Multi-objective optimal design of laminated composite skirt using hybrid NSGA

In this paper a new hybridised version of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) is proposed to solve combinatorial optimisation problems associated with laminated composite structures. The proposed algorithm is used to optimise the design of hybrid laminated fibre composite skirt of solid rocket motor, subjected to a buckling strength constraint and an overstressing strength constraint under aerodynamic torque and axial thrust. The present investigations involve in determining the best laminate configuration to minimise the weight as well as cost of the skirt through multi-objective optimisation. Buckling strength and overstressing strength of the composite cylindrical skirt are analysed using classical laminate theory. Tsai-Wu failure criterion is employed to assess the first ply failure, and failure strength is described by an overstressing load level factor. The superiority of the proposed hybrid algorithm is demonstrated by comparing with the originally proposed NSGA algorithm. The studies presented in this paper clearly indicate that the proposed modification to the NSGA improves the convergence properties quite appreciably.     

The crack tip zone shielding effect for ductile particle reinforced brittle materials

The crack tip zone shielding effect for the ductile particle reinforced brittle materials is analyzed by using a micromechanics constitutive theory. The theory is developed here to determine the elastoplastic constitutive behavior of the composite. The elastoplastic particles, with isotropic or kinematical hardening, are uniformly dispersed in the brittle elastic matrix. The method proposed is based on the Mori-Tanaka's concept of average stress in the composite. The macroscopic yielding condition and the incremental stress strain relation of the composite during plastic deformation are explicity given in terms of the macroscopioc applied stress and the microstructural parameters of the composite such as the volume fraction and yield stress of ductile particles, elastic constants of the two phases, etc. Finally, the contribution of the plastic deformation in the particles near a crack tip to the toughening of the composite is evaluated. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

复合材料加筋板铺层优化设计的等效弯曲刚度法

借助于等效弯曲刚度法和遗传算法,建立了一种复合材料加筋板铺层顺序优化设计算法.等效弯曲刚度法基于层合板的弯曲刚度与其失稳载荷一一对应的关系,将任意铺层顺序的层合板等效成一个只有8层的对称铺层的辅助层合板,通过优化辅助层合板,得到层合板的最优弯曲刚度参数,最后以获得的最优弯曲刚度参数为约束应用遗传算法进行铺层顺序优化,获...     

含椭圆孔的变角度复合材料层合板的屈曲性能研究

本文利用变角度复合材料的纤维方向角可沿平面位置任意连续变化的特点,提出在孔附近采用与孔同心的椭圆曲线作为纤维铺设路径的层合板铺层方案,以改善含椭圆孔的层合板的孔边应力集中,进而提高层合板的抗屈曲性能．主要研究内容有：利用ABAQUS软件分析本文提出的孔边特殊铺层方式下变角度复合材料层合板的面内应力分布及屈曲性能,通过与传统直线铺层方式以及线性变角度铺层方式进行比较,说明了本文提出的新铺层方式的优越性,并详细分析了椭圆孔的离心率、开孔尺寸及开孔方位对层合板的屈曲临界荷载的影响．研究结果可为含椭圆孔的变角度复合材料层合板的结构设计和优化提供一定的参考．     

A material force method for inelastic fracture mechanics

A material force method is proposed for evaluating the energy release rate and work rate of dissipation for fracture in inelastic materials. The inelastic material response is characterized by an internal variable model with an explicitly defined free energy density and dissipation potential. Expressions for the global material and dissipation forces are obtained from a global balance of energy-momentum that incorporates dissipation from inelastic material behavior. It is shown that in the special case of steady-state growth, the global dissipation force equals the work rate of dissipation, and the global material force and J-integral methods are equivalent. For implementation in finite element computations, an equivalent domain expression of the global material force is developed from the weak form of the energy-momentum balance. The method is applied to model problems of cohesive fracture in a remote K-field for viscoelasticity and elastoplasticity. The viscoelastic problem is used to compare various element discretizations in combination with different schemes for computing strain gradients. For the elastoplastic problem, the effects of cohesive and bulk properties on the plastic dissipation are examined using calculations of the global dissipation force.     

Mathematical models of carbon-carbon composite deformation

Mathematical models of carbon-carbon composites (CCC) intended for describing the processes of deformation of structures produced by using CCC under high-temperature loading are considered. A phenomenological theory of CCC inelastic deformation is proposed, where such materials are considered as homogeneous ones with effective characteristics and where their high anisotropy of mechanical characteristics and different ways of resistance to extension and compression are taken into account. Micromechanical models are proposed for spatially reinforced CCC, where the difference between mechanical characteristics of components and the reinforcement scheme are taken into account. Themodel parameters are determined from the results of experiments of composite macrospecimens in the directions typical of the material. A version of endochronictype theory with several internal times “launched” for each composite component and related to some damage accumulation mechanisms is proposed for describing the inelastic deformation. Some practical examples are considered.     

Stability of Laminated Coatings Under Elastoplastic Deformation

A piecewise-homogeneous-medium model is used to consider a stability problem for layered elastoplastic coatings under plain strain. The theory of small elastoplastic strains is used. Characteristic equations are derived in an explicit form for a power dependence between the strain and stress intensities. The effect of the inelastic properties of layers on the phenomenon being studied is demonstrated by a specific example     

A novel model of delamination bridging via Z-pins in composite laminates

A new micro-mechanical model is proposed for describing the bridging actions exerted by through-thickness reinforcement on delaminations in prepreg based composite materials, subjected to a mixed-mode (I–II) loading regime. The model applies to micro-fasteners in the form of brittle fibrous rods (Z-pins) inserted in the through-thickness direction of composite laminates. These are described as Euler–Bernoulli beams inserted in an elastic foundation that represents the embedding composite laminate. Equilibrium equations that relate the delamination opening/sliding displacements to the bridging forces exerted by the Z-pins on the interlaminar crack edges are derived. The Z-pin failure meso-mechanics is explained in terms of the laminate architecture and the delamination mode. The apparent fracture toughness of Z-pinned laminates is obtained from as energy dissipated by the pull out of the through-thickness reinforcement, normalised with respect to a reference area. The model is validated by means of experimental data obtained for single carbon/BMI Z-pins inserted in a quasi-isotropic laminate.     

Modeling for piezoelectric-shape memory alloy composites

A new concept of a piezoelectric ceramic/shape memory alloy (SMA) composite is proposed with aim of using this as a new actuator material with fast actuation speed and large strain. To prove the new concept, a new model is constructed based on Eshelby formulation where linear piezoelectric constitutive equations and bi-linear superelastic equations of SMA are used. The predictions of the strain induced by applied stress and electric field are made for two simple designs of piezo–SMA composites, 1-D series and 1-D parallel laminated composites. The proposed model indicated that 1-D parallel laminate provides the highest strain induced under bias stress and applied electric field among other composite geometries.     

Stability of a Laminate Between Two Homogeneous Half-Spaces under Inelastic Deformation

The surface instability of inelastic laminated coatings is analyzed using a piecewise-homogeneous model and the three-dimensional linearized theory of stability. The general formulation of the problem is given, and the characteristic equations are derived. Specific problems for some viscoelastic and elastoplastic models are solved__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika,Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 22–31, May 2005.     

复合材料层合板的颤振特性及振动抑制研究

研究了超声速流中压电复合材料层合板的颤振特性及振动抑制方法。采用一阶活塞理论计算了超声速流场中的气动压力,基于经典层合板理论和Hamilton原理推导了压电复合材料层合板的动力学模型,设计了滑模观测器以减少观测溢出,通过Lyapunov方法证明观测器的稳定性,应用观测状态设计了LQR控制器,讨论了几何参数、铺设角度对压电复合材料层合板颤振特性的影响,利用SIMULINK仿真求解了层合板的脉冲响应,验证了控制器的有效性。结果表明,合理规划层合板的几何参数和铺设角度可提高系统颤振稳定性,滑模观测器能够较为准确地追踪原始系统且具有良好的鲁棒性,LQR控制可以在一定范围内消除层合板的颤振点,并且能够有效地控制压电复合材料层合板在颤振边界处的振动,Q矩阵越大,振动控制效果越好,压电层厚度越大,LQR控制效果越好。     

Strain and Fracture of Glass-Fiber Laminate Containing Metal Layers

This paper describes an experimental study on strain and fracture of plane samples made of glass-fiber laminate and fabric-based laminate with surface and inner aluminum layers. It is shown that the presence of these layers reduces the strength of glass-fiber laminate under static and low-cycle loading. This can be explained by the fact that the stretching of a hybrid composite along the layers is accompanied by the formation of localized tensile regions of glass-fiber laminate across the layers. As a result, both the hybrid composite and its glass-fiber laminate component are stratified.     

大开口复合材料层合板强度破坏研究

复合材料层合板的各向异性及非均质,使得复合材料层合板内部的破坏形式非常复杂.在复合材料结构的设计中,为满足制造及使用功能上的需求,在复合材料层合板承力结构件上不可避免地需要设计各种开口.然而,含大开口复合材料层合板的强度破坏问题变得更为复杂,使得现有的强度理论面临新的挑战.针对碳纤维增强复合材料大开口层合板受单向拉伸载荷作用下的强度破坏问题进行了数值分析和实验研究.首先,根据Hashin准则和刚度退化模型,对含不同圆形开口尺寸的[0]_(10)单向铺层、[0/90]_5和[±45]_5正交铺层的层合板,进行了单向拉伸载荷作用下渐进失效的数值模拟分析,获得了对应结构的极限载荷和破坏模式.在此基础上,采用数字图像相关方法,进行复合材料大开口层合板强度破坏的实验研究.研究结果表明,大开口复合材料层合板在单向拉伸加载下主要呈现脆性破坏形式,破坏起始位置处于应力集中区.此外,破坏强度和失效模式与复合材料铺层方式和开口尺寸大小密切相关.其中[±45]_5铺层的开口层合板承载能力最弱,分层破坏最严重.开口尺寸越大,结构的极限载荷值越低.同实验测试结果相比,数值模拟对复合材料层合板的损伤失效分析略显不足,往往很难全面分析复合材料层合板破坏失效过程中的各种因素的影响.     

Micro-mechanical behaviors of SMA composite materials under hygro-thermo-elastic strain fields

An analytical procedure to evaluate the behavior of shape memory alloy (SMA) composite under hygrothermal environment is presented. The SMA wires are considered as inclusions embedded in a homogeneous matrix medium of the composite. The inhomogeneity associated with the phase transformation and thermal strains in the SMA wire as well as the hygrothermal strain in the matrix is homogenized using Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method. In the present work, a similar approach adopted for SMA composites by Marfia and Sacco [Marfia, S., Sacco, E., 2005. Micromechanics and homogenisation of SMA-wire-reinforced materials. J. Appl. Mech. 72 (2), 259–268.] is considered in order to validate the response of SMA composite subjected to thermo-elastic strain field. However, in the present approach, certain modifications and new derivations for the inelastic strain tensors is carried out. First, the constitutive laws for the SMA wire and matrix are expressed in terms of the average strain in the composite. The evolutionary equations used to characterize the pseudoelastic (PE) behavior of the SMA wire are redefined in terms of the eigen strains (phase transformation and thermal strains) occurring in the SMA wire, which are then expressed in terms of the average strain in the composite. Further, the SMA composite constitutive law under coupled hygro-thermo-elastic strain fields is proposed. The generic homogenized hygric and thermal inelastic composite tensors required for the proposed hygro-thermo-elastic constitutive law are derived. Finally, the SMA composite lamina is characterized using Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method. Using the proposed modifications and derivations, the analytical results are validated for the case of thermo-elastic strain fields and the procedure is then extended to evaluate the SMA composite behavior under hygro-thermo-elastic strain fields. The results include the effect of thermo-elastic and hygro-thermo-elastic strains on the transformation stresses and the nature of hysteresis due to hygric and thermo-elastic strains.     

Fluid-induced vibration of composite natural gas pipelines

Advancements in materials bonding techniques have led to the use of reinforced composite pipelines. The use of steel pipe with a fiber-reinforced composite over-wrap together has produced an exceptionally strong pipe with positive advantages in weight and corrosion resistively. Understanding the dynamic characteristics of this kind of sub-sea composite pipelines, which often accommodate axial flow of gas, and prediction of their response is of great interest.This paper presents a state-variable model developed for the analysis of fluid-induced vibration of composite pipeline systems. Simply supported, clamped and clamped-simply supported pipelines are investigated. The influence of fluid’s Poisson ratio, the ratio of pipe radius to pipe-wall thickness, laminate layup, the ratio of liquid mass density to pipe-wall mass density, the fluid velocity, initial tension and fluid pressure are all considered. The results of our proposed methodology are compared with those of finite element analysis, using ANSYS software.     

湿热环境对挖补修理后复合材料层合板振动特性的影响

通过对湿热环境下阶梯挖补胶接修理后碳纤维/双马树脂(T300/QY8911)层合板振动特性的分析,探究了挖补修理后碳纤维/双马树脂层合板在不同湿热效应下的振动特性。基于Mindlin-Reissner板理论与最小势能变分原理,在考虑湿热效应前提下,推导了正交各向异性复合材料层合板的本构关系及四边简支条件下的自由振动控制方程;其次,利用ABAQUS软件建立了三维黏弹性有限元挖补修理模型,应用Fortran语言将湿热耦合下的应力-应变本构关系编入UMAT二次开发文件中,采用三维八节点五自由度等参单元进行了离散。通过与参考文献对照,验证了胶接修理后T300/QY8911层合板有限元模型和编译的湿热环境下UMAT子程序的合理性与有效性。算例结果表明:湿热环境对挖补修理后层合板固有频率的影响比对完整层合板严重;温度对材料性能的影响大于湿度;相比于材料性能变化对振动特性的影响,湿热残余应力对胶接修理后层合板振动特性的影响占主导;参考环境下,胶接修理后层合板的固有频率增大;湿应力对层合板固有频率的影响大于热应力。     

Strain gradient plasticity modeling of the cyclic behavior of laminate microstructures

Two recently proposed Helmholtz free energy potentials including the full dislocation density tensor as an argument within the framework of strain gradient plasticity are used to predict the cyclic elastoplastic response of periodic laminate microstructures. First, a rank-one defect energy is considered, allowing for a size-effect on the overall yield strength of micro-heterogeneous materials. As a second candidate, a logarithmic defect energy is investigated, which is motivated by the work of Groma et al. (2003). The properties of the back-stress arising from both energies are investigated in the case of a laminate microstructure for which analytical as well as numerical solutions are derived. In this context, a new regularization technique for the numerical treatment of the rank-one potential is presented based on an incremental potential involving Lagrange multipliers. The results illustrate the effect of the two energies on the macroscopic size-dependent stress–strain response in monotonic and cyclic shear loading, as well as the arising pile-up distributions. Under cyclic loading, stress–strain hysteresis loops with inflections are predicted by both models. The logarithmic potential is shown to provide a continuum formulation of Asaro's type III kinematic hardening model. Experimental evidence in the literature of such loops with inflections in two-phased FFC alloys is provided, showing that the proposed strain gradient models reflect the occurrence of reversible plasticity phenomena under reverse loading.