determined by second-sweep cyclic voltammetry at a stationary mercury drop electrode utilizing the autocatalytic effect of the hydroxyl ions formed at the surface of the electrode during the reduction of nitrate in the presence of an excess of trivalent cations. The reduction current in the second sweep with the same drop is proportional to the nitrate concentration in the range 1–1500 μmol l^?1 in natural waters. The humic substances present in natural waters have a favourable effect on the determination of nitrate. The method is applied to the determination of nitrate in drinking and river waters.     

Determination of NH(3) in pyrolysis gases by ammonia selective electrode

The suitability of ion-selective electrode for the determination of ammonia in pyrolysis gases of fossil fuels was studied. The ammonia was absorbed into acidic solution and two kinds of determination methods were carried out. The ammonia was either measured directly from the acid solution, or ammonia was first released into the gas phase and then determined (air gap method) by the ammonia selective electrode. The electrode functioned well in both cases, but the linear calibration range was rather narrow, slightly more than one tenfold. The quantitative detection limit in the water phase was 5 x 10(-6)M (0.085 ppm) NH(3) and in gas phase operation solutions above 5 x 10(-4)M (8.5 ppm) NH(3) it was possible to measure quantitatively. The applications were carried out with Finnish energy peat samples and a coal sample.     

An accurate and stable nitrate-selective electrode for the in situ determination of nitrate in agricultural drainage waters

A field evaluation of a novel nitrate-ion selective electrode (ISE) was undertaken by continuous immersion over a period of 5 months in agricultural drainage weirs. The nitrate sensor N,N,N-triallyl leucine betaine was covalently attached to polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene (SBS) using a free radical initiated co-polymerisation, to produce a rubbery membrane which was incorporated into a commercially available electrode body. A measurement unit was constructed comprising the nitrate-ISEs, a reference electrode and a temperature probe connected through a pre-amplifier to a data-logger and battery supply. A temperature correction algorithm was developed to accomodate the temperature changes encountered in the drainage weirs. The nitrate results obtained with the ISEs at hourly intervals compared very favourably (R2 = 0.99) with those obtained with laboratory automated chemical determinations made on contemporaneous samples of drainage in a concentration range 0.47-16 ppm nitrate-N. The ISEs did not require re-calibration and no deterioration in performance or fouling of the membrane surface was observed over four months of deployment.     

Determination of nitrate in water with a new construction of ion-selective electrode

A new design of the liquid-state electrode for nitrate ions is proposed. It contains a porous wick soaked with the liquid ion-exchanger, and has no internal reference solution. This electrode was used for nitrate determination of tap water at the level 8–10 p.p.m. The effects of chloride and hydrogencarbonate are eliminated by the addition of silver sulphate and a phosphate buffer, which also maintains constant ionic strength. Precision of a series of measurements is better than 2%, but the results show differences up to 10% compared to the colorimetric brucine procedure.     

Determination of phosphorous in titanium bearing minerals by potentiometric titration using Pb-ion selective electrode

A method for phosphorous determination in titanium bearing minerals by potentiometric titration using a Pb-ion selective electrode has been developed. Sample decomposition is achieved by means of K(2)CO(3) fusion in a platinum crucible at 800 degrees C for 30 min in a muffle furnace, and subsequent leaching with water of the fused melt. The aqueous leachate is neutralised with HClO(4) and subsequent boiling. The obtained solution is used for titration with Pb(ClO(4))(2), and the Pb-ion selective electrode detects the end point. The lowest concentration determinable is 0.02% P(2)O(5) in a solid sample. The method was applied on in-house titanium bearing mineral samples and on IGS-31 ilmenite sample (British Geological Survey, UK). Synthetic samples were prepared and analysed, and phosphorous recovery is in the range 98-106%. The recovery and accuracy of the present method have been validated by spiking experiments and by comparing with the spectrophotometric values, respectively. The precision of the proposed method in terms of relative standard deviation is 2.0%.     

Determination of fluoride in plant material with a ione-selective electrode

Summary A method is described for determination of totalfluoride in plant material using the Orion fluorideselective electrode. Dried and ground samples are fused in nickel crucibles with sodium hydroxide. To the melt is added water, dil. hydrochloric acid and citrate buffer solution. The filtered solution are then measured with the electrode. The investigation also includes a study of the influence of ionic strength, pH, and interfering ions as iron and aluminium. The effect of storage of dissolved samples in glass and polyethylen bottles has also been studied. With more than about 0.4 ppm of F^– standard deviation is about 4–5%. With 0.1 ppm it is 20%.

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Fluoridbestimmung in Pflanzenmaterial mit Hilfe der ionenselektiven Elektrode

Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung wird die fluorid-selektive Orion-Elektrode verwendet. Die getrockneten und gemahlenen Proben werden im Nickeltiegel mit NaOH geschmolzen und durch Zugabe von Wasser, verd. HCl und Citratpuffer und anschließende Filtration die Meßlösung erhalten. Der Einfluß von Ionenstärke, pH, Fremdionen (Fe, Al), sowie der Lagerung in Glas und Polyethylenflaschen wurde untersucht. Bei mehr als 0,4 ppm F^– beträgt die Standardabweichung 4–5%, bei 0,1 ppm etwa 20%

     

Determination of nitrate in mineral water and sausage samples by using a renewable in situ copper modified electrode

A new approach for in situ electrodeposition of a renewable copper layer onto a copper electrode is reported. The active surface was obtained by anodic dissolution of a copper electrode at an appropriate potential and further redeposition of copper ions still remaining at the diffusion layer. Under optimal experimental conditions the peak current response increases linearly with nitrate concentration over a range of 0.1-2.5 mmol L⁻¹. The repeatability of measurements for nitrate was evaluated as 1.8% (N = 15) and the limit of detection of the method was found to be 11 μmol L⁻¹ (S/N = 3). Nitrate contents in two different samples (mineral water and sausages) compared well with those obtained from using the standard Griess protocol at a 95% of confidence level measured by the t-student test. The interference from chloride on the nitrate analysis and the possibility of simultaneous determination of nitrite were also examined.     

Determination of true selectivity coefficients of neutral carrier calcium selective electrode

Literature data concerning selectivity coefficients of neutral carrier calcium selective electrode show large discrepancies up to several orders of magnitude for sensors containing the same active component. It can be shown theoretically that determination of selectivity coefficients in non-complexing media gives too high values because of additional sources of the main ion in the membrane vicinity. Determination of selectivity coefficients in solutions containing a complexing agent gives the possibility to evaluate true selectivity coefficients not influenced by additional factors. Measurements performed in complexing as well as in non-complexing media and calculation of the detection limit indicate a good agreement between expectations and experimental results. This has been confirmed using the calcium selective electrode with the neutral carrier ETH 1001 witho-nitrophenyl octyl ether or dioctylsebacate as mediators. As interferents sodium, potassium and magnesium ions were tested.     

Determination of fluoride in wine by fluoride selective ion electrode, standard addition method: collaborative study

The accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of a rapid method for determination of fluoride in wine, using a fluoride selective ion electrode, were established by a collaborative study involving 12 laboratories, 5 in Europe and 7 in the United States. The laboratories assayed 6 Youden pairs of fluoride-fortified, red and white wine samples with fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 mg/L. The relative standard deviations of repeatability ranged from 1.94 to 4.88%; relative standard deviations of reproducibility ranged from 4.15 to 18.40%. HORRAT values ranged from 0.30 to 0.97. The average recovery was 99.97%. Based on the statistical results of this collaborative study, the Study Director recommends that this method be adopted First Action.     

离子选择性电极法测定聚合硫酸铁絮凝剂中的铅

无机高分子絮凝剂聚合硫酸铁(PFS)是我国最有前景的水处理剂之一,其应用领域广泛,除工业废水处理、市政污水处理外还应用于自来水净化处理。目前,制备聚合硫酸铁多采用工业废料,不可避免地含有不同量的铅。国家标准GB14591-1993规定,作为饮用水水处理剂PFS中的铅质量分数不得超过0.0010%。目前用于工业废水中铅量的测定方法有丁基罗丹明B光度法[1]、结晶紫光度法[2]等。光度法测定中必须进行萃取、离子交换、共沉淀等分离富集操作,这就大大增加了分析步骤和操作难度,使铅的吸光光度测定的应用受到一定的限制。最近罗平、郑怀礼等[3,…     

Determination of volatile bases in seafood using the ammonia ion selective electrode: collaborative study

Nine collaborating laboratories tested a combination of 23 seafood samples for volatile bases using an ammonia ion selective electrode. Results were reported as mg NH3/100 g fish, but the method reflected levels of both ammonia and trimethylamine, which permeated the ammonia membrane. The 23 samples were broken down into 8 blind duplicate pairs, 2 Youden matched pairs, and 3 single samples covering fresh to spoiled product ranging from 8 to 82 mg NH3/100 g. Seven species were evaluated: Atlantic cod, squid, Atlantic halibut, gray sole, monkfish, dogfish, and Atlantic mackerel. The ammonia electrode assay was performed on an aqueous homogenate consisting of 95 mL distilled water and 5.0 g sample tissue. Alkaline ion strength adjusting solution (2 mL) was added to the homogenate to liberate ammonia that was sensed by the ion specific electrode and measured on a precalibrated portable meter. Repeatability standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 4.2 to 17%; reproducibility standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 8.8 to 21%. A standard ammonium chloride solution was provided to all laboratories to spike 3 different samples at 10 mg NH3/100 g. Recoveries of added ammonia as ammonium chloride for fresh, borderline, and spoiled samples were 88.6, 107, and 128%, respectively.     

Determination of nitrate in pickling baths with a nitrate-selective electrode and a standard addition procedure

A reverse addition method for the determination of nitrate in pickling baths is described. Calibration solutions of nitric acid were added to the standard solution so that the slope and intercept of the electrode response function could be determined. The standard deviation of the method was better than 1 %. Nitrate in pickling baths containing hydrofluoric and nitric acids was measured and compared to measured hydrogen ion concentrations as a function of running time for the bath. The effects of iron(III) and hydrofluoric acid on the results were studied.     

直接电位法测定工业废水中的硫氰酸根离子

用直接电位法测定了统扑净生产废水和印染厂排放废水中硫氰酸根的浓度。在温度为 1 6℃ ,浓度为 0 .0 2 mol/L HCl的体系中 ,以功能高分子 PVC-双硫腙 -铜 ( I)载体的 SCN-离子电极在 SCN-离子浓度为 1 .0× 1 0 -2 ～ 5× 1 0 -6mol/L时呈能斯特响应 ,斜率为 58± 2 m V/dec,检出限为 2 .0× 1 0 -6mol/L。电极的选择性次序为 :SCN->>Cl O4 -～Sal->>Cl->NO3 ->HPO4 2 ->SO4 2     

离子选择电极电位法测定有色冠醚与钠钾离子配合物的稳定常数

Frensdoff~[1] 曾用离子选择电极电位法测定冠醚与金属离子配合物的稳定常数.该文虽提到采用非线性最小二乘法处理实验结果,但未给出具体计算步骤和计算程序.本文用电位法测定了新合成的四种苯并-15-冠-5含偶氮基的衍生物与钠、钾离子配合物在甲醇中的稳定常数,并用自编的计算程序处理实验结果.